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• Do you still limit line length in code?

  - by Noldorin

  This is a matter on which I would like to gauge the opinion of the community: Do you still limit the length of lines of code to a fixed maximum? This was certainly a convention of the past for many languages; one would typically cap the number of characters per line to a value such as 80 (and more recnetly 100 or 120 I believe). As far as I understand, the primary reasons for limiting line length are: Readability - You don't have to scroll over horizontally when you want to see the end of some lines. Printing - Admittedly (at least in my experience), most code that you are working on does not get printed out on paper, but by limiting the number of characters you can insure that formatting doesn't get messed up when printed. Past editors (?) - Not sure about this one, but I suspect that at some point in the distant past of programming, (at least some) text editors may have been based on a fixed-width buffer. I'm sure there are points that I am still missing out, so feel free to add to these... Now, when I tend to observe C or C# code nowadays, I often see a number of different styles, the main ones being: Line length capped to 80, 100, or even 120 characters. As far as I understand, 80 is the traditional length, but the longer ones of 100 and 120 have appeared because of the widespread use of high resolutions and widescreen monitors nowadays. No line length capping at all. This tends to be pretty horrible to read, and I don't see it too often, though it's certainly not too rare either. Inconsistent capping of line length. The length of some lines are limited to a fixed maximum (or even a maximum that changes depending on the file/location in code), while others (possibly comments) are not at all. My personal preference here (at least recently) has been to cap the line length to 100 in the Visual Studio editor. This means that in a decently sized window (on a non-widescreen monitor), the ends of lines are still fully visible. I can however see a few disadvantages in this, especially when you end up writing code that's indented 3 or 4 levels and then having to include a long string literal - though I often take this as a sign to refactor my code! In particular, I am curious what the C and C# coders (or anyone who uses Visual Studio for that matter) think about this point, though I would be interested in hearing anyone's thoughts on the subject. Edit Thanks for the all answers - I appreciate the variety of opinions here, all presenting sound reasons. Consensus does seem to be tipping in the direction of always (or almost always) limit the line length. Interestingly, it seems to be in various coding standards to limit the line length. Judging by some of the answers, both the Python and Google CPP guidelines set the limit at 80 chars. I haven't seen anything similar regarding C# or VB.NET, but I would be curious to see if there are ones anywhere.

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• How to write this Linq SQL as a Dynamic Query (using strings)?

  - by Dr. Zim

  Skip to the "specific question" as needed. Some background: The scenario: I have a set of products with a "drill down" filter (Query Object) populated with DDLs. Each progressive DDL selection will further limit the product list as well as what options are left for the DDLs. For example, selecting a hammer out of tools limits the Product Sizes to only show hammer sizes. Current setup: I created a query object, sent it to a repository, and fed each option to a SQL "table valued function" where null values represent "get all products". I consider this a good effort, but far from DDD acceptable. I want to avoid any "programming" in SQL, hopefully doing everything with a repository. Comments on this topic would be appreciated. Specific question: How would I rewrite this query as a Dynamic Query? A link to something like 101 Linq Examples would be fantastic, but with a Dynamic Query scope. I really want to pass to this method the field in quotes "" for which I want a list of options and how many products have that option. from p in db.Products group p by p.ProductSize into g select new Category { PropertyType = g.Key, Count = g.Count() } Each DDL option will have "The selection (21)" where the (21) is the quantity of products that have that attribute. Upon selecting an option, all other remaining DDLs will update with the remaining options and counts. Edit: Additional notes: .OrderBy("it.City") // "it" refers to the entire record .GroupBy("City", "new(City)") // This produces a unique list of City .Select("it.Count()") //This gives a list of counts... getting closer .Select("key") // Selects a list of unique City .Select("new (key, count() as string)") // +1 to me LOL. key is a row of group .GroupBy("new (City, Manufacturer)", "City") // New = list of fields to group by .GroupBy("City", "new (Manufacturer, Size)") // Second parameter is a projection Product .Where("ProductType == @0", "Maps") .GroupBy("new(City)", "new ( null as string)")// Projection not available later? .Select("new (key.City, it.count() as string)")// GroupBy new makes key an object Product .Where("ProductType == @0", "Maps") .GroupBy("new(City)", "new ( null as string)")// Projection not available later? .Select("new (key.City, it as object)")// the it object is the result of GroupBy var a = Product .Where("ProductType == @0", "Maps") .GroupBy("@0", "it", "City") // This fails to group Product at all .Select("new ( Key, it as Product )"); // "it" is property cast though What I have learned so far is LinqPad is fantastic, but still looking for an answer. Eventually, completely random research like this will prevail I guess. LOL. Edit:

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• Rails: Passing new child object placeholder (build) to parent view

  - by Meltemi

  I've got 2 classes of objects... Magician has_many Rabbits and Rabbit belongs_to Magician. When viewing a Magician (show.html) I'd like to list all the associated Rabbits and then have some blank fields with a submit button to add a new Rabbit. To do so I build a new rabbit (associated to the current magician) in the Magician's show method (below). Edit2: found way to make it work but not sure if it's the "Rails way"? see comments inline (below): If I build the rabbit in Magician's show method then when show is rendered an empty (and invalid) rabbit ends the list before the new rabbit form fields are then shown. If I build it in the view itself then everything works & renders correctly. I was led to believe that we should not be doing this type of stuff in the view...if so, what's the proper way to address this? #/app/controllers/magicians_controller.rb class MagiciansController < ApplicationController respond_to :html, :json def show @magician = Magician.find(params[:id]) @rabbit = @magician.rabbits.build # <=== build here and empty rabbit gets # included in @magician.rabbits when they're rendered... # but is NOT included in @magician.rabbits.count for some reason?!?!? respond_with(@magician) end ... end #view/magicians/show.html.haml %p %b Name: = @magician.name %h2 Rabbits = "There are #{pluralize(@magician.rabbits.count, "rabbit")}" = render @magician.rabbits, :target => @magician %h2 Add a rabbit: - @rabbit = @clown.rabbits.build -# <=== build here and everything SEEMS to work = render :partial =>"rabbits/form", :locals => { :parent => @magician, :foreign_key => :magician_id, :flash => flash } Edit1: Adding generated html from partial as per request: <p> <b>Rabbit:</b> <b>Color:</b> | <b>ID:</b> <a href="/magicians/2/rabbits" data-confirm="Sure? A bunny will die" data-method="delete" rel="nofollow">Kill Rabbit</a> </p> And I suppose you probably want to see the partial that generates this: %p %b Rabbit: = rabbit.name %b Color: = rabbit.color | %b ID: = rabbit.id = link_to("Kill Rabbit", [target, rabbit], :method => :delete, :confirm => "Sure? A bunny will die")

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• Google maps API : V2 : Custom infowindow with bindInfoWindowHtml

  - by PlanetUnknown

  The API documentation gave me hopes last night with "bindInfoWindowHtml". But it doesn't seem to replace the default infoWindow, even when you provide your own class etc. I have tried using other ideas like the labeledmarker. But it doesn't support draggable markers. Hence can't use it in my application. Here is the sample code which shows the info. window inside, the original bubble. Isn't there a way to override that window as well ! ` <style type="text/css"> .infoWindowCustomClass { width: 500px; height: 500px; background-color: #CAEE96; color: #666; } </style> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>Google Maps JavaScript API Example</title> <script src="http://maps.google.com/maps?file=api&amp;v=2&amp;sensor=false&amp;key="" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function load() { if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) { // Create our "tiny" marker icon var blueIcon = new GIcon(G_DEFAULT_ICON); blueIcon.image = "http://www.google.com/intl/en_us/mapfiles/ms/micons/blue-dot.png"; // Set up our GMarkerOptions object markerOptions = { icon:blueIcon }; var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map")); map.setCenter(new GLatLng(33.968064,-83.377047), 13); markerOptions.title = "fart"; var point = new GLatLng(33.968064,-83.377047); var marker = new GMarker(point); var tempName = document.getElementById("infoWindowCustom"); marker.bindInfoWindowHtml(tempName); map.addOverlay(marker); } } </script>` And here is the DIV - <DIV id="infoWindowCustom" name="infoWindowCustom" class="infoWindowCustomClass"> Name : <TEXTAREA NAME="nameID" ID="nameID" ROWS="2" COLS="25"></TEXTAREA> Comments : <TEXTAREA NAME="commentsID" ID="commentsID" ROWS="4" COLS="25"></TEXTAREA> </DIV>

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• How to modularize a JSF/Facelets/Spring application with OSGi?

  - by lexicore

  I'm working with very large JSF/Facelets applications which use Spring for DI/bean management. My applications have modular structure and I'm currently looking for approaches to standardize the modularization. My goal is to compose a web application from a number of modules (possibly depending on each other). Each module may contain the following: Classes; Static resources (images, CSS, scripts); Facelet templates; Managed beans - Spring application contexts, with request, session and application-scoped beans (alternative is JSF managed beans); Servlet API stuff - servlets, filters, listeners (this is optional). What I'd like to avoid (almost at all costs) is the need to copy or extract module resources (like Facelets templates) to the WAR or to extend the web.xml for module's servlets, filters, etc. It must be enough to add the module (JAR, bundle, artifact, ...) to the web application (WEB-INF/lib, bundles, plugins, ...) to extend the web application with this module. Currently I solve this task with a custom modularization solution which is heavily based on using classpath resources: Special resources servlet serves static resources from classpath resources (JARs). Special Facelets resource resolver allows loading Facelet templates from classpath resources. Spring loads application contexts via the pattern classpath*:com/acme/foo/module/applicationContext.xml - this loads application contexts defined in module JARs. Finally, a pair of delegating servlets and filters delegate request processing to the servlets and filters configured in Spring application contexts from modules. Last days I read a lot about OSGi and I was considering, how (and if) I could use OSGi as a standardized modularization approach. I was thinking about how individual tasks could be solved with OSGi: Static resources - OSGi bundles which want to export static resources register a ResourceLoader instances with the bundle context. A central ResourceServlet uses these resource loaders to load resources from bundles. Facelet templates - similar to above, a central ResourceResolver uses services registered by bundles. Managed beans - I have no idea how to use an expression like #{myBean.property} if myBean is defined in one of the bundles. Servlet API stuff - use something like WebExtender/Pax Web to register servlets, filters and so on. My questions are: Am I inventing a bicycle here? Are there standard solutions for that? I've found a mentioning of Spring Slices but could not find much documentation about it. Do you think OSGi is the right technology for the described task? Is my sketch of OSGI application more or less correct? How should managed beans (especially request/session scope) be handled? I'd be generally graefult for your comments.

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• Possible uncommitted transactions causing "System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException: Timeout expired" erro

  - by Michael

  My application requires a user to log in and allows them to edit a list of things. However, it seems that if the same user always logs in and out and edits the list, this user will run into a "System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException: Timeout expired." error. I've read comments about increasing the timeout period but I've also read a comment about it possibly caused by uncommitted transactions. And I do have one going in the application. I'll provide the code I'm working with and there is an IF statement in there that I was a little iffy about but it seemed like a reasonable thing to do. I'll just go over what's going on here, there is a list of objects to update or add into the database. New objects created in the application are given an ID of 0 while existing objects have their own ID's generated from the DB. If the user chooses to delete some objects, their IDs are stored in a separate list of Integers. Once the user is ready to save their changes, the two lists are passed into this method. By use of the IF statement, objects with ID of 0 are added (using the Add stored procedure) and those objects with non-zero IDs are updated (using the Update stored procedure). After all this, a FOR loop goes through all the integers in the "removal" list and uses the Delete stored procedure to remove them. A transaction is used for all this. Public Shared Sub UpdateSomethings(ByVal SomethingList As List(Of Something), ByVal RemovalList As List(Of Integer)) Using DBConnection As New SqlConnection(conn) DBConnection.Open() Dim MyTransaction As SqlTransaction MyTransaction = DBConnection.BeginTransaction() Try For Each SomethingItem As Something In SomethingList Using MyCommand As New SqlCommand() MyCommand.Connection = DBConnection If SomethingItem.ID > 0 Then MyCommand.CommandText = "UpdateSomething" Else MyCommand.CommandText = "AddSomething" End If MyCommand.Transaction = MyTransaction MyCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure With MyCommand.Parameters If MyCommand.CommandText = "UpdateSomething" Then .Add("@id", SqlDbType.Int).Value = SomethingItem.ID End If .Add("@stuff", SqlDbType.Varchar).Value = SomethingItem.Stuff End With MyCommand.ExecuteNonQuery() End Using Next For Each ID As Integer In RemovalList Using MyCommand As New SqlCommand("DeleteSomething", DBConnection) MyCommand.Transaction = MyTransaction MyCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure With MyCommand.Parameters .Add("@id", SqlDbType.Int).Value = ID End With MyCommand.ExecuteNonQuery() End Using Next MyTransaction.Commit() Catch ex As Exception MyTransaction.Rollback() 'Exception handling goes here End Try End Using End Sub There are three stored procedures used here as well as some looping so I can see how something can be holding everything up if the list is large enough. Other users can log in to the system at the same time just fine though. I'm using Visual Studio 2008 to debug and am using SQL Server 2000 for the DB.

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• Can you find a pattern to sync files knowing only dates and filenames?

  - by Robert MacLean

  Imagine if you will a operating system that had the following methods for files Create File: Creates (writes) a new file to disk. Calling this if a file exists causes a fault. Update File: Updates an existing file. Call this if a file doesn't exist causes a fault. Read File: Reads data from a file. Enumerate files: Gets all files in a folder. Files themselves in this operating system only have the following meta data: Created Time: The original date and time the file was created, by the Create File method. Modified Time: The date and time the file was last modified by the Update File method. If the file has never been modified, this will equal the Create Time. You have been given the task of writing an application which will sync the files between two directories (lets call them bill and ted) on a machine. However it is not that simple, the client has required that The application never faults (see methods above). That while the application is running the users can add and update files and those will be sync'd next time the application runs. Files can be added to either the ted or bill directories. File names cannot be altered. The application will perform one sync per time it is run. The application must be almost entirely in memory, in other words you cannot create a log of filenames and write that to disk and then check that the next time. The exception to point 6 is that you can store date and times between runs. Each date/time is associated with a key labeled A through J (so you have 10 to use) so you can compare keys between runs. There is no way to catch exceptions in the application. Answer will be accepted based on the following conditions: First answer to meet all requirements will be accepted. If there is no way to meet all requirements, the answer which ensures the smallest amount of missed changes per sync will be accepted. A bounty will be created (100 points) as soon as possible for the prize. The winner will be selected one day before the bounty ends. Please ask questions in the comments and I will gladly update and refine the question on those.

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• Python Expand Tabs Length Calculation

  - by Mithrill

  I'm confused by how the length of a string is calculated when expandtabs is used. I thought expandtabs replaces tabs with the appropriate number of spaces (with the default number of spaces per tab being 8). However, when I ran the commands using strings of varying lengths and varying numbers of tabs, the length calculation was different than I thought it would be (i.e., each tab didn't always result in the string length being increased by 8 for each instance of "/t"). Below is a detailed script output with comments explaining what I thought should be the result of the command executed above. Would someone please explain the how the length is calculated when expand tabs is used? IDLE 2.6.5 >>> s = '\t' >>> print len(s) 1 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was one (1 tab counted as a single space), as expected. >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 8 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was eight (1 tab counted as eight spaces). >>> s = '\t\t' >>> print len(s) 2 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was 2 (2 tabs, each counted as a single space). >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 16 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was 16 (2 tabs counted as 8 spaces each). >>> s = 'abc\tabc' >>> print len(s) 7 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was seven (6 characters and 1 tab counted as a single space). >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 11 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was NOT 14 (6 characters and one 8 space tabs). >>> s = 'abc\tabc\tabc' >>> print len(s) 11 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was 11 (9 characters and 2 tabs counted as a single space). >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 19 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was NOT 25 (9 characters and two 8 space tabs). >>>

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• What is a good dumbed-down, safe template system for PHP?

  - by Wilhelm

  (Summary: My users need to be able to edit the structure of their dynamically generated web pages without being able to do any damage.) Greetings, ladies and gentlemen. I am currently working on a service where customers from a specific demographic can create a specific type of web site and fill it with their own content. The system is written in PHP. Many of the users of this system wish to edit how their particular web site looks, or, more commonly, have a designer do it for them. Editing the CSS is fine and dandy, but sometimes that's not enough. Sometimes they want to shuffle the entire page structure around by editing the raw HTML of the dynamically created web pages. The templating system used by WordPress is, as far as I can see, perfect for my use. Except for one thing which is critically important. In addition to being able to edit how comments are displayed or where the menu goes, someone editing a template can have that template execute arbitrary PHP code. As the same codebase runs all these different sites, with all content in the same databse, allowing my users to run arbitrary code is clearly out of the question. So what I need, is a dumbed-down, idiot-proof templating system where my users can edit most of the page structure on their own, pulling in the dynamic sections wherever, without being able to even echo 1+1;. Observe the following psuedocode: <!DOCTYPE html> <title><!-- $title --></title> <!-- header() --> <!-- menu() --> <div>Some random custom crap added by the user.</div> <!-- page_content() --> That's the degree of power I'd like to grant my users. They don't need to do their own loops or calculations or anything. Just include my variables and functions and leave the rest to me. I'm sure I'm not the only person on the planet that needs something like this. Do you know of any ready-made templating systems I could use? Thanks in advance for your reply.

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• object not found error with dynamic web forms with (jquery) javscript script

  - by deostroll

  In a normal aspx page I've set up a jquery tab system. When a particular tab shows up I wire up an ajax call to get another html page with the following content. It is simply a form with some javascript inside of it. <!-- demo.htm --> <form method="post" action="post.aspx"> <div id="fields"> Class: <input id="txtclass" name="txtclass" type="text"/> Grade: <input id="txtgrade" name="txtgrade" type="text"/> <input id="btnupdate" value="Update"/> </div> <div id="update"> Reason:<br/> <input id="txtreason" name="txtreason" type="text"/> <br/> Comments:<br/> <textarea id="txtcomments" name="txtcomments"></textarea> <br/> <input type="button" id="btnsave" value="Save"/> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function(){ //all textboxes should be disabled $('#fields input').each(function(i,j){ if(! $(this).is(':button') ) $(this).attr('disabled', 'disabled') }); //update div should be hidden $('#update).hide(); //click event of btnupdate should // be set to show the update div contents // and enable input fields $('#btnupdate').click(function(){ //enable all textboxes $('#fields input').each(function(i,j){ $(this).attr('disabled', ''); }); //hide btnupdate $('#btnupdate').hide(); //show div update $('#update').show(); }); }); </script> </form> The script executes normally and the form is shown as intended. The btnupdate is supposed to show the contents in the update div and load the form for accepting user input. Whenever I hit btnupdate button I get an object not found exception on IE 8. IE 8 asks if it should start up its in-built debuggger. But, even in this debugger I cannot see what the problem is...However on clicking "No" in that dialog the button click function executes properly, and the form is displayed as intended. Is there a better way to resolve the problem?

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• What to do when you need more verbs in REST

  - by Richard Levasseur

  There is another similar question to mine, but the discussion veered away from the problem I'm encounting. Say I have a system that deals with expense reports (ER). You can create and edit them, add attachments, and approve/reject them. An expense report might look like this: GET /er/1 => {"title": "Trip to NY", "totalcost": "400 USD", "comments": [ "john: Please add the total cost", "mike: done, can you approve it now?" ], "approvals": [ {"john": "Pending"}, {"finance-group": "Pending"}] } That looks fine, right? Thats what an expense report document looks like. If you want to update it, you can do this: POST /er/1 {"title": "Trip to NY 2010"} If you want to approve it, you can do this: POST /er/1/approval {"approved": true} But, what if you want to update the report and approve it at the same time? How do we do that? If you only wanted to approve, then doing a POST to something like /er/1/approval makes sense. We could put a flag in the URL, POST /er/1?approve=1, and send the data changes as the body, but that flag doesn't seem RESTful. We could put special field to be submitted, too, but that seems a bit hacky, too. If we did that, then why not send up data with attributes like set_title or add_to_cost? We could create a new resource for updating and approving, but (1) I can't think of how to name it without verbs, and (2) it doesn't seem right to name a resource based on what actions can be done to it (what happens if we add more actions?) We could have an X-Approve: True|False header, but headers seem like the wrong tool for the job. It'd also be difficult to get set headers without using javascript in a browser. We could use a custom media-type, application/approve+yes, but that seems no better than creating a new resource. We could create a temporary "batch operations" url, /er/1/batch/A. The client then sends multiple requests, perhaps POST /er/1/batch/A to update, then POST /er/1/batch/A/approval to approve, then POST /er/1/batch/A/status to end the batch. On the backend, the server queues up all the batch requests somewhere, then processes them in the same backend-transaction when it receives the "end batch processing" request. The downside with this is, obviously, that it introduces a lot of complexity. So, what is a good, general way to solve the problem of performing multiple actions in a single request? General because its easy to imagine additional actions that might be done in the same request: Suppress or send notifications (to email, chat, another system, whatever) Override some validation (maximum cost, names of dinner attendees) Trigger backend workflow that doesn't have a representation in the document.

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• architecture python question

  - by tom smith

  hi. creating a distributed crawling python app. it consists of a master server, and associated client apps that will run on client servers. the purpose of the client app is to run across a targeted site, to extract specific data. the clients need to go "deep" within the site, behind multiple levels of forms, so each client is specifically geared towards a given site. each client app looks something like main: parse initial url call function level1 (data1) function level1 (data) parse the url, for data1 use the required xpath to get the dom elements call the next function call level2 (data) function level2 (data2) parse the url, for data2 use the required xpath to get the dom elements call the next function call level3 function level3 (dat3) parse the url, for data3 use the required xpath to get the dom elements call the next function call level4 function level4 (data) parse the url, for data4 use the required xpath to get the dom elements at the final function.. --all the data output, and eventually returned to the server --at this point the data has elements from each function... my question: given that the number of calls that is made to the child function by the current function varies, i'm trying to figure out the best approach. each function essentialy fetches a page of content, and then parses the page using a number of different XPath expressions, combined with different regex expressions depending on the site/page. if i run a client on a single box, as a sequential process, it'll take awhile, but the load on the box is rather small. i've thought of attempting to implement the child functions as threads from the current function, but that could be a nightmare, as well as quickly bring the "box" to its knees! i've thought of breaking the app up in a manner that would allow the master to essentially pass packets to the client boxes, in a way to allow each client/function to be run directly from the master. this process requires a bit of rewrite, but it has a number of advantages. a bunch of redundancy, and speed. it would detect if a section of the process was crashing and restart from that point. but not sure if it would be any faster... i'm writing the parsing scripts in python.. so... any thoughts/comments would be appreciated... i can get into a great deal more detail, but didn't want to bore anyone!! thanks! tom

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• Adding a generic image field onto a ModelForm in django

  - by Prairiedogg

  I have two models, Room and Image. Image is a generic model that can tack onto any other model. I want to give users a form to upload an image when they post information about a room. I've written code that works, but I'm afraid I've done it the hard way, and specifically in a way that violates DRY. Was hoping someone who's a little more familiar with django forms could point out where I've gone wrong. Update: I've tried to clarify why I chose this design in comments to the current answers. To summarize: I didn't simply put an ImageField on the Room model because I wanted more than one image associated with the Room model. I chose a generic Image model because I wanted to add images to several different models. The alternatives I considered were were multiple foreign keys on a single Image class, which seemed messy, or multiple Image classes, which I thought would clutter my schema. I didn't make this clear in my first post, so sorry about that. Seeing as none of the answers so far has addressed how to make this a little more DRY I did come up with my own solution which was to add the upload path as a class attribute on the image model and reference that every time it's needed. # Models class Image(models.Model): content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType) object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id') image = models.ImageField(_('Image'), height_field='', width_field='', upload_to='uploads/images', max_length=200) class Room(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) image_set = generic.GenericRelation('Image') # The form class AddRoomForm(forms.ModelForm): image_1 = forms.ImageField() class Meta: model = Room # The view def handle_uploaded_file(f): # DRY violation, I've already specified the upload path in the image model upload_suffix = join('uploads/images', f.name) upload_path = join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, upload_suffix) destination = open(upload_path, 'wb+') for chunk in f.chunks(): destination.write(chunk) destination.close() return upload_suffix def add_room(request, apartment_id, form_class=AddRoomForm, template='apartments/add_room.html'): apartment = Apartment.objects.get(id=apartment_id) if request.method == 'POST': form = form_class(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): room = form.save() image_1 = form.cleaned_data['image_1'] # Instead of writing a special function to handle the image, # shouldn't I just be able to pass it straight into Image.objects.create # ...but it doesn't seem to work for some reason, wrong syntax perhaps? upload_path = handle_uploaded_file(image_1) image = Image.objects.create(content_object=room, image=upload_path) return HttpResponseRedirect(room.get_absolute_url()) else: form = form_class() context = {'form': form, } return direct_to_template(request, template, extra_context=context)

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• right usage of std::uncaught_exception in a destructor

  - by Vokuhila-Oliba

  There are some articles concluding "never throw an exception from a destructor", and "std::uncaught_exception() is not useful", for example: http://www.gotw.ca/gotw/047.htm (written by Herb Sutter) But it seems that I am not getting the point. So I wrote a small testing example (see below). Since everything is fine with the testing example I would very appreciate some comments regarding what might be wrong with it. testing results: ./main Foo::~Foo(): caught exception - but have pending exception - ignoring int main(int, char**): caught exception: from int Foo::bar(int) ./main 1 Foo::~Foo(): caught exception - but *no* exception is pending - rethrowing int main(int, char**): caught exception: from Foo::~Foo() // file main.cpp // build with e.g. "make main" // tested successfully on Ubuntu-Karmic with g++ v4.4.1 #include <iostream> class Foo { public: int bar(int i) { if (0 == i) throw(std::string("from ") + __PRETTY_FUNCTION__); else return i+1; } ~Foo() { bool exc_pending=std::uncaught_exception(); try { bar(0); } catch (const std::string &e) { // ensure that no new exception has been created in the meantime if (std::uncaught_exception()) exc_pending = true; if (exc_pending) { std::cerr << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << ": caught exception - but have pending exception - ignoring" << std::endl; } else { std::cerr << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << ": caught exception - but *no* exception is pending - rethrowing" << std::endl; throw(std::string("from ") + __PRETTY_FUNCTION__); } } } }; int main(int argc, char** argv) { try { Foo f; // will throw an exception in Foo::bar() if no arguments given. Otherwise // an exception from Foo::~Foo() is thrown. f.bar(argc-1); } catch (const std::string &e) { std::cerr << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << ": caught exception: " << e << std::endl; } return 0; }

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• Block element text overflow problem in IE7

  - by Adomas

  I'm making a "sort elements" web game using jQuery, HTML & CSS. While everything works fine in FF, IE8, Opera, Chrome, I'm having problem with IE7 wrapping words inside block elements. Here's how it looks in IE7 (wrong): Link (cannot post images as a new user) In IE8 the box with wrapped text would just expand to fit it whole in one line without any overflows. Sorry, can't give another link as a new user Don't mind the element order as it's random. Elements are dynamically generated by jQuery. HTML code: <div class="ui-sortable" id="area"> <span class="object">: </span> <span class="object">1998- </span> <span class="object">ISSN 1392-4087</span> <span class="object">, </span> <span class="object">. </span> <span class="object">nepriklausomas savaitraštis buhalteriams, finansininkams, auditoriams</span> <span class="object">. </span> <span class="object">. </span> <span class="object">. </span> <span class="object">Vilnius</span> <span class="object">1998- </span> <span class="object"><em>Apskaitos, audito ir mokesciu aktualijos</em></span> </div> CSS code (irrelevant info like fonts & colors removed): #area { min-height: 160px; width: 760px; } .object { display: block; float: left; text-align: center; width: auto; } Any comments on why does IE7 does that? How do I make these spans expand to fit the whole text in one line in IE7 and not wrap the text or make overflows?

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• What was "The Next Big Thing" when you were just starting out in programming?

  - by Andrew

  I'm at the beginning of my career and there are lots of things which are being touted as "The Next Big Thing". For example: Dependency Injection (Spring, etc) MVC (Struts, ASP.NET MVC) ORMs (Linq To SQL, Hibernate) Agile Software Development These things have probably been around for some time, but I've only just started out. And don't get me wrong, I think these things are great! So, what was "The Next Big Thing" when you were starting out? When was it? Were people sceptical of it at first? Why? Did you think it would catch on? Did it pan out and become widely accepted/used? If not, why not? EDIT It's been nearly a week since I first posted this question and I can safely say that I did not expect such explosive interest. I asked the question so that I could gain a perspective of what kinds of innovations in programming people thought were most important when they were starting out. At the time of writing this I have read ~95% of all answers. To answer a few questions, the "Next Big Things" I listed are ones that I am currently really excited about and that I had not really been exposed to until I started working. I'm hoping to implement some or all of these in the near future at my current workplace. To many people they are probably old news. In regards to the "is this a real question" debate, I can see that obviously hasn't been settled yet. I feel bad whenever I read a comment saying that these kinds of questions take away from the real meaning of SO. I'm not wholly convinced that it doesn't. On the other hand, I have seen a lot of comments saying what a great question it is. Anyway, I have chosen "The Internet!" as my answer to this question. I don't think (in my very humble opinion, and, it seems many SOers opinions) that many things related to programming can compare. Nowadays every business and their dog has a website which can do anything from simply supplying information to purchasing goods halfway around the world to updating your blog. And of course, all these businesses need people like us. Thanks to everyone for all the great answers!

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• Java: CSV file read & write.

  - by battousai622

  Im reading in 2 csv file: store_inventory & new_acquisitions... I want to be able to compare the store_inventory csv file with new_acquisitions. 1) If the item names match just update the quantity in store_inventory. 2) If new_acquisitions has a new item that does not exist in store_inventory, then add it to the store_inventory. Heres what i have so far but its not very good. I added comments where i need to add taks 1) & 2). Any advice or code would be great, thanks. File new_acq = new File("/src/test/new_acquisitions.csv"); Scanner acq_scan = null; try { acq_scan = new Scanner(new_acq); } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) { Logger.getLogger(mainpage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } String itemName; int quantity; Double cost; Double price; File store_inv = new File("/src/test/store_inventory.csv"); Scanner invscan = null; try { invscan = new Scanner(store_inv); } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) { Logger.getLogger(mainpage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } String itemNameInv; int quantityInv; Double costInv; Double priceInv; while (acq_scan.hasNext()) { String line = acq_scan.nextLine(); if (line.charAt(0) == '#') { continue; } String[] split = line.split(","); itemName = split[0]; quantity = Integer.parseInt(split[1]); cost = Double.parseDouble(split[2]); price = Double.parseDouble(split[3]); while(invscan.hasNext()) { String line2 = invscan.nextLine(); if (line2.charAt(0) == '#') { continue; } String[] split2 = line2.split(","); itemNameInv = split2[0]; quantityInv = Integer.parseInt(split2[1]); costInv = Double.parseDouble(split2[2]); priceInv = Double.parseDouble(split2[3]); if(itemName == itemNameInv) { //update quantity } } //add new entry into csv file } Thanks again for any help. =]

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• Creating a music catalog in C# and extracting first 30 seconds as soon as the first words are sung

  - by Rad

  I already read a question: Separation of singing voice from music. I don’t need this complex audio processing. I only need some detection mechanism that would detect that there is some voice/vocal playing while the music is playing (or not playing) I need to extract first 30 seconds when a vocalist starts singing along with full band music. See question 2 below. I want to create a music catalog using ASP.NET MVC 2 and Silverlight clients and C#.NET 4.0 programming language that would be front store. On the backend I would also like to create a desktop WPF/Windows application to create the music catalog from already existing music files, most of which have metadata in them ID3v1, ID3v2.3, ID3v2.4, iTunes MP4, WMA, Vorbis Comments and APE Tags etc. I would possibly like to create a web service that would allow catalog contributors to upload a zipped album and trigger metadata extraction of music data and extraction of music segments as described below. I would be happy if I achieve no. 1 below. Let's say I have 1000ths of songs in mp3 (or other formats) grouped in subfolders using some classification (Genre, Artists, Albums, Composers or other groupings). I want to create tables in DB that would organize songs so they can be searched based on different criteria (year, length, above classification or by song title, description etc) like what iTune store allows to their customers. I want to extract metadata from various formats (I will try to get songs in mp3 format, but there may be other popular formats) and allow music Catalog manager person to add missing data from either desktop or web applications. He or other contributors can upload zipped music via an HTML or Silverlight upload or WPF. Can anybody suggest open source libraries, articles, code snippets that can do that in an automatic way using .NET and possibly SQL Server DB? My main questions are these. This is an audio processing challenge. I want to extract 2 segments of music (questions 1 and 2): 1. How to extract a music segment: 1-2 seconds before a vocal starts singing and up to 30 seconds from that point in time and 2. Much more challenging is to find repeating segments (One would usually find or recognize the names of the songs and songs are usually known by these refrains. How would I go about creating a list of songs that go great together like what Genius from iTune does? Is there any characteristics of music that can be used to match songs? The goal is for people quickly scan and recognize songs i.e. associate melody, words with a title/album so they can make intelligent decisions like buying a song, create similar mood songs. Thanks, Rad

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• Binding CoreData Managed Object to NSTextFieldCell subclass

  - by ndg

  I have an NSTableView which has its first column set to contain a custom NSTextFieldCell. My custom NSTextFieldCell needs to allow the user to edit a "desc" property within my Managed Object but to also display an "info" string that it contains (which is not editable). To achieve this, I followed this tutorial. In a nutshell, the tutorial suggests editing your Managed Objects generated subclass to create and pass a dictionary of its contents to your NSTableColumn via bindings. This works well for read-only NSCell implementations, but I'm looking to subclass NSTextFieldCell to allow the user to edit the "desc" property of my Managed Object. To do this, I followed one of the articles comments, which suggests subclassing NSFormatter to explicitly state which Managed Object property you would like the NSTextFieldCell to edit. Here's the suggested implementation: @implementation TRTableDescFormatter - (BOOL)getObjectValue:(id *)anObject forString:(NSString *)string errorDescription:(NSString **)error { if (anObject != nil){ *anObject = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObject:string forKey:@"desc"]; return YES; } return NO; } - (NSString *)stringForObjectValue:(id)anObject { if (![anObject isKindOfClass:[NSDictionary class]]) return nil; return [anObject valueForKey:@"desc"]; } - (NSAttributedString*)attributedStringForObjectValue:(id)anObject withDefaultAttributes:(NSDictionary *)attrs { if (![anObject isKindOfClass:[NSDictionary class]]) return nil; NSAttributedString *anAttributedString = [[NSAttributedString alloc] initWithString: [anObject valueForKey:@"desc"]]; return anAttributedString; } @end I assign the NSFormatter subclass to my cell in my NSTextFieldCell subclass, like so: - (void)awakeFromNib { TRTableDescFormatter *formatter = [[[TRTableDescFormatter alloc] init] autorelease]; [self setFormatter:formatter]; } This seems to work, but falls down when editing multiple rows. The behaviour I'm seeing is that editing a row will work as expected until you try to edit another row. Upon editing another row, all previously edited rows will have their "desc" value set to the value of the currently selected row. I've been doing a lot of reading on this subject and would really like to get to the bottom of this. What's more frustrating is that my NSTextFieldCell is rendering exactly how I would like it to. This editing issue is my last obstacle! If anyone can help, that would be greatly appreciated.

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• Printf in assembler doesn't print

  - by Gaim

  Hi there, I have got a homework to hack program using buffer overflow ( with disassambling, program was written in C++, I haven't got the source code ). I have already managed it but I have a problem. I have to print some message on the screen, so I found out address of printf function, pushed address of "HACKED" and address of "%s" on the stack ( in this order ) and called that function. Called code passed well but nothing had been printed. I have tried to simulate the environment like in other place in the program but there has to be something wrong. Do you have any idea what I am doing wrong that I have no output, please? Thanks a lot EDIT: This program is running on Windows XP SP3 32b, written in C++, Intel asm there is the "hack" code CPU Disasm Address Hex dump Command Comments 0012F9A3 90 NOP ;hack begins 0012F9A4 90 NOP 0012F9A5 90 NOP 0012F9A6 89E5 MOV EBP,ESP 0012F9A8 83EC 7F SUB ESP,7F ;creating a place for working data 0012F9AB 83EC 7F SUB ESP,7F 0012F9AE 31C0 XOR EAX,EAX 0012F9B0 50 PUSH EAX 0012F9B1 50 PUSH EAX 0012F9B2 50 PUSH EAX 0012F9B3 89E8 MOV EAX,EBP 0012F9B5 83E8 09 SUB EAX,9 0012F9B8 BA 1406EDFF MOV EDX,FFED0614 ;address to jump, it is negative because there mustn't be 00 bytes 0012F9BD F7DA NOT EDX 0012F9BF FFE2 JMP EDX ;I have to jump because there are some values overwritten by the program 0012F9C1 90 NOP 0012F9C2 0090 00000000 ADD BYTE PTR DS:[EAX],DL 0012F9C8 90 NOP 0012F9C9 90 NOP 0012F9CA 90 NOP 0012F9CB 90 NOP 0012F9CC 6C INS BYTE PTR ES:[EDI],DX ; I/O command 0012F9CD 65:6E OUTS DX,BYTE PTR GS:[ESI] ; I/O command 0012F9CF 67:74 68 JE SHORT 0012FA3A ; Superfluous address size prefix 0012F9D2 2069 73 AND BYTE PTR DS:[ECX+73],CH 0012F9D5 203439 AND BYTE PTR DS:[EDI+ECX],DH 0012F9D8 34 2C XOR AL,2C 0012F9DA 2066 69 AND BYTE PTR DS:[ESI+69],AH 0012F9DD 72 73 JB SHORT 0012FA52 0012F9DF 74 20 JE SHORT 0012FA01 0012F9E1 3120 XOR DWORD PTR DS:[EAX],ESP 0012F9E3 6C INS BYTE PTR ES:[EDI],DX ; I/O command 0012F9E4 696E 65 7300909 IMUL EBP,DWORD PTR DS:[ESI+65],-6F6FFF8D 0012F9EB 90 NOP 0012F9EC 90 NOP 0012F9ED 90 NOP 0012F9EE 31DB XOR EBX,EBX ; hack continues 0012F9F0 8818 MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EAX],BL ; writing 00 behind word "HACKED" 0012F9F2 83E8 06 SUB EAX,6 0012F9F5 50 PUSH EAX ; address of "HACKED" 0012F9F6 B8 3B8CBEFF MOV EAX,FFBE8C3B 0012F9FB F7D0 NOT EAX 0012F9FD 50 PUSH EAX ; address of "%s" 0012F9FE B8 FFE4BFFF MOV EAX,FFBFE4FF 0012FA03 F7D0 NOT EAX 0012FA05 FFD0 CALL EAX ;address of printf This code is really ugly because I am new in assembler and there mustn't be null bytes because of buffer-overflow bug

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• Written a resharper plugin that modifies the TextControl?

  - by Ajaxx

  Resharper claims to eat it's own dogfood, specifically, they claim that many of the features of Resharper are written ontop of R# (OpenAPI). I'm writing a simple plugin to fix up comments of the current document of a selection. When this plugin is run, it throws an exception as follows: Document can be modified inside a command scope only I've researched the error and can't find anything to help with this, so I'm hoping that possibly, you've written a plugin to accomplish this. If not, I hope the snippet is enough to help others get their own plugins underway. using System; using System.IO; using System.Windows.Forms; using JetBrains.ActionManagement; using JetBrains.DocumentModel; using JetBrains.IDE; using JetBrains.TextControl; using JetBrains.Util; namespace TinkerToys.Actions { [ActionHandler("TinkerToys.RewriteComment")] public class RewriteCommentAction : IActionHandler { #region Implementation of IActionHandler /// <summary> /// Updates action visual presentation. If presentation.Enabled is set to false, Execute /// will not be called. /// </summary> /// <param name="context">DataContext</param> /// <param name="presentation">presentation to update</param> /// <param name="nextUpdate">delegate to call</param> public bool Update(IDataContext context, ActionPresentation presentation, DelegateUpdate nextUpdate) { ITextControl textControl = context.GetData(DataConstants.TEXT_CONTROL); return textControl != null; } /// <summary> /// Executes action. Called after Update, that set ActionPresentation.Enabled to true. /// </summary> /// <param name="context">DataContext</param> /// <param name="nextExecute">delegate to call</param> public void Execute(IDataContext context, DelegateExecute nextExecute) { ITextControl textControl = context.GetData(DataConstants.TEXT_CONTROL); if (textControl != null) { TextRange textSelectRange; ISelectionModel textSelectionModel = textControl.SelectionModel; if ((textSelectionModel != null) && textSelectionModel.HasSelection()) { textSelectRange = textSelectionModel.Range; } else { textSelectRange = new TextRange(0, textControl.Document.GetTextLength()); } IDocument textDocument = textControl.Document; String textSelection = textDocument.GetText(textSelectRange); if (textSelection != null) { StringReader sReader = new StringReader(textSelection); StringWriter sWriter = new StringWriter(); Converter.Convert(sReader, sWriter); textSelection = sWriter.ToString(); textDocument.ReplaceText(textSelectRange, textSelection); } } } #endregion } } So what is this command scope it wants so badly? I had some additional logging in this prior to posting it so I'm absolutely certain that both the range and text are valid. In addition, the error seems to indicate that I'm missing some scope that I've been, as yet, unable to find.

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• How to modify a given class to use const operators

  - by zsero

  I am trying to solve my question regarding using push_back in more than one level. From the comments/answers it is clear that I have to: Create a copy operator which takes a const argument Modify all my operators to const But because this header file is given to me there is an operator what I cannot make into const. It is a simple: float & operator [] (int i) { return _item[i]; } In the given program, this operator is used to get and set data. My problem is that because I need to have this operator in the header file, I cannot turn all the other operators to const, what means I cannot insert a copy operator. How can I make all my operators into const, while preserving the functionality of the already written program? Here is the full declaration of the class: class Vector3f { float _item[3]; public: float & operator [] (int i) { return _item[i]; } Vector3f(float x, float y, float z) { _item[0] = x ; _item[1] = y ; _item[2] = z; }; Vector3f() {}; Vector3f & operator = ( const Vector3f& obj) { _item[0] = obj[0]; _item[1] = obj[1]; _item[2] = obj[2]; return *this; }; Vector3f & operator += ( const Vector3f & obj) { _item[0] += obj[0]; _item[1] += obj[1]; _item[2] += obj[2]; return *this; }; bool operator ==( const Vector3f & obj) { bool x = (_item[0] == obj[0]) && (_item[1] == obj[1]) && (_item[2] == obj[2]); return x; } // my copy operator Vector3f(const Vector3f& obj) { _item[0] += obj[0]; _item[1] += obj[1]; _item[2] += obj[2]; return this; } };

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• Custom Rails actions: I have issues every time

  - by normalocity

  Every time I go to add a custom action to a controller, I completely screw it up somehow. I'm trying to add a route "listings/buyer_listings", that will display all of my listings where someone is a buyer (rather than a seller). With the routes.rb file below, when I go to "listings/buyer_listings", I get routed instead to "users" WTF? In the past, I've had to define my routes using "map.", but this seems like a very verbose way to do something that should work with the :collection specification. You can see that I've done this with many routes as specified toward the end of the file, such as "edit_my_profile", etc. If I put the ":collection" part last my browser routes to the "show" action, which is not the correct action, and which also doesn't make sense to me why it would even do this. If I do "rake routes", my routes look correctly mapped. If I go into a Ruby console and have it recognize the url, it maps to the correct action, so what am I missing? ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map| map.resources :locations map.resources :browse_boxes map.resources :tags map.resources :ratings map.resources :listings, :collection => { :buyer_listings => :get }, :has_many => :bids, :has_many => :comments map.resources :users map.resources :invite_requests map.resource :user_session map.resource :account, :controller => "users" map.root :controller => "listings", :action => "index" # optional, this just sets the root route map.login "login", :controller => "user_sessions", :action => "new" map.logout "logout", :controller => "user_sessions", :action => "destroy" map.search "search", :controller => "listings", :action => "search" map.edit_my_profile "edit_my_profile", :controller => "users", :action => "edit_my_profile" map.all_listings "all_listings", :controller => "listings", :action => "all_listings" map.my_listings "my_listings", :controller => "listings", :action => "my_listings" map.posting_guidelines "posting_guidelines", :controller => "listings", :action => "posting_guidelines" map.filter_on "filter_on", :controller => "listings", :action => "filter_on" map.top_25_tags "top_25_tags", :controller => "tagging_search", :action => "top_25_tags" map.connect ':controller/:action/:id' map.connect ':controller/:action/:id.:format' end

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• JSF: how to update the list after delete an item of that list

  - by Harry Pham

  It will take a moment for me to explain this, so please stay with me. I have table COMMENT that has OneToMany relationship with itself. @Entity public class Comment(){ ... @ManyToOne(optional=true, fetch=FetchType.LAZY) @JoinColumn(name="REPLYTO_ID") private Comment replyTo; @OneToMany(mappedBy="replyTo", cascade=CascadeType.ALL) private List<Comment> replies = new ArrayList<Comment>(); public void addReply(NewsFeed reply){ replies.add(reply); reply.setReplyTo(this); } public void removeReply(NewsFeed reply){ replies.remove(reply); } } So you can think like this. Each comment can have a List of replies which are also type Comment. Now it is very easy for me to delete the original comment and get the updated list back. All I need to do after delete is this. allComments = myEJB.getAllComments(); //This will query the db and return updated list But I am having problem when trying to delete replies and getting the updated list back. So here is how I delete the replies. Inside my managed bean I have //Before invoke this method, I have the value of originalFeed, and deletedFeed set. //These original comments are display inside a p:dataTable X, and the replies are //displayed inside p:dataTable Y which is inside X. So when I click the delete button //I know which comment I want to delete, and if it is the replies, I will know //which one is its original post public void deleteFeed(){ if(this.deletedFeed != null){ scholarEJB.deleteFeeds(this.deletedFeed); if(this.originalFeed != null){ //Since the originalFeed is not null, this is the `replies` //that I want to delete scholarEJB.removeReply(this.originalFeed, this.deletedFeed); } feeds = scholarEJB.findAllFeed(); } } Then inside my EJB scholarEJB, I have public void removeReply(NewsFeed comment, NewsFeed reply){ comment = em.merge(comment); comment.removeReply(reply); em.persist(comment); } public void deleteFeeds(NewsFeed e){ e = em.find(NewsFeed.class, e.getId()); em.remove(e); } When I get out, the entity (the reply) get correctly removed from the database, but inside the feeds List, reference of that reply still there. It only until I log out and log back in that the reply disappear. Please help

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• How to set a key binding to make Emacs as transparent/opaque as I want?

  - by Vivi

  I want to have a command in Emacs to make it as opaque/transparent as I want (refer to the fabulous question that pointed out that transparency is possible in Emacs, and the EmacsWiki page linked there which has the code I am using below). The EmacsWiki code sets "C-c t" to toggle the previously set transparency on and off: ;;(set-frame-parameter (selected-frame) 'alpha '(<active> [<inactive>])) (set-frame-parameter (selected-frame) 'alpha '(85 50)) (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(alpha 85 50)) enter code here(eval-when-compile (require 'cl)) (defun toggle-transparency () (interactive) (if (/= (cadr (find 'alpha (frame-parameters nil) :key #'car)) 100) (set-frame-parameter nil 'alpha '(100 100)) (set-frame-parameter nil 'alpha '(85 60)))) (global-set-key (kbd "C-c t") 'toggle-transparency) What I would like to do is to be able to choose the % transparency when I am in Emacs. If possible, I would like a command where I type for example "C-c t N" (where N is the % opaqueness) for the active frame, and then "M-c t N" for the inactive window. If that can't be done like that, then maybe a command where if I type "C-c t" it asks me for the number which gives the opaqueness of the active window (and the same for the inactive window using "M-c t"). Thanks in advance for your time :) Below are just some comments that are not important to answer the question if you are not interested: I really want this because when I told my supervisor I was learning Emacs he said TexShop is much better and that I am using software from the 80's. I told him about the wonders of Emacs and he said TexShop has all of it and more. I matched everything he showed me except for the transparency (though he couldn't match the preview inside Emacs from preview-latex). I found the transparency thing by chance, and now I want to show him Emacs rules! I imagine this will be a piece of cake for some of you, and even though I could get it done if I spent enough time trying to learn lisp or reading around, I am not a programmer and I have only been using Emacs and a mac for a week. I am lost already as it is! So thanks in advance for your time and help - I will learn lisp eventually!

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