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  • How do I convert a Linux disk image into a sparse file?

    - by endolith
    I have a bunch of disk images, made with ddrescue, on an EXT partition, and I want to reduce their size without losing data, while still being mountable. How can I fill the empty space in the image's filesystem with zeros, and then convert the file into a sparse file so this empty space is not actually stored on disk? For example: > du -s --si --apparent-size Jimage.image 120G Jimage.image > du -s --si Jimage.image 121G Jimage.image This actually only has 50G of real data on it, though, so the second measurement should be much smaller. This supposedly will fill empty space with zeros: cat /dev/zero > zero.file rm zero.file But if sparse files are handled transparently, it might actually create a sparse file without writing anything to the virtual disk, ironically preventing me from turning the virtual disk image into a sparse file itself. :) Does it? Note: For some reason, sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=./zero.file works when cat does not on a mounted disk image.

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  • Cyrus on CentOS with sasl / pam / ldap

    - by Oscar
    SASL/PAM/LDAP is driving me crazy... that's what I read a lot when googling for problems in this area, and what I experience myself :-S I'm trying to get Cyrus imap working for virtual hosting on CentOS with this authorisation backend and really don't know what's happening. In saslauthd I configured the LDAP search filter to use, but it looks like pam completely ignores it. Here's what I do for testing (done more tests but all with similar results): [root@testserv ~]# imtest -u [email protected] -a [email protected] WARNING: no hostname supplied, assuming localhost S: * OK [CAPABILITY IMAP4 IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ ID STARTTLS] testserv. Cyrus IMAP4 v2.3.7-Invoca-RPM-2.3.7-7.el5_6.4 server ready C: C01 CAPABILITY S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4 IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ ID STARTTLS ACL RIGHTS=kxte QUOTA MAILBOX-REFERRALS NAMESPACE UIDPLUS NO_ATOMIC_RENAME UNSELECT CHILDREN MULTIAPPEND BINARY SORT SORT=MODSEQ THREAD=ORDEREDSUBJECT THREAD=REFERENCES ANNOTATEMORE CATENATE CONDSTORE IDLE LISTEXT LIST-SUBSCRIBED X-NETSCAPE URLAUTH S: C01 OK Completed Please enter your password: C: L01 LOGIN [email protected] {6} S: + go ahead C: <omitted> S: L01 NO Login failed: authentication failure Authentication failed. generic failure Security strength factor: 0 C: Q01 LOGOUT * BYE LOGOUT received Q01 OK Completed Connection closed. The LDAP entry does exist (and so does the mailbox in Cyrus): [root@testserv ~]# ldapsearch -WxD cn=Manager,o=mydomain,c=com [email protected] Enter LDAP Password: # extended LDIF # # LDAPv3 # base <> with scope subtree # filter: [email protected] # requesting: ALL # # myuser, accounts, testserv.mydomain.com, mydomain, com dn: uid=myuser,ou=accounts,dc=testserv.mydomain.com,o=mydomain,c=com objectClass: top objectClass: person objectClass: organizationalPerson objectClass: inetOrgPerson objectClass: posixAccount objectClass: shadowAccount uidNumber: 16 uid: myuser gidNumber: 5 givenName: My sn: Name mail: [email protected] cn: My Name userPassword:: dYN5ebB0fXhNRn1pZllhRnJX7Uk= shadowLastChange: 15176 homeDirectory: /dev/null # search result search: 2 result: 0 Success # numResponses: 2 # numEntries: 1 This is what I get in /var/log/messages Aug 2 04:00:11 testserv cyrus/imap[12514]: auxpropfunc error invalid parameter supplied Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv saslauthd[5926]: do_auth : auth failure: [[email protected]] [service=imap] [realm=testserv.mydomain.com] [mech=pam] [reason=PAM auth error] ... /var/adm/auth.log Aug 2 04:00:11 testserv cyrus/imap[12514]: auxpropfunc error invalid parameter supplied Aug 2 04:00:11 testserv cyrus/imap[12514]: _sasl_plugin_load failed on sasl_auxprop_plug_init for plugin: ldapdb Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv saslauthd[5926]: DEBUG: auth_pam: pam_authenticate failed: User not known to the underlying authentication module Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv saslauthd[5926]: do_auth : auth failure: [[email protected]] [service=imap] [realm=testserv.mydomain.com] [mech=pam] [reason=PAM auth error] (AFAIK I can ignore the auxprop msg) ... and /var/log/slapd.log: Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 fd=27 ACCEPT from IP=127.0.0.1:51403 (IP=0.0.0.0:389) Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 op=0 BIND dn="" method=128 Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 op=0 RESULT tag=97 err=0 text= Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 op=1 SRCH base="o=mydomain,c=com" scope=2 deref=0 filter="([email protected])" Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 op=1 SEARCH RESULT tag=101 err=0 nentries=0 text= Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 op=2 UNBIND Aug 2 04:00:19 testserv slapd[5968]: conn=61 fd=27 closed These are the settings in In /etc/imapd.conf: sasl_mech_list: PLAIN LOGIN sasl_pwcheck_method: saslauthd ## sasl_auxprop_plugin: sasldb sasl_auto_transition: no and my sasl config: [root@testserv ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/saslauthd # Directory in which to place saslauthd's listening socket, pid file, and so # on. This directory must already exist. SOCKETDIR=/var/run/saslauthd # Mechanism to use when checking passwords. Run "saslauthd -v" to get a list # of which mechanism your installation was compiled with the ablity to use. MECH=pam # Additional flags to pass to saslauthd on the command line. See saslauthd(8) # for the list of accepted flags. FLAGS="-c -r -O /etc/saslauthd.conf" [root@testserv ~]# cat /etc/saslauthd.conf ldap_servers: ldap://127.0.0.1/ ldap_search_base: dc=%d,o=mydomain,c=com ldap_auth_method: bind #ldap_filter: (|(uid=%u)((&(mail=%u@%d)(accountStatus=active))) ldap_filter: (&(mail=%u@%d)(accountStatus=active)) ldap_debug: 1 ldap_version: 3 The accountStatus=active is not in ldap yet, but that doesn't make a difference since I don't see it in the filter... that's not the reason for the failure. The weird thing is, I do get an error when I rename or remove /etc/saslauthd.conf, but when the file exists it seems happily ignored... The filter in slapd.log seems to be taken from /etc/ldap.conf. Apart from some timers, that only contains: host 127.0.0.1 base o=mydomain,c=com pam_login_attribute mail Outcommenting the pam_login_attribute results in this filter in slapd.log: filter="([email protected])" Pam-imap looks like this: [root@testserv ~]# cat /etc/pam.d/imap auth required pam_ldap.so debug account required pam_ldap.so debug #auth sufficient pam_unix.so likeauth nullok #auth sufficient pam_ldap.so use_first_pass #auth required pam_deny.so #account sufficient pam_unix.so #account sufficient pam_ldap.so The outcommented stuff is because I don't have the cyrus admin user in Ldap; that's a Linux user. That works fine when uncommented, but I still need to play around with that a little and first I wanna get imap working. Finally nsswitch: [root@testserv ~]# cat /etc/nsswitch.conf # # /etc/nsswitch.conf # # An example Name Service Switch config file. This file should be # sorted with the most-used services at the beginning. # # The entry '[NOTFOUND=return]' means that the search for an # entry should stop if the search in the previous entry turned # up nothing. Note that if the search failed due to some other reason # (like no NIS server responding) then the search continues with the # next entry. # # Legal entries are: # # nisplus or nis+ Use NIS+ (NIS version 3) # nis or yp Use NIS (NIS version 2), also called YP # dns Use DNS (Domain Name Service) # files Use the local files # db Use the local database (.db) files # compat Use NIS on compat mode # hesiod Use Hesiod for user lookups # [NOTFOUND=return] Stop searching if not found so far # # To use db, put the "db" in front of "files" for entries you want to be # looked up first in the databases # # Example: #passwd: db files nisplus nis #shadow: db files nisplus nis #group: db files nisplus nis passwd: compat ldap group: compat ldap shadow: compat ldap hosts: files dns bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files ethers: files netmasks: files networks: files protocols: files rpc: files services: files netgroup: nisplus publickey: nisplus automount: files nisplus aliases: files nisplus Any info where to start looking will be greatly appreciated! Thnx in advance

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  • Error Installing ruby with RVM Single User mode on Arch Linux

    - by ChrisBurnor
    I've just installed RVM on ArchLinux x64 in single user mode via the recommended install script curl -L https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable I've also installed all the requirements listed in rvm requirements However, I'm having trouble actually installing any version of ruby. And getting the following error: arch:~ % rvm install 1.9.3 No binary rubies available for: ///ruby-1.9.3-p194. Continuing with compilation. Please read 'rvm mount' to get more information on binary rubies. Fetching yaml-0.1.4.tar.gz to /home/christopher/.rvm/archives % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 460k 100 460k 0 0 702k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 767k Extracting yaml-0.1.4.tar.gz to /home/christopher/.rvm/src Prepare yaml in /home/christopher/.rvm/src/yaml-0.1.4. Configuring yaml in /home/christopher/.rvm/src/yaml-0.1.4. Error running ' ./configure --prefix=/home/christopher/.rvm/usr ', please read /home/christopher/.rvm/log/ruby-1.9.3-p194/yaml/configure.log Compiling yaml in /home/christopher/.rvm/src/yaml-0.1.4. Error running 'make', please read /home/christopher/.rvm/log/ruby-1.9.3-p194/yaml/make.log Please note that it's required to reinstall all rubies: rvm reinstall all --force Installing Ruby from source to: /home/christopher/.rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p194, this may take a while depending on your cpu(s)... ruby-1.9.3-p194 - #downloading ruby-1.9.3-p194, this may take a while depending on your connection... ruby-1.9.3-p194 - #extracting ruby-1.9.3-p194 to /home/christopher/.rvm/src/ruby-1.9.3-p194 ruby-1.9.3-p194 - #extracted to /home/christopher/.rvm/src/ruby-1.9.3-p194 Skipping configure step, 'configure' does not exist, did autoreconf not run successfully? ruby-1.9.3-p194 - #compiling Error running 'make', please read /home/christopher/.rvm/log/ruby-1.9.3-p194/make.log There has been an error while running make. Halting the installation. The log files are as follows: arch:~ % cat ~/.rvm/log/ruby-1.9.3-p194/yaml/configure.log __rvm_log_command:32: permission denied: arch:~ % cat ~/.rvm/log/ruby-1.9.3-p194/yaml/make.log make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop. arch:~ % cat ~/.rvm/log/ruby-1.9.3-p194/make.log make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.

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  • IIS7 URL Rewrite for URL with &rsquo;

    - by blizz
    I'm trying to redirect the following URL in IIS7 using the URL Rewrite module: Category/Cat-3/Objectives-of-Pre-Maintenance/WHAT&rsquo;S-THE-STORY-ON-LOW-CARB-DIETS-AND-EXERCISE-.aspx but for the life of me I can not get it. I tried replacing the &rsquo; with an actual single quote, and that worked fine! But for the purpose of this redirect, I need the HTML code for the quote, and not the quote itself. Here is the rule from web config: <rule name="Redirect" patternSyntax="ECMAScript" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="^Category/Cat-3/Objectives-of-Pre-Maintenance/WHAT&amp;rsquo;S-THE-STORY-ON-LOW-CARB-DIETS-AND-EXERCISE-\.aspx" /> <conditions> <add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="www.example.com" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="http://www.example.com/redirecturl/" appendQueryString="false" /> </rule> Any ideas would be very helpful! Thanks

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  • "No more PTYs" when trying to start screen

    - by Attila Oláh
    When I try to start 'screen' or 'byobu', I get the following error message: $ screen No more PTYs. Sorry, could not find a PTY. [screen is terminating] I seem to have enough though: $ ls /dev/pts $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr 0 $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max 4096 Some more info: $ uname -a Linux cube.mydedi.net 2.6.18-194.8.1.el5.028stab070.5 #1 SMP Fri Sep 17 19:10:36 MSD 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux If you need any more info please comment. This is on a low-end VPS, but it used to work just fine, until it stopped working. Everything else seems to be fine though.

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  • Firefox does not load certificate chain

    - by TimWolla
    I'm running lighttpd/1.4.28 (ssl) on Debian Squeeze. I just created a http://startssl.com certificate, I runs fine at all of my Browsers (Firefox, Chrome, Opera), but my users are reporting certificate-errors in Firefox. I already nailed it down to a failing of loading of the certificate chain: Certificate at my Firefox: http://i.stack.imgur.com/moR5x.png Certificate at others Firefox: http://i.stack.imgur.com/ZVoIu.png (Note the missing StartCOM-certificates here) I followed this tutorial for embedding the certificate in my lighttpd: https://forum.startcom.org/viewtopic.php?t=719 The relevant parts of my lighttpd.conf look like this: $SERVER["socket"] == ":443" { ssl.engine = "enable" ssl.ca-file = "/etc/lighttpd/certs/ca-bundle.pem" ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/certs/www.bisaboard.crt" } ca-bundle.pem was created like this: cat ca.pem sub.class1.server.ca.pem > ca-bundle.pem I grabbed the relevant files from here: http://www.startssl.com/certs/ www.bisaboard.crt was created like this: cat certificate.pem ssl.key > www.bisaboard.crt Where certificate.pem is my StartSSL-Class1 Certificate and ssl.key my SSL-Root-Key. Do you have any idea why the second Firefox does not correctly load the certificate-chain?

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  • Forwarding udp ports iptables packets "lost"?

    - by Dindihi
    I have a Linux router (Debian 6.x) where i forward some ports to internal services. Some tcp ports (like 80, 22...) are OK. I have one Application listening on port 54277udp. No return is coming from this app, i only get Data on this port. Router: cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/rp_filter = 1 cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/forwarding = 1 cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ppp0/forwarding = 1 $IPTABLES -t nat -I PREROUTING -p udp -i ppp0 --dport 54277 -j DNAT --to-destination $SRV_IP:54277 $IPTABLES -I FORWARD -p udp -d $SRV_IP --dport 54277 -j ACCEPT Also MASQUERADING internal traffic to ppp0(internet) is active & working. Default Policy INPUT&OUTPUT&FORWARD is DROP What is strange, when i do: tcpdump -p -vvvv -i ppp0 port 54277 I get a lot of traffic: 18:35:43.646133 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 57, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 57) source.ip > own.external.ip..54277: [udp sum ok] UDP, length 29 18:35:43.652301 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 57, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 57) source.ip > own.external.ip..54277: [udp sum ok] UDP, length 29 18:35:43.653324 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 57, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 57) source.ip > own.external.ip..54277: [udp sum ok] UDP, length 29 18:35:43.655795 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 57, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 57) source.ip > own.external.ip..54277: [udp sum ok] UDP, length 29 18:35:43.656727 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 57, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 57) source.ip > own.external.ip..54277: [udp sum ok] UDP, length 29 18:35:43.659719 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 57, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 57) source.ip > own.external.ip..54277: [udp sum ok] UDP, length 29 tcpdump -p -i eth0 port 54277 (on the same machine, the router) i get much less traffic. also on the destination $SRV_IP there are only a few packets coming in, but not all. INTERNAL SERVER: 19:15:30.039663 IP source.ip.52394 > 192.168.215.4.54277: UDP, length 16 19:15:30.276112 IP source.ip.52394 > 192.168.215.4.54277: UDP, length 16 19:15:30.726048 IP source.ip.52394 > 192.168.215.4.54277: UDP, length 16 So some udp ports are "ignored/dropped" ? Any idea what could be wrong? Edit: This is strange: The Forward rule has data packets, but the PREROUTING rule has 0 packets... iptables -nvL -t filter |grep 54277 Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) 168 8401 ACCEPT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.215.4 state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED udp dpt:54277 iptables -nvL -t nat |grep 54277 Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 405 packets, 24360 bytes) 0 0 DNAT udp -- ppp0 * 0.0.0.0/0 my.external.ip udp dpt:54277 state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED to:192.168.215.4

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  • PHP 5.3.2 + Fcgid 2.3.5 + Apache 2.2.14 + SuExec => Connection reset by peer: mod_fcgid: error readi

    - by Zigzag
    Hi, I'm trying to use PHP 5.3.2 + Fcgid 2.3.5 + Apache 2.2.14 but I always have the error : "Connection reset by peer: mod_fcgid: error reading data from FastCGI server". And Apache returns an error 500 each time I tried to execute a php page : I have compiled the Apache with this options: ./configure --with-mpm=worker --enable-userdir=shared --enable-actions=shared --enable-alias=shared --enable-auth=shared --enable-so --enable-deflate \ --enable-cache=shared --enable-disk-cache=shared --enable-info=shared --enable-rewrite=shared \ --enable-suexec=shared --with-suexec-caller=www-data --with-suexec-userdir=site --with-suexec-logfile=/usr/local/apache2/logs/suexec.log --with-suexec-docroot=/home Then PHP: ./configure --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/apache2/php --with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs --with-mysql --with-zlib --enable-exif --with-gd --enable-cgi Then FCdigd: APXS=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs ./configure.apxs The VHOST is: <Directory /home/website_panel/site/> FCGIWrapper /home/website_panel/cgi/php .php ... ErrorLog /home/website_panel/logs/error.log </Directory> cat /home/website_panel/logs/error.log [Sun Mar 07 22:19:41 2010] [warn] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] (104)Connection reset by peer: mod_fcgid: error reading data from FastCGI server [Sun Mar 07 22:19:41 2010] [error] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] Premature end of script headers: test.php [Sun Mar 07 22:19:41 2010] [warn] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] (104)Connection reset by peer: mod_fcgid: error reading data from FastCGI server [Sun Mar 07 22:19:41 2010] [error] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] Premature end of script headers: test.php [Sun Mar 07 22:19:42 2010] [warn] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] (104)Connection reset by peer: mod_fcgid: error reading data from FastCGI server [Sun Mar 07 22:19:42 2010] [error] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] Premature end of script headers: test.php [Sun Mar 07 22:19:43 2010] [warn] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] (104)Connection reset by peer: mod_fcgid: error reading data from FastCGI server [Sun Mar 07 22:19:43 2010] [error] [client xx.xx.xx.xx] Premature end of script headers: test.php The Suexec log: root:/usr/local/apache2# cat /var/log/apache2/suexec.log [2010-03-07 22:11:05]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php [2010-03-07 22:11:15]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php [2010-03-07 22:11:23]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php [2010-03-07 22:19:41]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php [2010-03-07 22:19:41]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php [2010-03-07 22:19:42]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php [2010-03-07 22:19:43]: uid: (1001/website_panel) gid: (1001/website_panel) cmd: php root:/usr/local/apache2# cat logs/error_log [Sun Mar 07 22:18:47 2010] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec) [Sun Mar 07 22:18:47 2010] [notice] mod_bw : Memory Allocated 0 bytes (each conf takes 32 bytes) [Sun Mar 07 22:18:47 2010] [notice] mod_bw : Version 0.7 - Initialized [0 Confs] [Sun Mar 07 22:18:47 2010] [notice] Apache/2.2.14 (Unix) mod_fcgid/2.3.5 configured -- resuming normal operations root:/usr/local/apache2# /home/website_panel/cgi/php -v PHP 5.3.2 (cli) (built: Mar 7 2010 16:01:49) Copyright (c) 1997-2010 The PHP Group Zend Engine v2.3.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2010 Zend Technologies If someone has got an idea, I want to hear it ^^ Thanks !

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  • How to iptables forward ppp0 to eth0

    - by HPHPHP2012
    need your help with get it routing properly. I've server with eth0 (external interface) and eth1(internal interface). eth1 is merged into the bridge br0 (172.16.1.1) I've installed the pptp and successfully configured it, so I got ppp0 interface (192.168.91.1) and got my VPN clients successfully connected. So I need your help to manage how to allow my VPN clients use internet connection (eth0). Below my configuration files, any help is much appreciated! Thank you! P.S. VPN clients are Windows Xp, Windows 7, Mac OS X Lion, Ubuntu 12.04, iOS 5.x cat /etc/pptpd.conf #local server ip address localip 192.168.91.1 #remote addresses remoteip 192.168.91.11-254,192.168.91.10 #translating ip addresses on this interface bcrelay br0 cat /etc/ppp/pptpd-options name pptpd refuse-pap refuse-chap refuse-mschap require-mschap-v2 require-mppe-128 ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4 nodefaultroute lock nobsdcomp auth logfile /var/log/pptpd.log cat /etc/nat-up #!/bin/sh SERVER_IP="aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa" LOCAL_IP="172.16.1.1" #eth0 with public ip PUBLIC="eth0" #br0 is internal bridge on eth1 interface INTERNAL="br0" #vpn VPN="ppp0" #local LOCAL="lo" iptables -F iptables -X iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -X iptables -t mangle -F iptables -t mangle -X iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -A INPUT -i $LOCAL -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW ! -i $PUBLIC -j ACCEPT ####CLEAR CONFIG#### #iptables -A FORWARD -i $PUBLIC -o $INTERNAL -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT #iptables -A FORWARD -i $PUBLIC -o $INTERNAL -j ACCEPT #iptables -A FORWARD -i $INTERNAL -o $PUBLIC -j ACCEPT #iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE ####THIS PART IS NOT HANDLING IT#### iptables -A FORWARD -i $PUBLIC -o $VPN -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i $PUBLIC -o $VPN -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s 192.168.91.0/24 -o $PUBLIC -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.91.0/24 -o $PUBLIC -j MASQUERADE # VPN - PPTPD iptables -A INPUT -p gre -s 0/0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p gre -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 --dport 1723 -j ACCEPT #SSH iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 2222 -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 2222 -j ACCEPT #BLACKLIST BLOCKDB="/etc/ip.blocked" IPS=$(grep -Ev "^#" $BLOCKDB) for i in $IPS do iptables -A INPUT -s $i -j DROP iptables -A OUTPUT -d $i -j DROP done

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  • Running command transparently over ssh

    - by jnsg
    By transparently I mean forwarding of: stdin, stdout and stderr standard signals (SIGHUP or SIGINT would be great for a start) As an example, consider these invocations of a (pointless) local and remote command: $ `cat - > /dev/null; sleep 10` < /local/file $ ssh user@host "cat - > /dev/null; sleep 10" < /local/file I can interrupt the first one with ^C just fine. But if I try this during the second one it only affects ssh, leaving the command running on the remote server if cat has already finished. I know about launching sshwith -t, but this way I can't send data via stdin. Is this possible with ssh alone at all?

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  • Accessing guests on virtual network when connected to host via PPTP

    - by Viktor Elofsson
    I'm setting up a development machine which runs Ubuntu 12.04 and KVM for virtualization. I have a guest running Ubuntu 12.04 which can be accessed from the host via its IP address which is assigned by libvirt. The guest can also access the internet, no problem there. However, now I want to setup PPTP so I can connect to the host (from my workstation running Windows 7) and directly access guests without relying on SSH port forwarding. I can connect from my W7-machine to the host (PPTP), but I cannot access any virtual machines (which are accessable from the host directly). Relevant configuration files cat /etc/network/interfaces auto lo iface lo inet loopback # device: eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address x.x.x.x broadcast x.x.x.x netmask x.x.x.x gateway x.x.x.x # default route to access subnet up route add -net x.x.x.x netmask x.x.x.x gw x.x.x.x eth0 virsh net-edit default <network> <name>default</name> <uuid>xxxxxxxx-72ce-3c20-af0f-d3a010f1bef0</uuid> <forward mode='nat'/> <bridge name='virbr0' stp='on' delay='0' /> <mac address='52:54:00:xx:xx:xx'/> <ip address='192.168.122.1' netmask='255.255.255.0'> <dhcp> <range start='192.168.122.2' end='192.168.122.254' /> <host mac='52:54:00:yy:yy:yy' name='web1' ip='192.168.122.11' /> </dhcp> </ip> </network> cat /etc/pptpd.conf (commented lines removed) # TAG: option # Specifies the location of the PPP options file. # By default PPP looks in '/etc/ppp/options' # option /etc/ppp/pptpd-options # TAG: logwtmp # Use wtmp(5) to record client connections and disconnections. # logwtmp #(Recommended) localip 192.168.122.1 remoteip 192.168.122.234-238,192.168.122.245 cat /etc/ppp/chap-secrets* # Secrets for authentication using CHAP # client server secret IP addresses xxxxx * yyyyyyyyyy 192.168.122.100 I get the correct IP address when connecting my W7-machine, but when I try to ping the virtual machine at 192.168.122.11 I get Reply from 192.168.122.1: Destination port unreachable. It's probably something trivial I'm missing but I can't for the life of me figure out what it is. So I'm turning to you, serverfault.

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  • Googlebot cant access my site webmaster tools reply Unreachable robots.txt

    - by Ahmad Ahmadi
    When I try to fetch my site as a googlebot in webmaster tools it return Unreachable robots.txt, after investigate I understood google bot can see my server: tcpdump | grep google it return that google can access my server with IP 66.249.81.172 or 66.249.75.111. but there is not any think in access log or error log or other apache logs. cat access_log | grep google or cat error_log | grep 66.249.81.172 Other bot (bing,...) can access apache but google cant. there is not any problem in my robots.txt or its permissions because as you know robots.txt is not necessary so I delete it but again webmaster tools returned Unreachable robots.txt not 404 not found! information about server: Server OS : CentOS 6 Web Server : Apache 2.x Firewall : IPTables is stoped SELinux is Disabled There is not any think else for security on my server. how can I investigate the problem and is there any other command that can help me to find the problem.

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  • How do I change HOSTNAME on an Ubuntu server?

    - by BryanWheelock
    I'm attempting to change the hostname on my shared server with Slicehost so I can setup Postfix as a null client. I edited /etc/hosts and after reboot, the hostname is still incorrect. What am I doing wrong? username@mail Fri Jul 01 13:01:32 ~ $ sudo cat /etc/hostname mail.domain1.com username@mail Fri Jul 01 13:01:45 ~ $ cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain 208.78.100.198 mail.domain1.com username@mail Fri Jul 01 13:02:13 ~ $ hostname -f pop.where.secureserver.net I also intend to add another domain to this server, how do I configure this correctly.

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  • Redirect input from one terminal to another

    - by Niki Yoshiuchi
    I have sshed into a linux box and I'm using dvtm and bash (although I have also tried this with Gnu screen and bash). I have two terminals, current /dev/pts/29 and /dev/pts/130. I want to redirect the input from one to the other. From what I understand, in /dev/pts/130 I can type: cat </dev/pts/29 And then when I type in /dev/pts/29 the characters I type should show up in /dev/pts/130. However what ends up happening is that every other character I type gets redirected. For example, if I type "hello" I get this: /dev/pts/29 | /dev/pts/130 $ | $ cat </dev/pts/29 $ el | hlo This is really frustrating as I need to do this in order to redirect the io of a process running in gdb (I've tried both run /dev/pts/# and set inferior-tty /dev/pts/# and both resulted in the aforementioned behavior). Am I doing something wrong, or is this a bug in bash/screen/dvtm?

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  • Why are all Linux commands broken after installing Perl?

    - by user115079
    I installed perl using following command: curl -L http://xrl.us/installperlnix | bash after that i run following command to create soft link ln -sf /usr/local/bin/perl /usr/bin/perl now I'm trying to run commands like dir, mkdir, ll, rm, vi but nothing seems to be working for me. also when i try to login into my shell i get following msg at startup: Last login: Wed Apr 4 21:50:12 2012 from x.y.z.ip -bash: perl: command not found please help. Here is system detail: cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.18-274.18.1.el5.028stab098.1 (root@rhel5-build-x64) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46)) #1 SMP Sat Feb 11 15:30:41 MSK 2012 cat /etc/issue CentOS 5.7 32 bit Kernel \r on an \m Don't know if perl was already installed or not. and now i can't check.

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  • Automatically generated /etc/hosts is wrong

    - by Niels Basjes
    I've created a kickstart script to install CentOS 5.5 (32bit) in a fully automated way. The DNS/DHCP setup correctly gives the system the right hostname in both the forward and reverse lookups. dig node4.mydomain.com. +short 10.10.10.64 dig -x 10.10.10.64 +short node4.mydomain.com. In the state the installed system is right after the installation completed is as follows: cat /etc/sysconfig/network NETWORKING=yes NETWORKING_IPV6=yes GATEWAY=10.10.10.1 HOSTNAME=node4.mydomain.com echo ${HOSTNAME} node4.mydomain.com cat /etc/hosts # Do not remove the following line, or various programs # that require network functionality will fail. 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 10.10.10.64 node4 My problem is that this automatically generated hosts file is slightly different from the way I want it (or better: the way Hadoop wants it). The last line should look like this: 10.10.10.64 node4.mydomain.com node4 What do I modify where to fix this? Thanks.

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  • Redirect one input from one terminal to another

    - by Niki Yoshiuchi
    I have sshed into a linux box and I'm using dvtm and bash (although I have also tried this with Gnu screen and bash). I have two terminals, current /dev/pts/29 and /dev/pts/130. I want to redirect the input from one to the other. From what I understand, in /dev/pts/130 I can type: cat </dev/pts/29 And then when I type in /dev/pts/29 the characters I type should show up in /dev/pts/130. However what ends up happening is that every other character I type gets redirected. For example, if I type "hello" I get this: /dev/pts/29 | /dev/pts/130 $ | $ cat </dev/pts/29 $ el | hlo This is really frustrating as I need to do this in order to redirect the io of a process running in gdb (I've tried both run /dev/pts/# and set inferior-tty /dev/pts/# and both resulted in the aforementioned behavior). Am I doing something wrong, or is this a bug in bash/screen/dvtm?

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  • LAN not picking up gigabit connection through patch panel

    - by user332555
    I have just purchased 2 FVS318G switches to install at my store. How this is set up is the server is in the back room. We have Cat 5E ran up through the ceiling and is patched into a panel in the back room. The 2 switches I just purchased are right next to the server in the back where all the cables patch in. I do a direct connection from the server to switch, avoiding the patch panel completely, and receive 1.0 gbps connection no problem. When i patch in the register computers from the front into the panel and then to the switch I am only getting 100 mbps on the registers up front. The patch panel does say Cat 5E on it but I am not sure if there is any interference in the line somewhere and I cannot get the full 1.0 gbps to the front registers like I want. Any ideas??

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  • How to keep time on resumed KVM guest with libvirt?

    - by Hristo Hristov
    On my host I am using libvirt and a KVM guest. When the host is shutting down, libvirt suspends the guest. When the host is starting up, libvirt resumes the guest. The problem is, if the guest is suspended and resumed after 24 hours for example, then the guest time is 24 hours in the past. I thought that maybe the problem is with the clocksource, but it is set to "kvm-clock" already. $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource kvm-clock tsc hpet acpi_pm $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource kvm-clock

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  • Grep the whole body of a function

    - by dotancohen
    Supposing I know that someFile.php contains the definition for someFunction(). How would I go about displaying the whole body of the function in stdout? If I know that the body is 10 lines long then I would use cat someFile.php | grep -A 10 "function someFunction" [1] but in reality the function could be any arbitrary length. I figured that with sed I could use Vimesque commands such as /function someFunction<Return>/{<Return>% [2] but I can't figure out exactly how to format it. Ideally, the PHPDoc before the function would be output along with the function. Any help or links to the appropriate fine manual would be appreciated. Thanks! [1] I know that the cat is redundant, but I find this format easier to read. [2] Find the function definition, go to the opening brace, go to the close brace

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  • BIND returns serverfail when querying for its authoriative domain

    - by estol
    Hi there Serverfault folks! First of all: sorry about the title, I had some problem coming up with the proper title. I have a little home server set up, for internet sharing, samba, basic http, dlna mediaserver and what not, and I happend to have a domain at hand, so I thought why not direct it to this computer? I have a BIND 9.8.0 installed, and - afaik - configured it properly. For a few days, the public view did not worked, and I really did not cared, since the local view worked. But now suddenly, even the local view fails. If I try to query the nameserver for anything in my domain, it returns the following error: $ nslookup andromeda.dafaces.com ;; Got SERVFAIL reply from ::1, trying next server ;; Got SERVFAIL reply from ::1, trying next server Server: 127.0.0.1 Address: 127.0.0.1#53 ** server can't find andromeda.dafaces.com.dafaces.com: SERVFAIL Also, the public view points to the old ip address of the domain, probably because of the same error. Some information about the system: $ uname -a Linux tressis 2.6.37-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Mar 15 09:21:17 CET 2011 x86_64 AMD Athlon(tm) 64 X2 Dual Core Processor 5000+ AuthenticAMD GNU/Linux $ named -v BIND 9.8.0 And the named.conf file: # cat /etc/named.conf // // /etc/named.conf // include "/etc/rndc.key"; #controls { # inet 127.0.0.1 allow {localhost; } keys { "dnskulcs"; }; #}; options { directory "/var/named"; pid-file "/var/run/named/named.pid"; auth-nxdomain yes; datasize default; // Uncomment these to enable IPv6 connections support // IPv4 will still work: listen-on-v6 { any; }; listen-on { any; }; // Add this for no IPv4: // listen-on { none; }; // Default security settings. // allow-recursion { 127.0.0.1; ::1; 192.168.1.0/24; }; // allow-recursion { any; }; allow-query { any; }; allow-transfer { 127.0.0.1; ::1; 92.243.14.172; 87.98.164.164; 88.191.64.64; }; allow-update { key "dnskulcs"; }; version none; hostname none; server-id none; zone-statistics yes; forwarders { 213.46.246.53; 213.26.246.54; 8.8.8.8; 8.8.4.4; 192.188.242.65; 193.227.196.3; 2001:470:20::2; }; }; view "local" { match-clients { 192.168.1.0/24; 127.0.0.1; ::1; fec0:0:0:ffff::/64; }; recursion yes; zone "localhost" IN { type master; file "localhost.zone"; allow-transfer { any; }; }; zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN { type master; file "127.0.0.zone"; allow-transfer { any; }; }; zone "." IN { type hint; file "root.hint"; }; zone "dafaces.com" IN { type master; file "internal/dafaces.com.fw"; allow-update { key "dnskulcs"; }; }; zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN { type master; file "internal/dafaces.com.rev"; allow-update { key "dnskulcs"; }; }; }; view "public" { match-clients { any;}; recursion no; zone "dafaces.com" IN { type master; file "external/dafaces.com.fw"; allow-transfer { 87.98.164.164; 195.234.42.1; 88.191.64.64; }; }; }; //zone "example.org" IN { // type slave; // file "example.zone"; // masters { // 192.168.1.100; // }; // allow-query { any; }; // allow-transfer { any; }; //}; logging { channel xfer-log { file "/var/log/named.log"; print-category yes; print-severity yes; print-time yes; severity info; }; category xfer-in { xfer-log; }; category xfer-out { xfer-log; }; category notify { xfer-log; }; }; All help would be highly appreciated! EDIT: Zone files: # cat /var/named/internal/dafaces.com.fw $ORIGIN . $TTL 3600 ; 1 hour dafaces.com IN SOA tressis.dafaces.com. postmaster.dafaces.com. ( 2011032201 ; serial 28800 ; refresh (8 hours) 7200 ; retry (2 hours) 2419200 ; expire (4 weeks) 3600 ; minimum (1 hour) ) NS tressis.dafaces.com. A 192.168.1.1 MX 10 mail.dafaces.com. $ORIGIN _tcp.dafaces.com. _http SRV 0 5 80 www.dafaces.com. _ssh SRV 0 5 22 tressis.dafaces.com. $ORIGIN dafaces.com. acrisius A 192.168.1.230 andromeda A 192.168.1.7 andromeda-win7 CNAME andromeda aspasia A 192.168.1.233 athena A 192.168.1.232 callisto A 192.168.1.102 db A 192.168.1.1 management A 192.168.1.1 ; web management for the router functions haley A 192.168.1.5 hoth A 192.168.1.101 mail A 192.168.1.1 satelite A 192.168.1.20 sony-player A 192.168.1.103 TXT "310f16de2d2712dfc4ae6e5c54f60f828e" torrent A 192.168.1.1 tracker A 192.168.1.1 tressis A 192.168.1.1 www A 192.168.1.1 zeus A 192.168.1.231 and # cat /var/named/external/dafaces.com.fw $ORIGIN . $TTL 3600 dafaces.com IN SOA ns.dafaces.com. postmaster.dafaces.com. ( 2011032405; serial 28800; refresh 7200; retry 2419200; expire 3600; minimum ) NS ns.dafaces.com. NS ns0.xname.org. NS ns1.xname.org. NS ns2.xname.org. A 89.135.129.37 MX 10 mail.dafaces.com. $ORIGIN dafaces.com. ;Szolgaltatasok _ssh._tcp SRV 0 5 22 tressis _http._tcp SRV 0 5 80 www ns A 89.135.129.37 hoth A 89.135.129.37 www A 89.135.129.37 mail A 89.135.129.37 db A 89.135.129.37 torrent A 89.135.129.37 tracker A 89.135.129.37 Edit: Ohh, hell I almost forgot. Since the node is connected to the internet via a residential connection, there is a possibility, that the public ipv4 address will change(but thank god, it is a very rare case), so I daily update the external IP address in the zone file with a shellscript: # cat /etc/cron.daily/dnsupdate #!/bin/sh FILE="/var/named/external/dafaces.com.fw" SERIAL=$(date +%Y%m%d05) PUBLIC_IP=$(ifconfig internet |sed -n "/inet addr:.*255.255.255.255/{s/.*inet addr://; s/ .*//; p}") cat $FILE | sed --posix 's/^.* serial$/\t\t\t\t\t'$SERIAL'; serial/' | sed --posix 's/[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*/'$PUBLIC_IP'/' > /tmp/ujzona mv /tmp/ujzona $FILE /etc/rc.d/named reload

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  • How do I create an ISO image from a directory structure on CentOS?

    - by tom smith
    I'm trying to figure out the exact mkisofs cmd to create the ISO with the following directory and file structure. I've tried different commands, but when I mount the ISO that is created the directory tree has not been reproduced. The initial directory tree is: master.iso:: mount -o loop /apps/vmware/master.iso /mnt/vmtest ls /mnt/vmtest isolinux ks.cfg upgra32 upgra64 upgrade.sh ls /mnt/vmtest/isolinux boot.cat initrd.img isolinux.bin isolinux.cfg vmlinuz I've used different variations of the following mkisofs command without success: mkisofs -o '/foo/test.iso' -b 'isolinux.bin' -c 'boot.cat' -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table 'isolinux' How do I make an ISO that captures a directory's exact structure?

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  • Excel macro: Replace enitre cell contents; replace 1 but not 10, 11, 21 etc

    - by user65678
    I need to replace a large amount of numbers with words in an Excel spreadsheet. Eg: 1 = hello 12 = goodbye 4 = cat etc. I can do it with the standard search and replace, but i have a large list to work through (about 240 number/word combos), so i figured i would use a macro. I have this: Sub findreplacer() For Each mycell In Range("A1:A1000") mycell.Replace What:="1", Replacement:="hello" mycell.Replace What:="12", Replacement:="goodbye" mycell.Replace What:="4", Replacement:="cat" Next End Sub But it replaces the 1 in 12 so the cell reads hello2 instead of goodbye. How can i make it just affect cells that only contain the specific number, the way 'match entire cell contents' works? Any help appreciated.

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  • Xen HVM guest has severe clock drift

    - by ipartola
    I am seeing a very severe clock drift on my Xen HVM VPS, rented from a hosting provider, so I don't have access to the dom0 system. I continuously run ntpd, but the clock drifts by as much as 30 seconds in 5 minutes and NTP cannot keep up. Has anyone experienced this? Here are some details: $ dmesg | grep clock [ 0.160000] Measured 347 cycles TSC warp between CPUs, turning off TSC clock. [ 0.396000] * this clock source is slow. Consider trying other clock sources [ 0.550448] Switching to clocksource acpi_pm [ 0.653135] rtc_cmos 00:05: setting system clock to 2011-03-09 02:45:40 UTC (1299638740) $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource acpi_pm $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource acpi_pm

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  • ISCSI: Ethernet cable maximum length vs. SCSI command timeout

    - by Jeremy Hajek
    I have a question about a non-optimal setup and the practical implications of this. Ideally you would place the ESXi server right in the same room as the FreeNas white box end of question. My situation is this: I have a run of ~125ft of Cat 5e connecting a ESXi server to a FreeNas whitebox in the server room. I know the distance of the ethernet cable is within the maximum distance for ethernet traffic but I have two questions... Can Cat 5e support gigbit speeds at that distance if the switch on the back end is a linksys SRW-2048? Should I be concerned about the distance causing data read and write timeouts in the SCSI portion--(disk operations of the ESXi)?

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