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  • Unit testing time-bound code

    - by maasg
    I'm currently working on an application that does a lot of time-bound operations. That is, based on long now = System.currentTimeMillis();, and combined with an scheduler, it will calculate periods of time that parametrize the execution of some operations. e.g.: public void execute(...) { // executed by an scheduler each x minutes final int now = (int) TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(System.currentTimeMillis()); final int alignedTime = now - now % getFrequency() ; final int startTime = alignedTime - 2 * getFrequency(); final int endTimeSecs = alignedTime - getFrequency(); uploadData(target, startTime, endTimeSecs); } Most parts of the application are unit-tested independently of time (in this case, uploadData has a natural unit test), but I was wondering about best practices for testing time-bound parts that rely on System.currentTimeMillis() ?

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  • Build problems when adding `__str__` method to Boost Python C++ class

    - by Rickard
    I have started to play around with boost python a bit and ran into a problem. I tried to expose a C++ class to python which posed no problems. But I can't seem to manage to implement the __str__ functionality for the class without getting build errors I don't understand. I'm using boost 1_42 prebuild by boostpro. I build the library using cmake and the vs2010 compiler. I have a very simple setup. The header-file (tutorial.h) looks like the following: #include <iostream> namespace TestBoostPython{ class TestClass { private: double m_x; public: TestClass(double x); double Get_x() const; void Set_x(double x); }; std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &ostr, const TestClass &ts); }; and the corresponding cpp-file looks like: #include <boost/python.hpp> #include "tutorial.h" using namespace TestBoostPython; TestClass::TestClass(double x) { m_x = x; } double TestClass::Get_x() const { return m_x; } void TestClass::Set_x(double x) { m_x = x; } std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &ostr, TestClass &ts) { ostr << ts.Get_x() << "\n"; return ostr; } BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(testme) { using namespace boost::python; class_<TestClass>("TestClass", init<double>()) .add_property("x", &TestClass::Get_x, &TestClass::Set_x) .def(str(self)) ; } The CMakeLists.txt looks like the following: CMAKE_MINIMUM_REQUIRED(VERSION 2.8) project (testme) FIND_PACKAGE( Boost REQUIRED ) FIND_PACKAGE( Boost COMPONENTS python REQUIRED ) FIND_PACKAGE( PythonLibs REQUIRED ) set(Boost_USE_STATIC_LIBS OFF) set(Boost_USE_MULTITHREAD ON) INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES(${Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS}) INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES ( ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_PATH} ) add_library(testme SHARED tutorial.cpp) target_link_libraries(testme ${Boost_PYTHON_LIBRARY}) target_link_libraries(testme ${PYTHON_LIBRARY} The build error I get is the following: Compiling... tutorial.cpp C:\Program Files (x86)\boost\boost_1_42\boost/python/def_visitor.hpp(31) : error C2780: 'void boost::python::api::object_operators::visit(ClassT &,const char *,const boost::python::detail::def_helper &) const' : expects 3 arguments - 1 provided with [ U=boost::python::api::object ] C:\Program Files (x86)\boost\boost_1_42\boost/python/object_core.hpp(203) : see declaration of 'boost::python::api::object_operators::visit' with [ U=boost::python::api::object ] C:\Program Files (x86)\boost\boost_1_42\boost/python/def_visitor.hpp(67) : see reference to function template instantiation 'void boost::python::def_visitor_access::visit,classT>(const V &,classT &)' being compiled with [ DerivedVisitor=boost::python::api::object, classT=boost::python::class_, V=boost::python::def_visitor ] C:\Program Files (x86)\boost\boost_1_42\boost/python/class.hpp(225) : see reference to function template instantiation 'void boost::python::def_visitor::visit>(classT &) const' being compiled with [ DerivedVisitor=boost::python::api::object, W=TestBoostPython::TestClass, classT=boost::python::class_ ] .\tutorial.cpp(29) : see reference to function template instantiation 'boost::python::class_ &boost::python::class_::def(const boost::python::def_visitor &)' being compiled with [ W=TestBoostPython::TestClass, U=boost::python::api::object, DerivedVisitor=boost::python::api::object ] Does anyone have any idea on what went wrrong? If I remove the .def(str(self)) part from the wrapper code, everything compiles fine and the class is usable from python. I'd be very greatful for assistance. Thank you, Rickard

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  • How to organize Python modules for PyPI to support 2.x and 3.x

    - by Craig McQueen
    I have a Python module that I would like to upload to PyPI. So far, it is working for Python 2.x. It shouldn't be too hard to write a version for 3.x now. But, after following guidelines for making modules in these places: Distributing Python Modules The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging it's not clear to me how to support multiple source distributions for different versions of Python, and it's not clear if/how PyPI could support it. I envisage I would have separate code for: 2.x 2.6 (maybe, as a special case to use the new buffer API) 3.x How is it possible to set up a Python module in PyPI so that someone can do: easy_install modulename and it will install the right thing whether the user is using 2.x or 3.x?

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  • How to organize Python modules for PyPI to support 2.x and 3.x

    - by Craig McQueen
    I have a Python module that I would like to upload to PyPI. So far, it is working for Python 2.x. It shouldn't be too hard to write a version for 3.x now. But, after following guidelines for making modules in these places: Distributing Python Modules The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging it's not clear to me how to support multiple source distributions for different versions of Python, and it's not clear if/how PyPI could support it. I envisage I would have separate code for: 2.x 2.6 (maybe, as a special case to use the new buffer API) 3.x How is it possible to set up a Python module in PyPI so that someone can do: easy_install modulename and it will install the right thing whether the user is using 2.x or 3.x?

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  • Prevent Python from caching the imported modules

    - by Olivier
    While developing a largeish project (split in several files and folders) in Python with IPython, I run into the trouble of cached imported modules. The problem is that instructions import module only reads the module once, even if that module has changed! So each time I change something in my package, I have to quit and restart IPython. Painful. Is there any way to properly force reloading some modules? Or, better, to somehow prevent Python from caching them? I tried several approaches, but none works. In particular I run into really, really weird bugs, like some modules or variables mysteriously becoming equal to None... The only sensible resource I found is Reloading Python modules, from pyunit, but I have not checked it. I would like something like that. A good alternative would be for IPython to restart, or restart the Python interpreter somehow. So, if you develop in Python, what solution have you found to this problem?

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  • What You Said: How You Track Your Time

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Earlier this week we asked you to share your favorite time tracking tips, tricks, and tools. Now we’re back to highlight the techniques HTG readers use to keep tabs on their time. While more than one of you expressed confusion over the idea of tracking how you spend all your time, many of you were more than happy to share the reasons for and the methods you use to stay on top of your time expenditures. Scott uses a fluid and flexible project management tool: I use kanbanflow.com, with two boards to manage task prioritisation and backlog. One board called ‘Current Work’ has three columns ‘Do Today’, ‘In Progress’ and ‘Done’. The other is called ‘Backlog’, which splits tasks into priority groups – ‘Distractions (NU+NI)’, ‘Goals (NU+I)’, ‘Interruptions (U+NI)’, ‘Interruptions (U+NI)’ and ‘Critical (U+I)’, where U is Urgent and I is Important (and N is Not). At the end of each day, I move things from my Backlog to my ‘Current Work’ board, with the idea to keep complete Goals before they become Critical. That way I can focus on ‘Current Work’ Do Today so I don’t feel overwhelmed and can plan my day. As priorities change or interruptions pop up, it’s just a matter of moving tasks between boards. I have both tabs open in my browser all day – this is probably good for knowledge workers strapped to their desk, not so good for those in meetings all day. In that case, go with the calendar on your phone. While the above description might make it sound really technical, we took the cloud-based app for a spin and found the interface to be very flexible and easy to use. Can Dust Actually Damage My Computer? What To Do If You Get a Virus on Your Computer Why Enabling “Do Not Track” Doesn’t Stop You From Being Tracked

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  • Using Crypt function Python 3.3.2

    - by adampski
    In Windows and Python version 3.3.2, I try and call the python module like so: hash2 = crypt(word, salt) I import it at the top of my program like so: from crypt import * The result I get is the following: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\none\of\your\business\adams.py", line 10, in <module> from crypt import * File "C:\Python33\lib\crypt.py", line 3, in <module> import _crypt ImportError: No module named '_crypt' However, when I execute the same file adams.py in Ubuntu, with Python 2.7.3, it executes perfectly - no errors. I tried the following to resolve the issue for my Windows & Python 3.3.2 (though I'm sure the OS isn't the issue, the Python version or my use of syntax is the issue): Rename the directory in the Python33 directory from Lib to lib Rename the crypt.py in lib to _crypt.py. However, it turns out the entire crypt.py module depends on an external module called _crypt.py too. Browsed internet to download anything remotely appropriate to resemble _crypt.py It's not Python, right? It's me...(?) I'm using syntaxes to import and use external modules that are acceptable in 2.7.3, but not in 3.3.2. Or have I found a bug in 3.3.2?

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  • Python 2 dict_items.sort() in Python 3

    - by DaveWeber
    I'm porting some code from Python 2 to 3. This is valid code in Python 2 syntax: def print_sorted_dictionary(dictionary): items=dictionary.items() items.sort() In Python 3, the dict_items have no method 'sort' - how can I make a workaround for this in Python 3?

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  • Making python 3.3 default python 3 interpreter instead of 3.2

    - by user1873947
    So, to keep it simple. Ubuntu 12.10 has python 3.2 pre installed and it is linked to "python3". I downloaded python 3.3 and it's command is "python3.3". However, I downloaded pySide for python3 from synaptic. Using "from PySide.QtCore import *" fails on python3.3. BUT, when I ran just "python3" (aka 3.2) everything works fine. Synaptic just installed lib for python3.2 which is default for python3 in ubuntu. How can I force synaptic to install modules for python3.3? Thanks

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  • Calculate time in all countries for fixed time in one of them [migrated]

    - by Muiz
    I have table with all countries GMT/UTC timezones, I need to see what time is in the rest of the countries when in USA is 11am-3pm Not on particular date just know the difference in time. I did my calculation like that I -5 GMT in USA and time is 11am then in Russia for example is +4 GMT. 5+4+11=20pm in Russia when USA is 11am, this works with countries that have + GMT zone but ones that have minus it shows wrong time. I am working in Excel please help me with advice on how to do it.

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  • Best practise for Progress Bar in Python's PyGTK

    - by Matthew Walker
    I would like to get feedback on others' opinions of best practice for how to implement a progress bar in Python's PyGTK. The work that the progress bar was to represent was very significant computationally. Therefore, I wanted the work to be done in a separate process (thus giving the operating system the possibility to run it on a different core). I wanted to be able to start the work, and then continue to use the GUI for other tasks while waiting for the results. I have seen many people asking this question indirectly, but I have not seen any concrete expert advice. I hope that by asking this question we will see a community's combined expertise. I have read the FAQ and I hope that "Programmers" is the right place to ask.

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  • sudo apt-get install python.pip python-dev Gives Error

    - by user2539745
    I am learning Django from http://gettingstartedwithdjango.com/ and I have windows 7 32-bit. The tutorial asked to install virtualbox and vagrant(tutorial had precise64 and it had issues in my pc so I installed precise32) so I did it. Now the tutorial asked to do sudo apt-get install python-dev python.pip so I did it but it gave me this error > vagrant@precise32:~$ sudo apt-get install python.pip python-dev Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Note, selecting 'python-pip' for regex 'python.pip' Note, selecting 'python-pipeline' for regex 'python.pip' The following extra packages will be installed: libexpat1 libexpat1-dev libpython2.7 python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-support python2.7 python2.7-dev python2.7-minimal Suggested packages: python-distribute python-distribute-doc python2.7-doc binfmt-support The following NEW packages will be installed: libexpat1-dev libpython2.7 python-dev python-pip python-pipeline python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-support python2.7-dev The following packages will be upgraded: libexpat1 python2.7 python2.7-minimal 3 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 63 not upgraded. Need to get 34.7 MB/35.7 MB of archives. After this operation, 42.0 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main python2.7 i386 2.7 .3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main python2.7-minimal i386 2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main libpython2.7 i386 2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main python2.7-dev i386 2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/python 2.7_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/python 2.7-minimal_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/libpyt hon2.7_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/python 2.7-dev_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] E: Unable to fetch some archives, maybe run apt-get update or try with --fix-mis sing? Please help what should I do ??

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  • Python IDLE: How to type correct indentation?

    - by user2988464
    Mac: Maverick Python: 3.4 I tried to testtimeit module in Python's IDLE import timeit >>> timeit.timeit( "obj.method", """ class SomeClass: def method(self): pass obj = SomeClass() """) When I tried to type def method(self): on the next line of class SomeClass, I hit Tab, it prompted a window showing the files inside my Document directory. So I hit Ctrl+Tab instead. But I still got the error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#26>", line 6, in <module> """) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/lib/python3.4/timeit.py", line 213, in timeit return Timer(stmt, setup, timer).timeit(number) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/lib/python3.4/timeit.py", line 122, in __init__ code = compile(src, dummy_src_name, "exec") File "<timeit-src>", line 9 _t0 = _timer() ^ IndentationError: unindent does not match any outer indentation level Can someone explain: how to fix it, and how to avoid the prompt of My Document appear? Thx!!!

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  • How to install python modules for specific python version

    - by Zayatzz
    I needed to install UCS2 python next to UCS4 python. So I went to comp.lang.python and asked them about it. Probably not the best place to ask it, but they answered https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/comp.lang.python/bGuAfqa76W8 and now i have brand new python 2.7.3 ucs2 installed in /opt/bin/python What I need now is - how can I install all other python modules that I have installed for that python version also. Basically stuff like PIL and postgresql and mod_wsgi - basically everything needed to run Django for that python version. Is this the right the place to ask for it?

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  • call python with system() in R to run a python script emulating the python console

    - by Yihui
    I want to pass a chunk of Python code to Python in R with something like system('python ...'), and I'm wondering if there is an easy way to emulate the python console in this case. For example, suppose the code is "print 'hello world'", how can I get the output like this in R? >>> print 'hello world' hello world This only shows the output: > system("python -c 'print \"hello world\"'") hello world Thanks! BTW, I asked in r-help but have not got a response yet (if I do, I'll post the answer here).

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  • Installing PIL (Python Imaging Library) in Win7 64 bits, Python 2.6.4

    - by Rafael Almeida
    I'm trying to install said library for use with Python. I tried downloading the executable installer for Windows, which runs, but says it doesn't find a Python installation. Then tried registering (http://effbot.org/zone/python-register.htm) Python, but the script says it can't register (although the keys appear in my register). Then I tried downloading the source package: I run the setup.py build and it works, but when I run setup.py install it says the following: running install running build running build_py running build_ext building '_imaging' extension error: Unable to find vcvarsall.bat What can I do?

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  • How to become a solid python web developer [closed]

    - by Estarius
    Possible Duplicate: How do I learn Python from zero to web development? I have started Python recently with the goal to become a solid developer to make a web application eventually. However, as time goes by I am wondering if I am being optimal about how I will achieve my goal. I would compare it to a game for example, to be better you must spend time playing and trying new things... However, if you just log in and sit in the lobby chatting you are most likely not progressing. So far, this is my plan (feel free to comment or judge it): Review basic programmation concepts Start coding slowly in Python Once comfortable in Python, learn about web development in Python Learn about those things we heard about: SQLAlchemy, MVC, TDD, Git, Agile (Group project) To achieve these things, I started the Learn python the hard way exercises, which I am doing at the rate of 5 per days. I also started to read Think Python at the same time and planning to move on with Dive into python. As far as my research goes, these documentations along with Python documentation is usually what is the most recommended to learn Python. I consider this to get my point 1 and 2 done. While learning Python is really great, my goal remains to do quality web development. I know there are books about Django etc. however I would like to become comfortable with any Python web development. This means without Framework and with Framework... Any framework, then be able to choose the one which best fits our needs. For this I would like to know if some people have suggestions. Should I just get a book on Django and it should apply to everything ? What would be the best method to go from Python to Web Python and not end up creating crappy code which would turn into nightmares for other programmers ? Then finally, those "things we hear about". While I understand what they all do basically, I am fairly sure that like everything, there are good and wrong ways of making use of them. Should I go through at least a whole book on each before starting to use them or keep it at their respective online documentation ? Are there some kind of documentation which links their use to Python ? Also, from looking at Django and Pyramid they seems to use something else than MVC, while the Django model looks similar, the Pyramid one seems to cut a whole part of it... Is learning MVC still worth it ? Sorry for the wall of text, Thanks in advance !

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  • Why do people hesitate using Python 3?

    - by Ham
    Python 3 has been released in December 2008. A lot of time has passed since then but still today many developers hesitate using Python 3. Even popular frameworks like Django are not compatible with Python 3 yet but still rely on Python 2. Sure, Python 3 has some incompatibilities to Python 2 and some people need to rely on backwards-compatibility. But hasn't Python 3 been around long enough now for most projects to switch or start with Python 3? Having two competiting versions has so many drawbacks; two branches need to be maintained, confusion for learners and so on, so why is there such a big hesitation throughout the Python community in switching to Python 3?

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  • WS2008 NTP - Using time.windows.com,0x9 - Time always skewed forwards

    - by David
    I have a domain controller configured to use time.windows.com (with 0x09 flags set). I've noticed that frequently the systems' clock is fast - it varies from 10 minutes to even 45 minutes. I always have to keep resetting the system date/time back to what it should be. When I run "w32tm /query /source" it tells me it's using time.windows.com, and obviously I trust Microsoft not to serve incorrect times, but why is my server's clock fast? EDIT: There are a few Time-Service events in the System log: Event ID: 142 Message: The time service has stopped advertising as a time source because the local clock is not synchronized. Event ID: 139 Message: The time service has started advertising as a time source. These two messages appear in pairs every hour or so. Event 142 appears 14 to 16 minutes after 139 appears. Going back a few months, these events appear: Event ID: 35 Message: The time service is now synchronizing the system time with the time source time.windows.com,0x9 (ntp.m|0x9|0.0.0.0:123-65.55.21.21:123). Event ID: 37 Message: The time provider NtpClient is currently receiving valid time data from time.windows.com,0x9 (ntp.m|0x9|0.0.0.0:123-65.55.21.21:123). Event ID: 47 Message: Time Provider NtpClient: No valid response has been received from manually configured peer time.windows.com,0x9 after 8 attempts to contact it. This peer will be discarded as a time source and NtpClient will attempt to discover a new peer with this DNS name. The error was: The time sample was rejected because: The peer is not synchronized, or it has been too long since the peer's last synchronization. These three events only appear once in the log, back in October.

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  • Cannot compile GDB7.8 with Python support

    - by j0h
    I am trying to install GDB7.8 with Python support. From the source folder, I am running ./configure --with-python When I did tab-complete from --with- I did not see Python in the list. But when I ran configure with that flag, it did not baulk. When I run make, it complains that Python is not found. checking for python2.7... no but Python is installed: $ which python python python2.7 python2.7-dbg-config python2 python2.7-dbg $ which python2.7 /usr/bin/python2.7 I compiled GDB without --with-python and things installed without error. I was under the impression that GDB7.8 had Python support without the need for special flags. But when I run: $gdb python (gdb) run test.py I get some sort of cannot import gdb Import error So then I tried calling "pi": (gdb) pi printf.py Python scripting is not supported in this copy of GDB. So... how do I get Python support in GDB7.8? is it actually not supported? Or should I not call "pi"?

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  • Fastest image iteration in Python

    - by Greg
    I am creating a simple green screen app with Python 2.7.4 but am getting quite slow results. I am currently using PIL 1.1.7 to load and iterate the images and saw huge speed-ups changing from the old getpixel() to the newer load() and pixel access object indexing. However the following loop still takes around 2.5 seconds to run for an image of around 720p resolution: def colorclose(Cb_p, Cr_p, Cb_key, Cr_key, tola, tolb): temp = math.sqrt((Cb_key-Cb_p)**2+(Cr_key-Cr_p)**2) if temp < tola: return 0.0 else: if temp < tolb: return (temp-tola)/(tolb-tola) else: return 1.0 .... for x in range(width): for y in range(height): Y, cb, cr = fg_cbcr_list[x, y] mask = colorclose(cb, cr, cb_key, cr_key, tola, tolb) mask = 1 - mask bgr, bgg, bgb = bg_list[x,y] fgr, fgg, fgb = fg_list[x,y] pixels[x,y] = ( (int)(fgr - mask*key_color[0] + mask*bgr), (int)(fgg - mask*key_color[1] + mask*bgg), (int)(fgb - mask*key_color[2] + mask*bgb)) Am I doing anything hugely inefficient here which makes it run so slow? I have seen similar, simpler examples where the loop is replaced by a boolean matrix for instance, but for this case I can't see a way to replace the loop. The pixels[x,y] assignment seems to take the most amount of time but not knowing Python very well I am unsure of a more efficient way to do this. Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Python requests - saving cookie for later url usage

    - by PythonRocks
    I been trying to get a cookie and post it to a url in later use in the program, but I cant seem to get the cookie parameters to work. Right now I have response = requests.get("url") But how exactly do I retrive cookies from this url and post them to a new url (the same cookies). The tutorial in requests is somewhat vague on the topic and gives examples I cannot test. Hope someone can help with further examples. This is python 2.7 btw.

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