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• File version maintainence via PHP FTP?

  - by Michael

  Currently I'm working on a "plugin" that will be installed on many different sites and I was wondering on the best way for me to maintain the file version of this "plugin". Here's what I was thinking. Have a "master copy" of the plugin on a server, then connect via FTP to the target sites and upload the copy to their site overwriting whatever files they may have. I was wondering the best way to go about this. The "plugin" will have many different folders and files so transferring one file at a time will be too tedious. Is there a way to copy an entire folder over at a time? Or even better, is there a way to recurse through the folders and checking for file difference before uploading the new file? This is to make sure we are uploading a new file and not just the same one.

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• When I mix JSTL 1.0 and JSTL 1.1 taglib declarations, it causes a ParseException on some of my serve

  - by sangfroid

  Hello all, When I mix JSTL 1.0 and JSTL 1.1 taglib declarations, it causes a ParseException on some of my servers, but not all of them. Here is the block of code that's giving me trouble : <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core"%> <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions"%> <c:set var="TEXTVARIABLE">|STRINGOFTEXT|</c:set> <c:set var="OTHERTEXTVARIABLE">${fn:contains(TEXTVARIABLE, '|STRINGOFTEXT|')}</c:set> And here is the exception : javax.servlet.jsp.JspException: com.caucho.jsp.JspLineParseException: /WEB-INF/jsp/online/system/modules/com.MYCOMPANY.marketing/templates/common/MY_JSP_PAGE.jsp:1: tag = 'out' / attribute = 'value': An error occurred while parsing custom action attribute "value" with value "${fn:contains(TEXTVARIABLE, '|STRINGOFTEXT|')}": org.apache.taglibs.standard.lang.jstl.parser.ParseException: EL functions are not supported. However, everything works fine if I change the URI for the core declaration to http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core So here's the really weird part : for some reason, mixing 1.0 and 1.1 taglib declarations only causes an exception on two of my servers -- my staging server and my production server. It causes no problems at all on my local machine or my development server. Why is this? What could possibly be causing this difference in behavior? The three servers are extremely similar in setup and configuration. The JSP page is being served up by OpenCMS, and I'm using the Caucho's Resin webserver. I understand that you don't know how my servers or CMS are set up, but really, what I'm looking for is ideas. Any ideas at all would help -- this problem has been driving me absolutely batty. Even if you don't know what could be causing the problem, if you have any suggestions at all for how I could approach the problem, that would be extremely helpful. I just don't understand what could cause this difference in behavior between my servers. For reference, here's the full stack trace : javax.servlet.jsp.JspException: com.caucho.jsp.JspLineParseException: /WEB-INF/jsp/online/system/modules/com.MYCOMPANY.marketing/templates/common/MY_JSP_PAGE.jsp:1: tag = 'out' / attribute = 'value': An error occurred while parsing custom action attribute "value" with value "${fn:contains(TEXTVARIABLE, '|STRINGOFTEXT|')}": org.apache.taglibs.standard.lang.jstl.parser.ParseException: EL functions are not supported. at org.opencms.jsp.CmsJspTagInclude.includeActionWithCache(CmsJspTagInclude.java:369) at org.opencms.jsp.CmsJspTagInclude.includeTagAction(CmsJspTagInclude.java:241) at org.opencms.jsp.CmsJspTagInclude.doEndTag(CmsJspTagInclude.java:472) at _jsp._WEB_22dINF._jsp._online._system._modules.com_MYCOMPANY__marketing._templates._MAIN_0PAGE__jsp._jspService(_MAIN_0PAGE__jsp.java:153) at com.caucho.jsp.JavaPage.service(JavaPage.java:60) at com.caucho.jsp.Page.pageservice(Page.java:579) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.PageFilterChain.doFilter(PageFilterChain.java:179) at shared.filter.RemoteAddrFilterBase.doFilter(RemoteAddrFilterBase.java:57) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:70) at com.caucho.server.webapp.DispatchFilterChain.doFilter(DispatchFilterChain.java:115) at com.caucho.server.cache.CacheFilterChain.doFilter(CacheFilterChain.java:175) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ServletInvocation.service(ServletInvocation.java:229) at com.caucho.server.webapp.RequestDispatcherImpl.include(RequestDispatcherImpl.java:485) at com.caucho.server.webapp.RequestDispatcherImpl.include(RequestDispatcherImpl.java:350) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.includeExternal(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:194) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.include(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:169) at org.opencms.loader.CmsJspLoader.service(CmsJspLoader.java:1193) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.includeInternalWithCache(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:423) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.include(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:173) at org.opencms.loader.CmsJspLoader.dispatchJsp(CmsJspLoader.java:1227) at org.opencms.loader.CmsJspLoader.load(CmsJspLoader.java:1171) at org.opencms.loader.A_CmsXmlDocumentLoader.load(A_CmsXmlDocumentLoader.java:232) at org.opencms.loader.CmsXmlContentLoader.load(CmsXmlContentLoader.java:52) at org.opencms.loader.CmsResourceManager.loadResource(CmsResourceManager.java:964) at org.opencms.main.OpenCmsCore.showResource(OpenCmsCore.java:1498) at org.opencms.main.OpenCmsServlet.doGet(OpenCmsServlet.java:152) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:115) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:92) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ServletFilterChain.doFilter(ServletFilterChain.java:106) at com.caucho.filters.CmsGzipFilter.doFilter(CmsGzipFilter.java:177) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:70) at shared.filter.RemoteAddrFilterBase.doFilter(RemoteAddrFilterBase.java:57) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:70) at com.caucho.server.webapp.DispatchFilterChain.doFilter(DispatchFilterChain.java:115) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ServletInvocation.service(ServletInvocation.java:229) at com.caucho.server.webapp.RequestDispatcherImpl.forward(RequestDispatcherImpl.java:277) at com.caucho.server.webapp.RequestDispatcherImpl.forward(RequestDispatcherImpl.java:106) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ForwardFilterChain.doFilter(ForwardFilterChain.java:80) at com.caucho.server.cache.CacheFilterChain.doFilter(CacheFilterChain.java:207) at com.caucho.server.webapp.WebAppFilterChain.doFilter(WebAppFilterChain.java:173) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ServletInvocation.service(ServletInvocation.java:229) at com.caucho.server.http.HttpRequest.handleRequest(HttpRequest.java:274) at com.caucho.server.port.TcpConnection.run(TcpConnection.java:514) at com.caucho.util.ThreadPool.runTasks(ThreadPool.java:520) at com.caucho.util.ThreadPool.run(ThreadPool.java:442) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:595) Caused by: com.caucho.jsp.JspLineParseException: /WEB-INF/jsp/online/system/modules/com.MYCOMPANY.marketing/templates/common/MY_JSP_PAGE.jsp:1: tag = 'out' / attribute = 'value': An error occurred while parsing custom action attribute "value" with value "${fn:contains(TEXTVARIABLE, '|STRINGOFTEXT|')}": org.apache.taglibs.standard.lang.jstl.parser.ParseException: EL functions are not supported. at com.caucho.jsp.java.JspNode.error(JspNode.java:1489) at com.caucho.jsp.java.JspNode.error(JspNode.java:1480) at com.caucho.jsp.java.JavaJspGenerator.validate(JavaJspGenerator.java:466) at com.caucho.jsp.JspCompilerInstance.generate(JspCompilerInstance.java:475) at com.caucho.jsp.JspCompilerInstance.compile(JspCompilerInstance.java:373) at com.caucho.jsp.JspManager.compile(JspManager.java:233) at com.caucho.jsp.JspManager.createPage(JspManager.java:177) at com.caucho.jsp.JspManager.createPage(JspManager.java:157) at com.caucho.jsp.PageManager.getPage(PageManager.java:248) at com.caucho.jsp.PageManager.getPage(PageManager.java:166) at com.caucho.jsp.QServlet.getSubPage(QServlet.java:292) at com.caucho.jsp.QServlet.getPage(QServlet.java:210) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.PageFilterChain.compilePage(PageFilterChain.java:206) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.PageFilterChain.doFilter(PageFilterChain.java:133) at shared.filter.RemoteAddrFilterBase.doFilter(RemoteAddrFilterBase.java:57) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:70) at com.caucho.server.webapp.DispatchFilterChain.doFilter(DispatchFilterChain.java:115) at com.caucho.server.cache.CacheFilterChain.doFilter(CacheFilterChain.java:175) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ServletInvocation.service(ServletInvocation.java:229) at com.caucho.server.webapp.RequestDispatcherImpl.include(RequestDispatcherImpl.java:485) at com.caucho.server.webapp.RequestDispatcherImpl.include(RequestDispatcherImpl.java:350) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.includeExternal(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:194) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.include(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:169) at org.opencms.loader.CmsJspLoader.service(CmsJspLoader.java:1193) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.includeInternalWithCache(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:423) at org.opencms.flex.CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.include(CmsFlexRequestDispatcher.java:173) at org.opencms.jsp.CmsJspTagInclude.includeActionWithCache(CmsJspTagInclude.java:364) ... 45 more Thanks for the help!

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• Computing unique index for every poker starting hand

  - by Aly

  As there are 52 cards in a deck we know there are 52 choose 2 = 1326 distinct matchups, however in preflop poker this can be bucketed into 169 different hands such as AK offsuit and AK suited as whether it is A hearts K hearts or A spade K spades it makes no difference preflop. My question is, is there a nice mathematical property in which I can uniquely index each of these 169 hands (from 0 to 168 preferably). I am trying to create a look up table as a double[][] = new double [169][169] but have no way of changing a hand representation such as AKs (an Ace and a King of the same suit) to a unique index in this array.

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• "Microsoft DNS Client" vs. getaddrinfo?

  - by Josh K

  Right now, my application is using the c-ares asynchronous DNS resolver library on Windows below cURL, and I have users complaining that it behaves differently from other windows apps. One particular user said that "other applications are using the Microsoft DNS client" and experiences no problems. cURL itself has an asynchronous DNS implementation that uses getaddrinfo() in a thread. My guess is that would be equivalent behavior to using the "DNS Client" and its host of functions (e.g. DnsQuery?) So, dear Lazyweb, I ask if there is a tangible difference between the behavior of getaddrinfo() vs. using the actual Dns* APIs from the Win32 API.

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• VBA Excel 2007 macro dies in Excel 2002

  - by Rob A

  Hi, I have just tried to send a workbook to a friend that has a chart with a drop-down box on it. In excel 2007 I have used: If Chart2.Shapes(2).ControlFormat.ListCount = "16" Then To check the size of the list so that it doesnt get entered in again (resulting in an extremely long list that repeats itself). This line works well in Excel 2007, but gives a Object doesn't support this property or method. error in Excel 2002. What is the difference between working with shapes in 2002 vs 2007?

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• What is better, a STL list or a STL Map for 20 entries, considering order of insertion is as importa

  - by Abhijeet

  I have the following scenario.The implementation is required for a real time application. 1)I need to store at max 20 entries in a container(STL Map, STL List etc). 2)If a new entry comes and 20 entries are already present i have to overwrite the oldest entry with the new entry. Considering point 2, i feel if the container is full (Max 20 entries) 'list' is the best bet as i can always remove the first entry in the list and add the new one at last (push_back). However, search won't be as efficient. For only 20 entries, does it really make a big difference in terms of searching efficiency if i use a list in place of a map? Also considering the cost of insertion in map i feel i should go for a list? Could you please tell what is a better bet for me ?

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• How to send a signal SIGINT from script to script ? BASH

  - by debugger

  I want to trap a signal send from Script-A.sh to Script-B.sh so in Script-A.sh i use the command (Send SIGINT to Script-B.sh) kill -2 $PID_Script-B.sh And in Script-B.sh i catch the signal and call function Clean trap 'Clean' 2 It does not work, instead the Script-B.sh is killed right away without performing the Clean !! What i notice also is that if i want to send SIGINT from terminal to any script that traps it, a ctrl-c will be catched correctly, but not if i specify the signal via the command kill -2 $pid_of_script Any idea about the difference between the two method to send the SIGINT (ctrl-c VS kill -2 $pid_of_script), and how i can send a SIGINT from a script to another ? Regards, Debugger

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• Problem with extern keyword in C++

  - by Jeff

  What's the difference between the following two declarations? I thought they were equivalent, but the first sample works, and the second does not. I mean it compiles and runs, but the bitmap display code shows blank. I have not stepped through it yet, but am I missing something obvious? GUI_BITMAP is a simple structure describing a bitmap. This is for VC++ 2005, but I think it fails in VC++ 2008 also. Scratching my head on this one... Sample 1: extern "C" const GUI_BITMAP bmkeyA_cap_active; extern "C" const GUI_BITMAP bmkeyA_cap_inactive; Sample 2: extern "C" { const GUI_BITMAP bmkeyA_cap_active; const GUI_BITMAP bmkeyA_cap_inactive; };

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• What happens before applicationDidFinishLaunching is invoked?

  - by nefsu

  I'm doing performance testing on my iphone app and I'm noticing that sometimes a good 3-4 secs elapse at startup before I start seeing my NSLogs from applicationDidFinishLaunching. I've optimized what happens once the code enters applicationDidFinishLaunching but I'm not sure how to optimize what goes on before that. I'm using a Default.png splash screen so it basically just stalls on that screen before it enters applicationDidFinishLaunching and starts doing something. Just to give you guys some context, I have no nib files and I'm using core animation, if that makes any difference. I have about 10 different controllers and my total bundle size is just under 2MBs.

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• F# performance question: what is the compiler doing?

  - by Stephen Swensen

  Referencing this code: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2840714/f-static-member-type-constraints/2842037#2842037 Why is, for example, [1L..100000L] |> List.map (fun n -> factorize gL n) significantly slower than [1L..100000L] |> List.map (fun n -> factorize (G_of 1L) n) By looking at Reflector, I can see that the compiler is treating each of these in very different ways, but there is too much going on for me to decipher the essential difference. Naively I assumed the former would perform better than the later because gL is precomputed whereas G_of 1L has to be computed 100,000 times (at least it appears that way).

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• ActiveX controls with old Delphi versions

  - by DamienD

  I'm testing a non visual ActiveX control based on a registered .ocx which I import into Delphi using the provided wizard. Then, I simply put the generated component on the main form of a new VCL application. Under old Delphi versions (D5 and D2007), when i launch the application, this raise an AV during the component initialization. with Delphi 2009 : no problem, the application starts smoothly. My questions are : Are there known enhancements of ActiveX management in recent Delphi versions which can explain this difference ? Can I suspect a bug in the ActiveX control, or can I consider the origin of the problem is from old Delphi versions ? I need to use this component (if tests OK) in D2007. Do you think that it is possible to correct the AV problem under D2007 by modifying the D2007 generated .tlb file (for example by trying to use the D2009 generated one) PS: the ActiveX control is not named, because my question is a general question about Delphi and ActiveX, not about a specific ActiveX control.

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• DataSource for Tomcat web app, Spring and Hibernate

  - by EugeneP

  Web app runs on Tomcat. Datasource is configured with Spring configuration, and is used by Hibernate. If we cannot use JNDI, what would you suggest to use as a DataSource? org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource will be ok? It's not very good, but sincerely speaking, it can be used on production server, right? Just a bit of headache with too frequent connection reopening. Also, we can use BasicDataSource from Apache. It's much better of course, but here's the question. IF WE DON'T USE JNDI, THEN: If every instance of an app will create its own copy of a DataSource, and every DataSource can have 5 open connections, what do we get? Num_of_running_apps * Num_of_max_active_connections = max active open connection on a DB for this user? Second question: from the perspective of Hibernate, is there any difference about what datasource implementation is used? Will it work with no matter what datasource perfectly and in a stable way?

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• WCF - Network Cost

  - by Mubashar Ahmad

  Dear Devs I have a wcf service deployed on IIS with basicHttpBinding and aspNetCompatibilityEnabled=true I have a test client as well which invokes multiple service functions simultaneously. To check the performance of service call on client and server I calculated the Avg time it takes to complete a service request on client(in proxy code) and on server as well. after a test of 8 hrs (server and client were on the same machine) i came to know that average response time on client is around 34ms where as the Avg execution time on server is around 3ms so the difference is 31ms. I would like to know why every call is taking 31ms is it justified? and how can i reduce this?

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• similarity between strings - sql server 2005

  - by csetzkorn

  Hi, I am looking for a simple way (UDF?) to establish the similarity between strings. The SOUNDEX and DIFFERENCE function do not seem to do the job. Similarity should be based on number of characters in common (order matters). For example: Spiruroidea sp. AM-2008 and Spiruroidea gen. sp. AM-2008 should be recognised as similar. Any pointers would be very much appreciated. Thanks. Christian

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• Should I use `!IsGood` or `IsGood == false`?

  - by chills42

  I keep seeing code that does checks like this if (IsGood == false) { DoSomething(); } or this if (IsGood == true) { DoSomething(); } I hate this syntax, and always use the following syntax. if (IsGood) { DoSomething(); } or if (!IsGood) { DoSomething(); } Is there any reason to use '== true' or '== false'? Is it a readability thing? Do people just not understand Boolean variables? Also, is there any performance difference between the two?

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• c# Bitmap.Save transparancy doesn't save in png

  - by kelton52

  I'm trying to save a Bitmap class that has transparancy as a png file with transparancy. I'm having no luck. The bitmap has transparancy, it just doesn't save with transparancy. this is what I'm doing bitmap setup Bitmap ret = new Bitmap(bWidth, bHeight, System.Drawing.Imaging.PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb); saveing ret.Save(filename, ImageFormat.Png); I also tried saving the file with a filestream, and that made no difference. When the image is in a Picture box the transparancy exists, but when I save i I just get a black background. I really don't want to use any 3rd party code, they found a way to do it, I'd like to also. thanks.

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• Lexical and dynamic scoping in Mathematica: Local variables with Module, With, and Block

  - by dreeves

  The following code returns 14 as you'd expect: Block[{expr}, expr = 2 z; f[z_] = expr; f[7]] But if you change that Block to a Module then it returns 2*z. It seems to not matter what other variables besides expr you localize. I thought I understood Module, Block, and With in Mathematica but I can't explain the difference in behavior between Module and Block in this example. Related resources: Tutorial on Modularity and the Naming of Things from the Mathematica documentation Excerpt from a book by Paul R. Wellin, Richard J. Gaylord, and Samuel N. Kamin Explanation from Dave Withoff on the Mathematica newsgroup

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• What's the best way to authorize a USB Key

  - by ScottCate

  We have an auto update for our software that is installed via USB key (with the auto run). If I wanted to ensure that only authorized USB Keys were used, what's the best way? Our installer is already signed, and it won't run otherwise. But I'm more wanting to inspect the USB Key for a signed installer, and if it's not there, just ignore, or even "Eject" the USB device. And I should be able to tell the difference (in code) between a usb storage device, and say a camera, or keyboard. I'm only wanting to disable non-authorized storage devices. Thank you for your ideas.

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• How to prevent "Local transaction already has 1 non-XA Resource" exception?

  - by Zeratul

  Hi, I'm using 2 PU in stateless EJB and each of them is invoked on one method: @PersistenceContext(unitName="PU") private EntityManager em; @PersistenceContext(unitName="PU2") private EntityManager em2; @TransactionAttribute(TransactionAttributeType.REQUIRES_NEW ) public void getCandidates(final Integer eventId) throws ControllerException { ElectionEvent electionEvent = em.find(ElectionEvent.class, eventId); ... Person person = getPerson(candidate.getLogin()); ... } @TransactionAttribute(TransactionAttributeType.REQUIRES_NEW ) private Person getPerson(String login) throws ControllerException { Person person = em2.find(Person.class, login); return person; } Those methods are annotated with REQUIRES_NEW transcaction to avoid this exception. When I was calling these method from javaFX applet, all worked as expected. Now I'm trying to call them from JAX-RS webservice (I don't see any logical difference as in both cases ejb was looked up in initial context) and I keep getting this exception. When I set up XADatasource in glassfish 2.1 connection pools, I got nullpointer exception on em2. Any ideas what to try next? Regards

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• How to Obtain Data to Pre-Populate Forms.

  - by Stan

  The objective is to have a form reflect user's defined constraints on a search. At first, I relied entirely upon server-side scripting to achieve this; recently I tried to shift the functionality to JavaScript. On the server side, the search parameters are stored in a ColdFusion struct which makes it particularly convenient to have the data JSON'ed and sent to the client. Then it's just a matter of separately iterating over 'checkable' and text fields to reflect the user's search parameters; jQuery proved to be exceptionally effective in simplifying the workload. One observable difference lies in performance. The second method appeared to be somewhat slower and didn't work in IE8. Evidently, the returned JSON'ed struct was seen as an empty object. I'm sure it can be fixed, though before spending any more time with it, I'm curious to hear how others would approach the task. I'd gladly appreciate any suggestions. --Stan

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• Trouble making OAuth signed requests

  - by behrk2

  Hello, I am able to successfully make non-authenticated and protected calls to the Netflix API. I am having a little trouble making signed requests to the catalog, however. Using the OAuth Test page, it is clear to me that my Base String is correct. My request URL is also correct, except for the oauth_signature. The oauth_signature is the only thing that differs. If I understand correctly, the only difference between a protected call and a signed call is that there are no tokens involved, and that I am appending on call parameters (such as term). So, I am using the exact same code that I use for my protected calls that I am for my signed calls, except my signature key ONLY contains my shared secret (with an ampersand sign on the end of it). It does not use the access token. Am I missing something here? Where else can I be going wrong? Thanks!

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• Impersonation and Delegation

  - by Samuel Kim

  I am using impersonation is used to access file on UNC share as below. var ctx = ((WindowsIdentity)HttpContext.Current.User.Identity).Impersonate(); string level = WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent().ImpersonationLevel); On two Windows 2003 servers using IIS6, I am getting different impersonation levels: Delegation on one server and Impersonation on the other server. This causes issues where I am unable to access the UNC share on the server with 'Impersonation' level. What could be causing this difference? I searched through machine.config and IIS settings for the app pool, site and virtual directories - but aren't able to find the cause of this problem.

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• Does anyone know of a code change management tool that can highlight code changes in Visual Studio?

  - by Leejo

  Hey all, I am trying to find a tool that can highlight code changes in Visual Studio so they can be easily found and reviewed. Below are some requirements for what we are looking for... Identify and use a difference highlighting tool that meets the following criteria: • can highlight areas that need to be reviewed • there is a place to enter comments • retains line numbering from code • preference for doing within IDE Issue addressed: Hard to see what was changed in code - changes not identified. Coders do not provide administrators diffs. No tool that does a nice job to identify differences. Daunting/time consuming to provide a good diff. When highlighting differences was provided, loss of line numbers was a substantial issue (was worse).

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• Should I typecast in PHP when defining my vars?

  - by Borislav

  I am sorry if this is more of a theory question then a real life problem but it is a real life situation for me. We were commenting on the way PHP works with vars and how memory heavy it is on the server due to its "mixed vars" and something occured to me - why not typecast right from the start? So I guess my quesion is: Whould it make any difference for the server load if all you PHP vars were"pre-casted"? Example: protected $_id; VS protected (int) $_id;

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• What is the purpose of Managers / Transactions?

  - by maxdj

  I'm building a spring application for the first time. I'm running into lots of problems with concurrency, and I suspect that there is something wrong with the way I'm managing the backend. The only difference I can see between my backend code and examples I've seen are manager classes. In my code, I have my model (managed by hibernate) and my DAOs on top of that to do CRUD/searching/etc on the models. In example code I have looked at, they never use the DAO directly. Instead, they use manager classes that call the DAOs indirectly. To me, this just seems like pointless code duplication. What are these manager classes for? I've read that they wrap my code in "transactions," but why would I want that?

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