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  • importing files at python

    - by Yosy
    I have that file strudctue- Blog\DataObjects\User.py Blog\index.py I want to import the function(say_hello) at User.py from index.py. I am trying this code - from Blog.DataObjects.User import say_hello say_hello() And I have that error - Traceback (most recent call last): File "index.py", line 1, in from Blog.DataObjects import User ImportError: No module named Blog.DataObjects

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  • Testing subpackage modules in Python 3

    - by Mitchell Model
    I have been experimenting with various uses of hierarchies like this and the differences between absolute and relative imports, and can't figure out how to do routine things with the package, subpackages, and modules without simply putting everything on sys.path. I have a two-level package hierarchy: MyApp __init__.py Application __init__.py Module1 Module2 ... Domain __init__.py Module1 Module2 ... UI __init__.py Module1 Module2 ... I want to be able to do the following: Run test code in a Module's "if main" when the module imports from other modules in the same directory. Have one or more test code modules in each subpackage that runs unit tests on the modules in the subpackage. Have a set of unit tests that reside in someplace reasonable, but outside the subpackages, either in a sibling package, at the top-level package, or outside the top-level package (though all these might end up doing is running the tests in each subpackage) "Enter" the structure from any of the three subpackage levels, e.g. run code that just uses Domain modules, run code that just uses Application modules, but Application uses code from both Application and Domain modules, and run code from GUI uses code from both GUI and Application; for instance, Application test code would import Application modules but not Domain modules. After developing the bulk of the code without subpackages, continue developing and testing after organizing the modules into this hierarchy. I know how to use relative imports so that external code that puts MyApp on its sys.path can import MyApp, import any subpackages it wants, and import things from their modules, while the modules in each subpackage can import other modules from the same subpackage or from sibling packages. However, the development needs listed above seem incompatible with subpackage structuring -- in other words, I can't have it both ways: a well-structured multi-level package hierarchy used from the outside and also used from within, in particular for testing but also because modules from one design level (in particular the UI) should not import modules from a design level below the next one down. Sorry for the long essay, but I think it fairly represents the struggles a lot of people have been having adopting to the new relative import mechanisms.

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  • Using unicodedata.normalize in Python 2.7

    - by dpitch40
    Once again, I am very confused with a unicode question. I can't figure out how to successfully use unicodedata.normalize to convert non-ASCII characters as expected. For instance, I want to convert the string u"Cœur" To u"Coeur" I am pretty sure that unicodedata.normalize is the way to do this, but I can't get it to work. It just leaves the string unchanged. >>> s = u"Cœur" >>> unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', s) == s True What am I doing wrong?

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  • python add two list and createing a new list

    - by Adam G.
    lst1 = ['company1,AAA,7381.0 ', 'company1,BBB,-8333.0 ', 'company1,CCC, 3079.999 ', 'company1,DDD,5699.0 ', 'company1,EEE,1640.0 ', 'company1,FFF,-600.0 ', 'company1,GGG,3822.0 ', 'company1,HHH,-600.0 ', 'company1,JJJ,-4631.0 ', 'company1,KKK,-400.0 '] lst2 =['company1,AAA,-4805.0 ', 'company1,ZZZ,-2576.0 ', 'company1,BBB,1674.0 ', 'company1,CCC,3600.0 ', 'company1,DDD,1743.998 '] output I need == ['company1,AAA,2576.0','company1,ZZZ,-2576.0 ','company1,KKK,-400.0 ' etc etc] I need to add it similar product number in each list and move it to a new list. I also need any symbol not being added together to be added to that new list. I am having problems with moving through each list. This is what I have: h = [] z = [] a = [] for g in hhl: spl1 = g.split(",") h.append(spl1[1]) for j in c_hhl: spl2 = j.split(",") **if spl2[1] in h: converted_num =(float(spl2[2]) +float(spl1[2])) pos=('{0},{1},{2}'.format(spl2[0],spl2[1],converted_num)) z.append(pos)** else: pos=('{0},{1},{2}'.format(spl2[0],spl2[1],spl2[2])) z.append(pos) for f in z: spl3 = f.split(",") a.append(spl3[1]) for n in hhl[:]: spl4 = n.split(",") if spl4[1] in a: got = (spl4[0],spl4[1],spl4[2]) hhl.remove(n) smash = hhl+z #for i in smash: for i in smash: print(i) I am having problem iterating through the list to make sure I get all of the simliar product to a new list,(bold) and any product not in list 1 but in lst2 to the new list and vice versa. I am sure there is a much easier way.

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  • Loop colours from variables for graphics.py [Python 3.2]

    - by user1056548
    I am creating a graphics program that draws 100 x 100 squares next to each other depending on the user-specified grid size. The user also inputs 4 colours for the squares to be coloured (e.g. if they enter red,green,blue,yellow the squares will be coloured in that order, repeating the colours). Is it possible to loop the colours from the variables the user has given? Here is what I have so far: def main(): print ("Please enter four comma seperated colours e.g.: 'red,green,blue,yellow'\n\ Allowed colours are: red, green, blue, yellow and cyan") col1, col2, col3, col4 = input("Enter your four colours: ").split(',') win = GraphWin ("Squares", 500, 500) colours = [col1, col2, col3, col4] drawSquare (win, col1, col2, col3, col4, colours) win.getMouse() win.close() def drawSquare(win, col1, col2, col3, col4, colours): for i in range (4): for j in range (len(colours)): colour = colours[j] x = 50 + (i * 50) circle = Circle (Point (x,50), 20) circle.setFill(colour) circle.draw(win) I think I should be using a list in some way, but can't work out exactly how to do it. Can anybody help?

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  • Python 3.0 - Dynamic Class Instance Naming

    - by Jon
    I want to use a while loop to initialize class objects with a simple incremented naming convention. The goal is to be able to scale the number of class objects at will and have the program generate the names automatically. (ex. h1...h100...h1000...) Each h1,h2,h3... being its own instance. Here is my first attempt... have been unable to find a good example. class Korker(object): def __init__(self,ident,roo): self.ident = ident self.roo = roo b = 1 hwinit = 'h' hwstart = 0 while b <= 10: showit = 'h' + str(b) print(showit) #showit seems to generate just fine as demonstrated by print str(showit) == Korker("test",2) #this is the line that fails b += 1 The errors I get range from a string error to a cannot use function type error.... Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Android dev time vs iPhone dev time

    - by Daniel Benedykt
    Hi IF someone has to develop the same application for Android and iPhone, is it more difficult to develop in one platform than on the other? Does it take more time? Lets think about the average app. Lists, text , buttons, fetch information from the internet. Thanks

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  • Adding a decorator that converts strings to lowercase in Python

    - by user2905382
    So I am new to learning decorators and I have gone through countless tutorials and while I understand and can mostly follow all of the examples, I think the best way to learn, would be to implement a decorator myself. So I am going to use this example below. I realize a decorator is not at all necessary to do this, but for the sake of learning, I would like to add a decorator that filters the strings like dog name and breed and turns them into lowercase. Any ideas or pointers in the right direction would be appreciated. class Dogs: totalDogs = 0 dogList=[] def __init__(self, breed, color, age): self.breed=breed self.color=color self.age=age Dogs.dogList.append(self.breed) Dogs.totalDogs += 1 def displayDogs(self): print "breed: ", self.breed print "color: ",self.color print "age: ",self.age print "list of breeds:", Dogs.dogList print "total dogs: ", Dogs.totalDogs def somedecorator(*args): #now what terrier=Dogs("TeRrIer", "white", 5) terrier.displayDogs() retriever=Dogs("goldenRETRIEVER", "brown", 10) retriever.displayDogs()

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  • Sorting a meta-list by first element of children lists in Python

    - by thismachinechills
    I have a list, root, of lists, root[child0], root[child1], etc. I want to sort the children of the root list by the first value in the child list, root[child0][0], which is an int. Example: import random children = 10 root = [[random.randint(0, children), "some value"] for child in children] I want to sort root from greatest to least by the first element of each of it's children. I've taken a look at some previous entries that used sorted() and a lamda function I'm entirely unfamiliar with, so I'm unsure of how to apply that to my problem. Appreciate any direction that can by given Thanks

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  • threading in Python taking up too much CPU

    - by KevinShaffer
    I wrote a chat program and have a GUI running using Tkinter, and to go and check when new messages have arrived, I create a new thread so Tkinter keeps doing its thing without locking up while the new thread goes and grabs what I need and updates the Tkinter window. This however becomes a huge CPU hog, and my guess is that it has to do somehow with the fact that the Thread is started and never really released when the function is done. Here's the relevant code (it's ugly and not optimized at the moment, but it gets the job done, and itself does not use too much processing power, as when I run it not threaded, it doesn't take up much CPU but it locks up Tkinter) Note: This is inside of a class, hence the extra tab. def interim(self): threading.Thread(target=self.readLog).start() self.after(5000,self.interim) def readLog(self): print 'reading' try: length = len(str(self.readNumber)) f = open('chatlog'+str(myport),'r') temp = f.readline().replace('\n','') while (temp[:length] != str(self.readNumber)) or temp[0] == '<': temp = f.readline().replace('\n','') while temp: if temp[0] != '<': self.updateChat(temp[length:]) self.readNumber +=1 else: self.updateChat(temp) temp = f.readline().replace('\n','') f.close() Is there a way to better manage the threading so I don't consume 100% of the CPU very quickly?

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  • Python 3 order of testing undetermined

    - by user578598
    string='a' p=0 while (p <len(string)) & (string[p]!='c') : p +=1 print ('the end but the process already died ') while (p <1) & (string[p]!='c') : IndexError: string index out of range I want to test a condition up to the end of a string (example string length=1) why are both parts of the and executed is the condition is already false! as long as p < len(string). the second part does not even need executing. if it does a lot of performance can be lost

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  • Convert 12hour time to 24Hour time

    - by RwardBound
    I have hourly weather data. I've seen the function examples from here: http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/drupal/node/991 I'm altering the code to account for airport data, which has a different URL type. Another issue with the airport weather data is that the time data is saved in 12 hour format. Here is a sample of the data: 14 10:43 AM 15 10:54 AM 16 11:54 AM 17 12:07 PM 18 12:15 PM 19 12:54 PM 20 1:54 PM 21 2:54 PM Here's what I attempted: (I see that using just 'PM' isn't careful enough because any times between 12 and 1 pm will be off if they go through this alg) date<-Sys.Date() data$TimeEST<-strsplit(data$TimeEST, ' ') for (x in 1:35){ if('AM' %in% data$TimeEST[[x]]){ gsub('AM','',data$TimeEST[[x]]) data$TimeEST[[x]]<-str_trim(data$TimeEST[[x]]) data$TimeEST[[x]]<-str_c(date,' ',data$TimeEST[x],':',data$TimeEST[2]) } else if('PM' %in% data$TimeEST[[x]]){ data$TimeEST[[x]]<-gsub('PM', '',data$TimeEST[[x]]) data$TimeEST[[x]]<-strsplit(data$TimeEST[[x]], ':') data$TimeEST[[x]][[1]][1]<-as.integer(data$TimeEST[[x]][[1]][1])+12 data$TimeEST[[x]]<-str_trim(data$TimeEST[[x]][[1]]) data$TimeEST[[x]]<-str_c(date, " ", data$TimeEST[[x]][1],':',data$TimeEST[[x]][2]) } } Any help?

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  • Python PyBluez loses Bluetooth connection after a while

    - by Travis G.
    I am using Python to write a simple serial Bluetooth script that sends information about my computer stats periodically. The receiving device is a Sparkfun BlueSmirf Silver. The problem is that, after the script runs for a few minutes, it stops sending packets to the receiver and fails with the error: (11, 'Resource temporarily unavailable') Noticing that this inevitably happens, I added some code to automatically try to reopen the connection. However, then I get: Could not connect: (16, 'Device or resource busy') Am I doing something wrong with the connection? Do I need to occasionally reopen the socket? I'm not sure how to recover from this type of error. I understand that sometimes the port will be busy and a write operation is deferred to avoid blocking other processes, but I wouldn't expect the connection to fail so regularly. Any thoughts? Here is the script: import psutil import serial import string import time import bluetooth sampleTime = 1 numSamples = 5 lastTemp = 0 TEMP_CHAR = 't' USAGE_CHAR = 'u' SENSOR_NAME = 'TC0D' #gauges = serial.Serial() #gauges.port = '/dev/rfcomm0' #gauges.baudrate = 9600 #gauges.parity = 'N' #gauges.writeTimeout = 0 #gauges.open() filename = '/sys/bus/platform/devices/applesmc.768/temp2_input' def parseSensorsOutputLinux(output): return int(round(float(output) / 1000)) def connect(): while(True): try: gaugeSocket = bluetooth.BluetoothSocket(bluetooth.RFCOMM) gaugeSocket.connect(('00:06:66:42:22:96', 1)) break; except bluetooth.btcommon.BluetoothError as error: print "Could not connect: ", error, "; Retrying in 5s..." time.sleep(5) return gaugeSocket; gaugeSocket = connect() while(1): usage = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=sampleTime) sensorFile = open(filename) temp = parseSensorsOutputLinux(sensorFile.read()) try: #gauges.write(USAGE_CHAR) gaugeSocket.send(USAGE_CHAR) #gauges.write(chr(int(usage))) #write the first byte gaugeSocket.send(chr(int(usage))) #print("Wrote usage: " + str(int(usage))) #gauges.write(TEMP_CHAR) gaugeSocket.send(TEMP_CHAR) #gauges.write(chr(temp)) gaugeSocket.send(chr(temp)) #print("Wrote temp: " + str(temp)) except bluetooth.btcommon.BluetoothError as error: print "Caught BluetoothError: ", error time.sleep(5) gaugeSocket = connect() pass gaugeSocket.close() EDIT: I should add that this code connects fine after I power-cycle the receiver and start the script. However, it fails after the first exception until I restart the receiver. P.S. This is related to my recent question, Why is /dev/rfcomm0 giving PySerial problems?, but that was more about PySerial specifically with rfcomm0. Here I am asking about general rfcomm etiquette.

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  • What's wrong with relative imports in Python?

    - by Oddthinking
    I recently upgraded versions of pylint, a popular Python style-checker. It has gone ballistic throughout my code, pointing out places where I import modules in the same package, without specifying the full package path. The new error message is W0403. W0403: Relative import %r, should be %r Used when an import relative to the package directory is detected. Example For example, if my packages are structured like this: /cake /__init__.py /icing.py /sponge.py /drink and in the sponge package I write: import icing instead of import cake.icing I will get this error. While I understand that not all Pylint messages are of equal importance, and I am not afraid to dismiss them, I don't understand why such a practice is considered a poor idea. I was hoping someone could explain the pitfalls, so I could improve my coding style rather than (as I currently plan to do) turning off this apparently spurious warning.

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  • Compound assignment operators in Python's Numpy library

    - by Leonard
    The "vectorizing" of fancy indexing by Python's numpy library sometimes gives unexpected results. For example: import numpy a = numpy.zeros((1000,4), dtype='uint32') b = numpy.zeros((1000,4), dtype='uint32') i = numpy.random.random_integers(0,999,1000) j = numpy.random.random_integers(0,3,1000) a[i,j] += 1 for k in xrange(1000): b[i[k],j[k]] += 1 Gives different results in the arrays 'a' and 'b' (i.e. the appearance of tuple (i,j) appears as 1 in 'a' regardless of repeats, whereas repeats are counted in 'b'). This is easily verified as follows: numpy.sum(a) 883 numpy.sum(b) 1000 It is also notable that the fancy indexing version is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the for loop. My question is: "Is there an efficient way for numpy to compute the repeat counts as implemented using the for loop in the provided example?"

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  • Python or C server hosting for indie development

    - by Richard Fabian
    I've written a lot of the game, but it's singleplayer. Now we want to join up and play together. I want to host it like an MMO, but haven't got any personal ability to host (no static IPs or direct access to a reasonable router that will allow me to port forward) so I wondered if there were any free / very cheap hosting solutions for people developing games that need to develop their MMO side. In my case it's a world server for a 2D game where the world map can be changed by the players. So, GAE sounds expensive, as there would be quite a few updates per second (I heard they bill for data updates but not for download, but can't find refernce to billing anywhere on the FAQs) I'd prefer to be able to write the server in python as that's what the game is written in (with pygame), but C is fine, and maybe even better as it might prompt me to write some more performant world generator code ;)

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  • Laptop takes a long time to boot after Grub menu

    - by Andres
    I am running a Asus R401VJ laptop (Latin America version of N46VJ) that has a Core i7 CPU and 8GB RAM. After my Grub menu, which is displayed for 2 seconds as I set it up, I'm getting a black screen with a blinking white cursor that is increasing my boot time to about 60 seconds. After a while Ubuntu runs fine, I just want to reduce my boot time. I don't know if this has something to do with my never used Nvidia 2GB GeForce GT 635M graphics card. Always when I tried to install the driver, I ended up with a ~600x800 screen resolution, and I fixed it by deleting a file called: xorg.conf from the /etc/X11/ directory, following a suggestion that I read in another forum. I would appreciate detailed answers, I'm still new at Ubuntu.

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  • How to make an arc'd, but not mario-like jump in python, pygame [duplicate]

    - by PythonInProgress
    This question already has an answer here: Arc'd jumping method? 2 answers Analysis of Mario game Physics [closed] 6 answers I have looked at many, many questions similar to this, and cannot find a simple answer that includes the needed code. What i am trying to do is raise the y value of a square for a certain amount of time, then raise it a bit more, then a bit more, then lower it twice. I cant figure out how to use acceleration/friction, and might want to do that too. P.S. - can someone tell me if i should post this on stackoverflow or not? Thanks all! Edit: What i am looking for is not mario-like physics, but a simple equation that can be used to increase then decrease height over the time over a few seconds.

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  • PHP developer wanting to learn python

    - by dclowd9901
    I'm pretty familiar at this point with PHP (Javascript, too), up to the point of OOP in PHP, and am looking to branch out my knowledge. I'm looking at Python next, but a lot of it is a bit alien to me as a PHP developer. I'm less concerned about learning the language itself. I'm positive there's plenty of good resources, documentation and libraries to help me get the code down. I'm less sure about the technical aspects of how to set up a dev environment, unit testing and other more mundane details that are very important, aid in rapid development, but aren't as widely covered. Are there any good resources out there for this?

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  • Finding the html tag value with Python [on hold]

    - by MrWho
    Consider a html page, which contains a line like below: file: 'http://google.com/video.mp4' I want to search for google.com/video.mp4 in that file and save it in a variable.I want to code it with python. Shortly, I want to elicit a link from a html page, so I need to get the link by using regular expressions or the other techniques in which I'm asking about. PS: What should I exactly try to clarify?it's really annoying that the administrators don't even say what is exactly unclear about the question, they've just learned to close or on hold the topics!

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  • updater stuck on downloading python files

    - by Tim
    However i am a java programmer is consider myself as a linux noob. So i could use a little help here... I am trying to update my ubuntu from version 10.04 to 12.04.1 (LTS). The downloading start and runs at around 10MB/s untill i am somewhere near 26% and the speed just drops to 0. I figured i could use the command "do-release-update" so i could see what it was doing. Again the same occured: the downloading stucked on 26% at "http://nl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubunutu/ precise/main python-qt4 1386 4.9.1-2ubuntu1". It says it downloaded 41% of that file/package. It also tries another wget on the same file every X seconds. Help? Greetings Tim, Holland.

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  • How can I share my python scripts with my less python-savvy business person partner?

    - by Alex
    I'm taking financial mathematics as an elective, and I'm working with real life finance industry worker type people. It's actually kind of fun. When I pulled out a macbook at one of our meetings, I had four lifelong windows users look at me like I had three heads. Anyway, I'm helping with design and simulation of our trading strategy, and I wrote a little thing using matplotlib to visualize historical stock data. However, these guys don't know how to use git, or install python, or deal with path-related package management things. I need to be able to send my scripts to them to use, and I need to do it with absolutely minimal effort on their part. I was thinking something on the lines of py2exe, but I'd like to hear some advice before I go ahead.

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