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  • How to get predecessor and successors from an adjacency matrix

    - by NickTFried
    Hi I am am trying to complete an assignment, where it is ok to consult the online community. I have to create a graph class that ultimately can do Breadth First Search and Depth First Search. I have been able to implement those algorithms successfully however another requirement is to be able to get the successors and predecessors and detect if two vertices are either predecessors or successors for each other. I'm having trouble thinking of a way to do this. I will post my code below, if anyone has any suggestions it would be greatly appreciated. import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.Queue; import java.util.Stack; public class Graph<T> { public Vertex<T> root; public ArrayList<Vertex<T>> vertices=new ArrayList<Vertex<T>>(); public int[][] adjMatrix; int size; private ArrayList<Vertex<T>> dfsArrList; private ArrayList<Vertex<T>> bfsArrList; public void setRootVertex(Vertex<T> n) { this.root=n; } public Vertex<T> getRootVertex() { return this.root; } public void addVertex(Vertex<T> n) { vertices.add(n); } public void removeVertex(int loc){ vertices.remove(loc); } public void addEdge(Vertex<T> start,Vertex<T> end) { if(adjMatrix==null) { size=vertices.size(); adjMatrix=new int[size][size]; } int startIndex=vertices.indexOf(start); int endIndex=vertices.indexOf(end); adjMatrix[startIndex][endIndex]=1; adjMatrix[endIndex][startIndex]=1; } public void removeEdge(Vertex<T> v1, Vertex<T> v2){ int startIndex=vertices.indexOf(v1); int endIndex=vertices.indexOf(v2); adjMatrix[startIndex][endIndex]=1; adjMatrix[endIndex][startIndex]=1; } public int countVertices(){ int ver = vertices.size(); return ver; } /* public boolean isPredecessor( Vertex<T> a, Vertex<T> b){ for() return true; }*/ /* public boolean isSuccessor( Vertex<T> a, Vertex<T> b){ for() return true; }*/ public void getSuccessors(Vertex<T> v1){ } public void getPredessors(Vertex<T> v1){ } private Vertex<T> getUnvisitedChildNode(Vertex<T> n) { int index=vertices.indexOf(n); int j=0; while(j<size) { if(adjMatrix[index][j]==1 && vertices.get(j).visited==false) { return vertices.get(j); } j++; } return null; } public Iterator<Vertex<T>> bfs() { Queue<Vertex<T>> q=new LinkedList<Vertex<T>>(); q.add(this.root); printVertex(this.root); root.visited=true; while(!q.isEmpty()) { Vertex<T> n=q.remove(); Vertex<T> child=null; while((child=getUnvisitedChildNode(n))!=null) { child.visited=true; bfsArrList.add(child); q.add(child); } } clearVertices(); return bfsArrList.iterator(); } public Iterator<Vertex<T>> dfs() { Stack<Vertex<T>> s=new Stack<Vertex<T>>(); s.push(this.root); root.visited=true; printVertex(root); while(!s.isEmpty()) { Vertex<T> n=s.peek(); Vertex<T> child=getUnvisitedChildNode(n); if(child!=null) { child.visited=true; dfsArrList.add(child); s.push(child); } else { s.pop(); } } clearVertices(); return dfsArrList.iterator(); } private void clearVertices() { int i=0; while(i<size) { Vertex<T> n=vertices.get(i); n.visited=false; i++; } } private void printVertex(Vertex<T> n) { System.out.print(n.label+" "); } }

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  • How does this code break the Law of Demeter?

    - by Dave Jarvis
    The following code breaks the Law of Demeter: public class Student extends Person { private Grades grades; public Student() { } /** Must never return null; throw an appropriately named exception, instead. */ private synchronized Grades getGrades() throws GradesException { if( this.grades == null ) { this.grades = createGrades(); } return this.grades; } /** Create a new instance of grades for this student. */ protected Grades createGrades() throws GradesException { // Reads the grades from the database, if needed. // return new Grades(); } /** Answers if this student was graded by a teacher with the given name. */ public boolean isTeacher( int year, String name ) throws GradesException, TeacherException { // The method only knows about Teacher instances. // return getTeacher( year ).nameEquals( name ); } private Grades getGradesForYear( int year ) throws GradesException { // The method only knows about Grades instances. // return getGrades().getForYear( year ); } private Teacher getTeacher( int year ) throws GradesException, TeacherException { // This method knows about Grades and Teacher instances. A mistake? // return getGradesForYear( year ).getTeacher(); } } public class Teacher extends Person { public Teacher() { } /** * This method will take into consideration first name, * last name, middle initial, case sensitivity, and * eventually it could answer true to wild cards and * regular expressions. */ public boolean nameEquals( String name ) { return getName().equalsIgnoreCase( name ); } /** Never returns null. */ private synchronized String getName() { if( this.name == null ) { this.name == ""; } return this.name; } } Questions How is the LoD broken? Where is the code breaking the LoD? How should the code be written to uphold the LoD?

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  • what is order notation f(n)=O(g(n))?

    - by Lopa
    2 questions: question 1: under what circumstances would this[O(f(n))=O(k.f(n))] be the most appropriate form of time-complexity analysis? question 2: working from mathematical definition of O notation, show that O(f(n))=O(k.f(n)), for positive constant k.? My view: For the first one I think it is average case and worst case form of time-complexity. am i right? and what else do i write in that? for the second one I think we need to define the function mathematically, so is the answer something like because the multiplication by a constant just corresponds to a readjustment of value of the arbitrary constant 'k' in definition of O.

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  • Dynamic programming solution to the subset-sum decision problem

    - by Gail
    How can a dynamic programming solution for the unbounded knapsack decision problem be used to come up with a dynamic programming solution to the subset-sum decision problem? This limitation seems to render the unbounded knapsack problem useless. In the unbounded knapsack, we simply store true or false for if some subset of integers sum up to our target value. However, if we have a limit on the frequency of the use of these integers, the optimal substructure at least appears to fail. How can this be done?

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  • Proving that the distance values extracted in Dijkstra's algorithm is non-decreasing?

    - by Gail
    I'm reviewing my old algorithms notes and have come across this proof. It was from an assignment I had and I got it correct, but I feel that the proof certainly lacks. The question is to prove that the distance values taken from the priority queue in Dijkstra's algorithm is a non-decreasing sequence. My proof goes as follows: Proof by contradiction. Fist, assume that we pull a vertex from Q with d-value 'i'. Next time, we pull a vertex with d-value 'j'. When we pulled i, we have finalised our d-value and computed the shortest-path from the start vertex, s, to i. Since we have positive edge weights, it is impossible for our d-values to shrink as we add vertices to our path. If after pulling i from Q, we pull j with a smaller d-value, we may not have a shortest path to i, since we may be able to reach i through j. However, we have already computed the shortest path to i. We did not check a possible path. We no longer have a guaranteed path. Contradiction.

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  • help me to my project [closed]

    - by latha
    hi. plz tel me to how to collect data for my project. as my projct relate to "sustainable urban infrastructure" so help me that what what data should i put to my project.i dont had any idea that how to do vit data analysis .so please direct me .

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  • big O notation algorithm

    - by niggersak
    Use big-O notation to classify the traditional grade school algorithms for addition and multiplication. That is, if asked to add two numbers each having N digits, how many individual additions must be performed? If asked to multiply two N-digit numbers, how many individual multiplications are required? . Suppose f is a function that returns the result of reversing the string of symbols given as its input, and g is a function that returns the concatenation of the two strings given as its input. If x is the string hrwa, what is returned by g(f(x),x)? Explain your answer - don't just provide the result!

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  • Fread binary file dynamic size string [C]

    - by Blackbinary
    I've been working on this assignment, where I need to read in "records" and write them to a file, and then have the ability to read/find them later. On each run of the program, the user can decide to write a new record, or read an old record (either by Name or #) The file is binary, here is its definition: typedef struct{ char * name; char * address; short addressLength, nameLength; int phoneNumber; }employeeRecord; employeeRecord record; The way the program works, it will store the structure, then the name, then the address. Name and address are dynamically allocated, which is why it is necessary to read the structure first to find the size of the name and address, allocate memory for them, then read them into that memory. For debugging purposes I have two programs at the moment. I have my file writing program, and file reading. My actual problem is this, when I read a file I have written, i read in the structure, print out the phone # to make sure it works (which works fine), and then fread the name (now being able to use record.nameLength which reports the proper value too). Fread however, does not return a usable name, it returns blank. I see two problems, either I haven't written the name to the file correctly, or I haven't read it in correctly. Here is how i write to the file: where fp is the file pointer. record.name is a proper value, so is record.nameLength. Also i am writing the name including the null terminator. (e.g. 'Jack\0') fwrite(&record,sizeof record,1,fp); fwrite(record.name,sizeof(char),record.nameLength,fp); fwrite(record.address,sizeof(char),record.addressLength,fp); And i then close the file. here is how i read the file: fp = fopen("employeeRecord","r"); fread(&record,sizeof record,1,fp); printf("Number: %d\n",record.phoneNumber); char *nameString = malloc(sizeof(char)*record.nameLength); printf("\nName Length: %d",record.nameLength); fread(nameString,sizeof(char),record.nameLength,fp); printf("\nName: %s",nameString); Notice there is some debug stuff in there (name length and number, both of which are correct). So i know the file opened properly, and I can use the name length fine. Why then is my output blank, or a newline, or something like that? (The output is just Name: with nothing after it, and program finishes just fine) Thanks for the help.

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  • pointers to functions

    - by DevAno1
    I have two basic Cpp tasks, but still I have problems with them. First is to write functions mul1,div1,sub1,sum1, taking ints as arguments and returning ints. Then I need to create pointers ptrFun1 and ptrFun2 to functions mul1 and sum1, and print results of using them. Problem starts with defining those pointers. I thought I was doing it right, but devcpp gives me errors in compilation. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int mul1(int a,int b) { return a * b; } int div1(int a,int b) { return a / b; } int sum1(int a,int b) { return a + b; } int sub1(int a,int b) { return a - b; } int main() { int a=1; int b=5; cout << mul1(a,b) << endl; cout << div1(a,b) << endl; cout << sum1(a,b) << endl; cout << sub1(a,b) << endl; int *funPtr1(int, int); int *funPtr2(int, int); funPtr1 = sum1; funPtr2 = mul1; cout << funPtr1(a,b) << endl; cout << funPtr2(a,b) << endl; system("PAUSE"); return 0; } 38 assignment of function int* funPtr1(int, int)' 38 cannot convertint ()(int, int)' to `int*()(int, int)' in assignment Task 2 is to create array of pointers to those functions named tabFunPtr. How to do that ?

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  • Scheme sorting a list

    - by John
    Okay so I am trying to take in a list and sort it from greatest to smallest. Example: > (maxheap (list 5 6 2 1 18 7)) ;output: > (18 7 6 5 2 1) So here's what I got so far: (define (mkmaxheap heaplist) (let ((max (mymax(heaplist)))) ;mymax is a func that returns max number, it works (let (( head (car heaplist)) (tail (cdr heaplist))) (if (null? tail) newlist)))) Thats all I could get to compile, all the other code I wrote failed. Any help on solving this would be much appreciated.

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  • Relational Clausal Logic question: what is a Herbrand interpretation

    - by anotherstat
    I'm having a hard time coming to grips with relational clausal logic, and I'm not sure if this is the place to ask but it would be help me so much with revision if anyone could provide guidance with the following questions. Let P be the program: academic(X); student(X); other_staff(X):- works_in(X, university). :-student(john). :-other_staff(john). works_in(john, university) Question: Which are the Herbrand interpreations of P? AS

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  • Problem building a complete binary tree of height 'h' in Python

    - by Jack
    Here is my code. The complete binary tree has 2^k nodes at depth k. class Node: def __init__(self, data): # initializes the data members self.left = None self.right = None self.data = data root = Node(data_root) def create_complete_tree(): row = [root] for i in range(h): newrow = [] for node in row: left = Node(data1) right = Node(data2) node.left = left node.right = right newrow.append(left) newrow.append(right) row = copy.deepcopy(newrow) def traverse_tree(node): if node == None: return else: traverse_tree(node.left) print node.data traverse_tree(node.right) create_complete_tree() print 'Node traversal' traverse_tree(root) The tree traversal only gives the data of root and its children. What am I doing wrong?

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  • Virtual Memory and Paging

    - by Kenshin
    Hello, I am doing some exercices to understand how the virtual memory and paging works, my question is as follows : Suppose we use a paged memory with pages of 1024 bytes, the virtual address space is of 8 pages but the physical memory can only contain 4 frames of pages. Replacement policy is LRU. What is the physical address in main memory that corresponds to virtual address 4096? and how do you get to that result? Same thing as question 1 but with virtual address 1024 A page fault occurs when accessing a word in page 0, which page frame will be used to receive the virtual page 0? Page Image

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  • NSString stringWithFormat: with C array?

    - by Chris Long
    Hi, I'm writing a program that calculates the Jacobi algorithm. It's written in Objective-C since it runs on a Mac, but the majority is written in standard C. I'm using a two-dimensional C array and an NSArray containing 5 NSTextField labels. The following code yields an EXC_BAD_ACCESS error: for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { NSString *resultString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%g", matrix[i][i] ]; [[resultLabels objectAtIndex:i] setStringValue:resultString]; // error line } Any help?

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  • Using pipes in Linux with C

    - by Dave
    Hi, I'm doing a course in Operating Systems and we're supposed to learn how to use pipes to transfer data between processes. We were given this simple piece of code which demonstrates how to use pipes,but I'm having difficulty understanding it. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> main() { int pipefd [2], n; char buff[100] ; if( pipe( pipefd) < 0) { printf("can not create pipe \n"); } printf("read fd = %d, write fd = %d \n", pipefd[0], pipefd[1]); if ( write (pipefd[1],"hello world\n", 12)!= 12) { printf("pipe write error \n"); } if( ( n = read ( pipefd[0] , buff, sizeof ( buff) ) ) <= 0 ) { printf("pipe read error \n"); } write ( 1, buff, n ) ; exit (0); } What does the write function do? It seems to send data to the pipe and also print it to the screen (at least it seems like the second time the write function is called it does this). Does anyone have any suggestions of good websites for learning about topics such as this, FIFO, signals, other basic linux commands used in C?

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  • Pthread Queue System

    - by Wallace
    Hi. I'm working on my assignment on pthreads. I'm new and never touched on pthreads before. Is there any sample codes or resources out there that anyone of you have, that might aid me in my assignment? Here are my assignment details. A pthread program about queue system: Write a C/C++ Pthread program for a Dental clinic’s queuing system that declares an array of integers of size N, where N is the maximum number of queue for the day. The pthread program uses two threads. Whenever there is a new dental appointment, the first thread (the creator) puts the queue numbers in the array, one after the other. The second thread (the remover) removes the queue numbers from the array whenever the dentist has seen the patient. This is done in a FIFO fashion (First In First Out). The algorithm of the creator is as follows: • If the array is not full then put a new number in it (the numbers start at 1 and are incremented by one each time, so the creator create queue number 1, 2, 3 etc.) • sleep for 1 to 10 seconds, randomly • repeat The algorithm of the remover is as follows: • If the array is not empty then remove its smallest queue number • sleep for 1 to 10 seconds, randomly • repeat You should use mutex locks to protect things that must be protected. Each thread should print on the screen what it is doing (eg: "number 13 is added into the queue", "number 7 is removed from the queue", etc.). The program should run forever. Any help will be appreciated. Thanks.

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  • How do you display a binary search tree?

    - by fakeit
    I'm being asked to display a binary search tree in sorted order. The nodes of the tree contain strings. I'm not exactly sure what the best way is to attack this problem. Should I be traversing the tree and displaying as I go? Should I flatten the tree into an array and then use a sorting algorithm before I display? I'm not looking for the actual code, just a guide where to go next.

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  • Neural Network Always Produces Same/Similar Outputs for Any Input

    - by l33tnerd
    I have a problem where I am trying to create a neural network for Tic-Tac-Toe. However, for some reason, training the neural network causes it to produce nearly the same output for any given input. I did take a look at Artificial neural networks benchmark, but my network implementation is built for neurons with the same activation function for each neuron, i.e. no constant neurons. To make sure the problem wasn't just due to my choice of training set (1218 board states and moves generated by a genetic algorithm), I tried to train the network to reproduce XOR. The logistic activation function was used. Instead of using the derivative, I multiplied the error by output*(1-output) as some sources suggested that this was equivalent to using the derivative. I can put the Haskell source on HPaste, but it's a little embarrassing to look at. The network has 3 layers: the first layer has 2 inputs and 4 outputs, the second has 4 inputs and 1 output, and the third has 1 output. Increasing to 4 neurons in the second layer didn't help, and neither did increasing to 8 outputs in the first layer. I then calculated errors, network output, bias updates, and the weight updates by hand based on http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.641/2002/lectures/lecture04.pdf to make sure there wasn't an error in those parts of the code (there wasn't, but I will probably do it again just to make sure). Because I am using batch training, I did not multiply by x in equation (4) there. I am adding the weight change, though http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ai-faq/neural-nets/part2/section-2.html suggests to subtract it instead. The problem persisted, even in this simplified network. For example, these are the results after 500 epochs of batch training and of incremental training. Input |Target|Output (Batch) |Output(Incremental) [1.0,1.0]|[0.0] |[0.5003781562785173]|[0.5009731800870864] [1.0,0.0]|[1.0] |[0.5003740346965251]|[0.5006347214672715] [0.0,1.0]|[1.0] |[0.5003734471544522]|[0.500589332376345] [0.0,0.0]|[0.0] |[0.5003674110937019]|[0.500095157458231] Subtracting instead of adding produces the same problem, except everything is 0.99 something instead of 0.50 something. 5000 epochs produces the same result, except the batch-trained network returns exactly 0.5 for each case. (Heck, even 10,000 epochs didn't work for batch training.) Is there anything in general that could produce this behavior? Also, I looked at the intermediate errors for incremental training, and the although the inputs of the hidden/input layers varied, the error for the output neuron was always +/-0.12. For batch training, the errors were increasing, but extremely slowly and the errors were all extremely small (x10^-7). Different initial random weights and biases made no difference, either. Note that this is a school project, so hints/guides would be more helpful. Although reinventing the wheel and making my own network (in a language I don't know well!) was a horrible idea, I felt it would be more appropriate for a school project (so I know what's going on...in theory, at least. There doesn't seem to be a computer science teacher at my school). EDIT: Two layers, an input layer of 2 inputs to 8 outputs, and an output layer of 8 inputs to 1 output, produces much the same results: 0.5+/-0.2 (or so) for each training case. I'm also playing around with pyBrain, seeing if any network structure there will work. Edit 2: I am using a learning rate of 0.1. Sorry for forgetting about that. Edit 3: Pybrain's "trainUntilConvergence" doesn't get me a fully trained network, either, but 20000 epochs does, with 16 neurons in the hidden layer. 10000 epochs and 4 neurons, not so much, but close. So, in Haskell, with the input layer having 2 inputs & 2 outputs, hidden layer with 2 inputs and 8 outputs, and output layer with 8 inputs and 1 output...I get the same problem with 10000 epochs. And with 20000 epochs. Edit 4: I ran the network by hand again based on the MIT PDF above, and the values match, so the code should be correct unless I am misunderstanding those equations. Some of my source code is at http://hpaste.org/42453/neural_network__not_working; I'm working on cleaning my code somewhat and putting it in a Github (rather than a private Bitbucket) repository. All of the relevant source code is now at https://github.com/l33tnerd/hsann.

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  • about Quick Sort

    - by matin1234
    Hi I have written this code but it will print these stack traces in the console please help me thanks! (Aslo "p" and "q" are the first and last index of our array ,respectively) public class JavaQuickSort { public static void QuickSort(int A[], int p, int q) { int i, last = 0; Random rand = new Random(); if (q < 1) { return; } **swap(A, p, rand.nextInt() % (q+1));** for (i = p + 1; i <= q; i++) { if (A[i] < A[p]) { swap(A, ++last, i); } } swap(A, p, last); QuickSort(A, p, last - 1); QuickSort(A, last + 1, q); } private static void swap(int[] A, int i, int j) { int temp; temp = A[i]; **A[i] = A[j];** A[j] = temp; } public static void main(String[] args){ int[] A = {2,5,7,3,9,0,1,6,8}; **QuickSort(A, 0,8 );** System.out.println(Arrays.toString(A)); } } the Stack traces : run: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: -3 at JavaQuickSort.swap(JavaQuickSort.java:38) at JavaQuickSort.QuickSort(JavaQuickSort.java:22) at JavaQuickSort.main(JavaQuickSort.java:45) Java Result: 1 BUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 2 seconds) I also bold those statements that cause these stack traces. like == ** ...**

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  • Simple reduction (NP completeness)

    - by Allen
    hey guys I'm looking for a means to prove that the bicriteria shortest path problem is np complete. That is, given a graph with lengths and weights, I need to know if a there exists a path in the graph from s to t with total length <= L and weight <= W. I know that i must take an NP complete problem and reduce it to this one. We have at our disposal the following problems to choose from: 3-SAT, independent set, vertex cover, hamiltonian cycle, and 3-dimensional matching. Any ideas on which may be viable? thanks

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  • loops and array help

    - by dalton
    public void arrayCalculation(int[][]scores,float[]averages, int[]temp) { int total; for(int a=0; a<5; a++) { for (int b=0; b<5; b++) { scores[a][b] = temp[a+b*5]; } } for(int a = 0; a <5; a++) { total = total + scores[a]; } scores[5][0] = total; } i need to add up the values stored in the first row and store it in the 6th positon in the row

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