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  • Hosting the Razor Engine for Templating in Non-Web Applications

    - by Rick Strahl
    Microsoft’s new Razor HTML Rendering Engine that is currently shipping with ASP.NET MVC previews can be used outside of ASP.NET. Razor is an alternative view engine that can be used instead of the ASP.NET Page engine that currently works with ASP.NET WebForms and MVC. It provides a simpler and more readable markup syntax and is much more light weight in terms of functionality than the full blown WebForms Page engine, focusing only on features that are more along the lines of a pure view engine (or classic ASP!) with focus on expression and code rendering rather than a complex control/object model. Like the Page engine though, the parser understands .NET code syntax which can be embedded into templates, and behind the scenes the engine compiles markup and script code into an executing piece of .NET code in an assembly. Although it ships as part of the ASP.NET MVC and WebMatrix the Razor Engine itself is not directly dependent on ASP.NET or IIS or HTTP in any way. And although there are some markup and rendering features that are optimized for HTML based output generation, Razor is essentially a free standing template engine. And what’s really nice is that unlike the ASP.NET Runtime, Razor is fairly easy to host inside of your own non-Web applications to provide templating functionality. Templating in non-Web Applications? Yes please! So why might you host a template engine in your non-Web application? Template rendering is useful in many places and I have a number of applications that make heavy use of it. One of my applications – West Wind Html Help Builder - exclusively uses template based rendering to merge user supplied help text content into customizable and executable HTML markup templates that provide HTML output for CHM style HTML Help. This is an older product and it’s not actually using .NET at the moment – and this is one reason I’m looking at Razor for script hosting at the moment. For a few .NET applications though I’ve actually used the ASP.NET Runtime hosting to provide templating and mail merge style functionality and while that works reasonably well it’s a very heavy handed approach. It’s very resource intensive and has potential issues with versioning in various different versions of .NET. The generic implementation I created in the article above requires a lot of fix up to mimic an HTTP request in a non-HTTP environment and there are a lot of little things that have to happen to ensure that the ASP.NET runtime works properly most of it having nothing to do with the templating aspect but just satisfying ASP.NET’s requirements. The Razor Engine on the other hand is fairly light weight and completely decoupled from the ASP.NET runtime and the HTTP processing. Rather it’s a pure template engine whose sole purpose is to render text templates. Hosting this engine in your own applications can be accomplished with a reasonable amount of code (actually just a few lines with the tools I’m about to describe) and without having to fake HTTP requests. It’s also much lighter on resource usage and you can easily attach custom properties to your base template implementation to easily pass context from the parent application into templates all of which was rather complicated with ASP.NET runtime hosting. Installing the Razor Template Engine You can get Razor as part of the MVC 3 (RC and later) or Web Matrix. Both are available as downloadable components from the Web Platform Installer Version 3.0 (!important – V2 doesn’t show these components). If you already have that version of the WPI installed just fire it up. You can get the latest version of the Web Platform Installer from here: http://www.microsoft.com/web/gallery/install.aspx Once the platform Installer 3.0 is installed install either MVC 3 or ASP.NET Web Pages. Once installed you’ll find a System.Web.Razor assembly in C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies\System.Web.Razor.dll which you can add as a reference to your project. Creating a Wrapper The basic Razor Hosting API is pretty simple and you can host Razor with a (large-ish) handful of lines of code. I’ll show the basics of it later in this article. However, if you want to customize the rendering and handle assembly and namespace includes for the markup as well as deal with text and file inputs as well as forcing Razor to run in a separate AppDomain so you can unload the code-generated assemblies and deal with assembly caching for re-used templates little more work is required to create something that is more easily reusable. For this reason I created a Razor Hosting wrapper project that combines a bunch of this functionality into an easy to use hosting class, a hosting factory that can load the engine in a separate AppDomain and a couple of hosting containers that provided folder based and string based caching for templates for an easily embeddable and reusable engine with easy to use syntax. If you just want the code and play with the samples and source go grab the latest code from the Subversion Repository at: http://www.west-wind.com:8080/svn/articles/trunk/RazorHosting/ or a snapshot from: http://www.west-wind.com/files/tools/RazorHosting.zip Getting Started Before I get into how hosting with Razor works, let’s take a look at how you can get up and running quickly with the wrapper classes provided. It only takes a few lines of code. The easiest way to use these Razor Hosting Wrappers is to use one of the two HostContainers provided. One is for hosting Razor scripts in a directory and rendering them as relative paths from these script files on disk. The other HostContainer serves razor scripts from string templates… Let’s start with a very simple template that displays some simple expressions, some code blocks and demonstrates rendering some data from contextual data that you pass to the template in the form of a ‘context’. Here’s a simple Razor template: @using System.Reflection Hello @Context.FirstName! Your entry was entered on: @Context.Entered @{ // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } AppDomain Id: @AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName Assembly: @Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName Code based output: @{ // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } Response.Write(output); } Pretty easy to see what’s going on here. The only unusual thing in this code is the Context object which is an arbitrary object I’m passing from the host to the template by way of the template base class. I’m also displaying the current AppDomain and the executing Assembly name so you can see how compiling and running a template actually loads up new assemblies. Also note that as part of my context I’m passing a reference to the current Windows Form down to the template and changing the title from within the script. It’s a silly example, but it demonstrates two-way communication between host and template and back which can be very powerful. The easiest way to quickly render this template is to use the RazorEngine<TTemplateBase> class. The generic parameter specifies a template base class type that is used by Razor internally to generate the class it generates from a template. The default implementation provided in my RazorHosting wrapper is RazorTemplateBase. Here’s a simple one that renders from a string and outputs a string: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; string output = engine.RenderTemplate(this.txtSource.Text new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; Simple enough. This code renders a template from a string input and returns a result back as a string. It  creates a custom context and passes that to the template which can then access the Context’s properties. Note that anything passed as ‘context’ must be serializable (or MarshalByRefObject) – otherwise you get an exception when passing the reference over AppDomain boundaries (discussed later). Passing a context is optional, but is a key feature in being able to share data between the host application and the template. Note that we use the Context object to access FirstName, Entered and even the host Windows Form object which is used in the template to change the Window caption from within the script! In the code above all the work happens in the RenderTemplate method which provide a variety of overloads to read and write to and from strings, files and TextReaders/Writers. Here’s another example that renders from a file input using a TextReader: using (reader = new StreamReader("templates\\simple.csHtml", true)) { result = host.RenderTemplate(reader, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, this.CustomContext); } RenderTemplate() is fairly high level and it handles loading of the runtime, compiling into an assembly and rendering of the template. If you want more control you can use the lower level methods to control each step of the way which is important for the HostContainers I’ll discuss later. Basically for those scenarios you want to separate out loading of the engine, compiling into an assembly and then rendering the template from the assembly. Why? So we can keep assemblies cached. In the code above a new assembly is created for each template rendered which is inefficient and uses up resources. Depending on the size of your templates and how often you fire them you can chew through memory very quickly. This slighter lower level approach is only a couple of extra steps: // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); string assId = null; using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(this.txtSource.Text)) { assId = engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, reader); } string output = engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(assId, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; The difference here is that you can capture the assembly – or rather an Id to it – and potentially hold on to it to render again later assuming the template hasn’t changed. The HostContainers take advantage of this feature to cache the assemblies based on certain criteria like a filename and file time step or a string hash that if not change indicate that an assembly can be reused. Note that ParseAndCompileTemplate returns an assembly Id rather than the assembly itself. This is done so that that the assembly always stays in the host’s AppDomain and is not passed across AppDomain boundaries which would cause load failures. We’ll talk more about this in a minute but for now just realize that assemblies references are stored in a list and are accessible by this ID to allow locating and re-executing of the assembly based on that id. Reuse of the assembly avoids recompilation overhead and creation of yet another assembly that loads into the current AppDomain. You can play around with several different versions of the above code in the main sample form:   Using Hosting Containers for more Control and Caching The above examples simply render templates into assemblies each and every time they are executed. While this works and is even reasonably fast, it’s not terribly efficient. If you render templates more than once it would be nice if you could cache the generated assemblies for example to avoid re-compiling and creating of a new assembly each time. Additionally it would be nice to load template assemblies into a separate AppDomain optionally to be able to be able to unload assembli es and also to protect your host application from scripting attacks with malicious template code. Hosting containers provide also provide a wrapper around the RazorEngine<T> instance, a factory (which allows creation in separate AppDomains) and an easy way to start and stop the container ‘runtime’. The Razor Hosting samples provide two hosting containers: RazorFolderHostContainer and StringHostContainer. The folder host provides a simple runtime environment for a folder structure similar in the way that the ASP.NET runtime handles a virtual directory as it’s ‘application' root. Templates are loaded from disk in relative paths and the resulting assemblies are cached unless the template on disk is changed. The string host also caches templates based on string hashes – if the same string is passed a second time a cached version of the assembly is used. Here’s how HostContainers work. I’ll use the FolderHostContainer because it’s likely the most common way you’d use templates – from disk based templates that can be easily edited and maintained on disk. The first step is to create an instance of it and keep it around somewhere (in the example it’s attached as a property to the Form): RazorFolderHostContainer Host = new RazorFolderHostContainer(); public RazorFolderHostForm() { InitializeComponent(); // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. Host.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates Host.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container Host.Start(); } Next anytime you want to render a template you can use simple code like this: private void RenderTemplate(string fileName) { // Pass the template path via the Context var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, Host.TemplatePath); if (!Host.RenderTemplate(relativePath, this.Context, Host.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + Host.ErrorMessage); return; } this.webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + Host.RenderingOutputFile); } You can also render the output to a string instead of to a file: string result = Host.RenderTemplateToString(relativePath,context); Finally if you want to release the engine and shut down the hosting AppDomain you can simply do: Host.Stop(); Stopping the AppDomain and restarting it (ie. calling Stop(); followed by Start()) is also a nice way to release all resources in the AppDomain. The FolderBased domain also supports partial Rendering based on root path based relative paths with the same caching characteristics as the main templates. From within a template you can call out to a partial like this: @RenderPartial(@"partials\PartialRendering.cshtml", Context) where partials\PartialRendering.cshtml is a relative to the template root folder. The folder host example lets you load up templates from disk and display the result in a Web Browser control which demonstrates using Razor HTML output from templates that contain HTML syntax which happens to me my target scenario for Html Help Builder.   The Razor Engine Wrapper Project The project I created to wrap Razor hosting has a fair bit of code and a number of classes associated with it. Most of the components are internally used and as you can see using the final RazorEngine<T> and HostContainer classes is pretty easy. The classes are extensible and I suspect developers will want to build more customized host containers for their applications. Host containers are the key to wrapping up all functionality – Engine, BaseTemplate, AppDomain Hosting, Caching etc in a logical piece that is ready to be plugged into an application. When looking at the code there are a couple of core features provided: Core Razor Engine Hosting This is the core Razor hosting which provides the basics of loading a template, compiling it into an assembly and executing it. This is fairly straightforward, but without a host container that can cache assemblies based on some criteria templates are recompiled and re-created each time which is inefficient (although pretty fast). The base engine wrapper implementation also supports hosting the Razor runtime in a separate AppDomain for security and the ability to unload it on demand. Host Containers The engine hosting itself doesn’t provide any sort of ‘runtime’ service like picking up files from disk, caching assemblies and so forth. So my implementation provides two HostContainers: RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer. The FolderHost works off a base directory and loads templates based on relative paths (sort of like the ASP.NET runtime does off a virtual). The HostContainers also deal with caching of template assemblies – for the folder host the file date is tracked and checked for updates and unless the template is changed a cached assembly is reused. The StringHostContainer similiarily checks string hashes to figure out whether a particular string template was previously compiled and executed. The HostContainers also act as a simple startup environment and a single reference to easily store and reuse in an application. TemplateBase Classes The template base classes are the base classes that from which the Razor engine generates .NET code. A template is parsed into a class with an Execute() method and the class is based on this template type you can specify. RazorEngine<TBaseTemplate> can receive this type and the HostContainers default to specific templates in their base implementations. Template classes are customizable to allow you to create templates that provide application specific features and interaction from the template to your host application. How does the RazorEngine wrapper work? You can browse the source code in the links above or in the repository or download the source, but I’ll highlight some key features here. Here’s part of the RazorEngine implementation that can be used to host the runtime and that demonstrates the key code required to host the Razor runtime. The RazorEngine class is implemented as a generic class to reflect the Template base class type: public class RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase The generic type is used to internally provide easier access to the template type and assignments on it as part of the template processing. The class also inherits MarshalByRefObject to allow execution over AppDomain boundaries – something that all the classes discussed here need to do since there is much interaction between the host and the template. The first two key methods deal with creating a template assembly: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost with various options applied. /// Applies basic namespace imports and the name of the class to generate /// </summary> /// <param name="generatedNamespace"></param> /// <param name="generatedClass"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected RazorTemplateEngine CreateHost(string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass) { Type baseClassType = typeof(TBaseTemplateType); RazorEngineHost host = new RazorEngineHost(new CSharpRazorCodeLanguage()); host.DefaultBaseClass = baseClassType.FullName; host.DefaultClassName = generatedClass; host.DefaultNamespace = generatedNamespace; host.NamespaceImports.Add("System"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Text"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Collections.Generic"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Linq"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.IO"); return new RazorTemplateEngine(host); } /// <summary> /// Parses and compiles a markup template into an assembly and returns /// an assembly name. The name is an ID that can be passed to /// ExecuteTemplateByAssembly which picks up a cached instance of the /// loaded assembly. /// /// </summary> /// <param name="namespaceOfGeneratedClass">The namespace of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="generatedClassName">The name of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="ReferencedAssemblies">Any referenced assemblies by dll name only. Assemblies must be in execution path of host or in GAC.</param> /// <param name="templateSourceReader">Textreader that loads the template</param> /// <remarks> /// The actual assembly isn't returned here to allow for cross-AppDomain /// operation. If the assembly was returned it would fail for cross-AppDomain /// calls. /// </remarks> /// <returns>An assembly Id. The Assembly is cached in memory and can be used with RenderFromAssembly.</returns> public string ParseAndCompileTemplate( string namespaceOfGeneratedClass, string generatedClassName, string[] ReferencedAssemblies, TextReader templateSourceReader) { RazorTemplateEngine engine = CreateHost(namespaceOfGeneratedClass, generatedClassName); // Generate the template class as CodeDom GeneratorResults razorResults = engine.GenerateCode(templateSourceReader); // Create code from the codeDom and compile CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CodeGeneratorOptions options = new CodeGeneratorOptions(); // Capture Code Generated as a string for error info // and debugging LastGeneratedCode = null; using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(razorResults.GeneratedCode, writer, options); LastGeneratedCode = writer.ToString(); } CompilerParameters compilerParameters = new CompilerParameters(ReferencedAssemblies); // Standard Assembly References compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Core.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Microsoft.CSharp.dll"); // dynamic support! // Also add the current assembly so RazorTemplateBase is available compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CodeBase.Substring(8)); compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = Configuration.CompileToMemory; if (!Configuration.CompileToMemory) compilerParameters.OutputAssembly = Path.Combine(Configuration.TempAssemblyPath, "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n") + ".dll"); CompilerResults compilerResults = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(compilerParameters, razorResults.GeneratedCode); if (compilerResults.Errors.Count > 0) { var compileErrors = new StringBuilder(); foreach (System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerError compileError in compilerResults.Errors) compileErrors.Append(String.Format(Resources.LineX0TColX1TErrorX2RN, compileError.Line, compileError.Column, compileError.ErrorText)); this.SetError(compileErrors.ToString() + "\r\n" + LastGeneratedCode); return null; } AssemblyCache.Add(compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName, compilerResults.CompiledAssembly); return compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName; } Think of the internal CreateHost() method as setting up the assembly generated from each template. Each template compiles into a separate assembly. It sets up namespaces, and assembly references, the base class used and the name and namespace for the generated class. ParseAndCompileTemplate() then calls the CreateHost() method to receive the template engine generator which effectively generates a CodeDom from the template – the template is turned into .NET code. The code generated from our earlier example looks something like this: //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by a tool. // Runtime Version:4.0.30319.1 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace RazorTest { using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.IO; using System.Reflection; public class RazorTemplate : RazorHosting.RazorTemplateBase { #line hidden public RazorTemplate() { } public override void Execute() { WriteLiteral("Hello "); Write(Context.FirstName); WriteLiteral("! Your entry was entered on: "); Write(Context.Entered); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\n"); // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); WriteLiteral("\r\nAppDomain Id:\r\n "); Write(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); WriteLiteral("\r\n \r\nAssembly:\r\n "); Write(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\nCode based output: \r\n"); // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } } } } Basically the template’s body is turned into code in an Execute method that is called. Internally the template’s Write method is fired to actually generate the output. Note that the class inherits from RazorTemplateBase which is the generic parameter I used to specify the base class when creating an instance in my RazorEngine host: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); This template class must be provided and it must implement an Execute() and Write() method. Beyond that you can create any class you chose and attach your own properties. My RazorTemplateBase class implementation is very simple: public class RazorTemplateBase : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable { /// <summary> /// You can pass in a generic context object /// to use in your template code /// </summary> public dynamic Context { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Class that generates output. Currently ultra simple /// with only Response.Write() implementation. /// </summary> public RazorResponse Response { get; set; } public object HostContainer {get; set; } public object Engine { get; set; } public RazorTemplateBase() { Response = new RazorResponse(); } public virtual void Write(object value) { Response.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLiteral(object value) { Response.Write(value); } /// <summary> /// Razor Parser implements this method /// </summary> public virtual void Execute() {} public virtual void Dispose() { if (Response != null) { Response.Dispose(); Response = null; } } } Razor fills in the Execute method when it generates its subclass and uses the Write() method to output content. As you can see I use a RazorResponse() class here to generate output. This isn’t necessary really, as you could use a StringBuilder or StringWriter() directly, but I prefer using Response object so I can extend the Response behavior as needed. The RazorResponse class is also very simple and merely acts as a wrapper around a TextWriter: public class RazorResponse : IDisposable { /// <summary> /// Internal text writer - default to StringWriter() /// </summary> public TextWriter Writer = new StringWriter(); public virtual void Write(object value) { Writer.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLine(object value) { Write(value); Write("\r\n"); } public virtual void WriteFormat(string format, params object[] args) { Write(string.Format(format, args)); } public override string ToString() { return Writer.ToString(); } public virtual void Dispose() { Writer.Close(); } public virtual void SetTextWriter(TextWriter writer) { // Close original writer if (Writer != null) Writer.Close(); Writer = writer; } } The Rendering Methods of RazorEngine At this point I’ve talked about the assembly generation logic and the template implementation itself. What’s left is that once you’ve generated the assembly is to execute it. The code to do this is handled in the various RenderXXX methods of the RazorEngine class. Let’s look at the lowest level one of these which is RenderTemplateFromAssembly() and a couple of internal support methods that handle instantiating and invoking of the generated template method: public string RenderTemplateFromAssembly( string assemblyId, string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass, object context, TextWriter outputWriter) { this.SetError(); Assembly generatedAssembly = AssemblyCache[assemblyId]; if (generatedAssembly == null) { this.SetError(Resources.PreviouslyCompiledAssemblyNotFound); return null; } string className = generatedNamespace + "." + generatedClass; Type type; try { type = generatedAssembly.GetType(className); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.UnableToCreateType + className + ": " + ex.Message); return null; } // Start with empty non-error response (if we use a writer) string result = string.Empty; using(TBaseTemplateType instance = InstantiateTemplateClass(type)) { if (instance == null) return null; if (outputWriter != null) instance.Response.SetTextWriter(outputWriter); if (!InvokeTemplateInstance(instance, context)) return null; // Capture string output if implemented and return // otherwise null is returned if (outputWriter == null) result = instance.Response.ToString(); } return result; } protected virtual TBaseTemplateType InstantiateTemplateClass(Type type) { TBaseTemplateType instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type) as TBaseTemplateType; if (instance == null) { SetError(Resources.CouldnTActivateTypeInstance + type.FullName); return null; } instance.Engine = this; // If a HostContainer was set pass that to the template too instance.HostContainer = this.HostContainer; return instance; } /// <summary> /// Internally executes an instance of the template, /// captures errors on execution and returns true or false /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">An instance of the generated template</param> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage for errors</returns> protected virtual bool InvokeTemplateInstance(TBaseTemplateType instance, object context) { try { instance.Context = context; instance.Execute(); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateExecutionError + ex.Message); return false; } finally { // Must make sure Response is closed instance.Response.Dispose(); } return true; } The RenderTemplateFromAssembly method basically requires the namespace and class to instantate and creates an instance of the class using InstantiateTemplateClass(). It then invokes the method with InvokeTemplateInstance(). These two methods are broken out because they are re-used by various other rendering methods and also to allow subclassing and providing additional configuration tasks to set properties and pass values to templates at execution time. In the default mode instantiation sets the Engine and HostContainer (discussed later) so the template can call back into the template engine, and the context is set when the template method is invoked. The various RenderXXX methods use similar code although they create the assemblies first. If you’re after potentially cashing assemblies the method is the one to call and that’s exactly what the two HostContainer classes do. More on that in a minute, but before we get into HostContainers let’s talk about AppDomain hosting and the like. Running Templates in their own AppDomain With the RazorEngine class above, when a template is parsed into an assembly and executed the assembly is created (in memory or on disk – you can configure that) and cached in the current AppDomain. In .NET once an assembly has been loaded it can never be unloaded so if you’re loading lots of templates and at some time you want to release them there’s no way to do so. If however you load the assemblies in a separate AppDomain that new AppDomain can be unloaded and the assemblies loaded in it with it. In order to host the templates in a separate AppDomain the easiest thing to do is to run the entire RazorEngine in a separate AppDomain. Then all interaction occurs in the other AppDomain and no further changes have to be made. To facilitate this there is a RazorEngineFactory which has methods that can instantiate the RazorHost in a separate AppDomain as well as in the local AppDomain. The host creates the remote instance and then hangs on to it to keep it alive as well as providing methods to shut down the AppDomain and reload the engine. Sounds complicated but cross-AppDomain invocation is actually fairly easy to implement. Here’s some of the relevant code from the RazorEngineFactory class. Like the RazorEngine this class is generic and requires a template base type in the generic class name: public class RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase Here are the key methods of interest: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost in a new AppDomain. This /// version creates a static singleton that that is cached and you /// can call UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current == null) Current = new RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>(); return Current.GetRazorHostInAppDomain(); } public static void UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current != null) Current.UnloadHost(); Current = null; } /// <summary> /// Instance method that creates a RazorHost in a new AppDomain. /// This method requires that you keep the Factory around in /// order to keep the AppDomain alive and be able to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> GetRazorHostInAppDomain() { LocalAppDomain = CreateAppDomain(null); if (LocalAppDomain == null) return null; /// Create the instance inside of the new AppDomain /// Note: remote domain uses local EXE's AppBasePath!!! RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> host = null; try { Assembly ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); string AssemblyPath = ass.Location; host = (RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>) LocalAppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(AssemblyPath, typeof(RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>).FullName).Unwrap(); } catch (Exception ex) { ErrorMessage = ex.Message; return null; } return host; } /// <summary> /// Internally creates a new AppDomain in which Razor templates can /// be run. /// </summary> /// <param name="appDomainName"></param> /// <returns></returns> private AppDomain CreateAppDomain(string appDomainName) { if (appDomainName == null) appDomainName = "RazorHost_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n"); AppDomainSetup setup = new AppDomainSetup(); // *** Point at current directory setup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; AppDomain localDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain(appDomainName, null, setup); return localDomain; } /// <summary> /// Allow unloading of the created AppDomain to release resources /// All internal resources in the AppDomain are released including /// in memory compiled Razor assemblies. /// </summary> public void UnloadHost() { if (this.LocalAppDomain != null) { AppDomain.Unload(this.LocalAppDomain); this.LocalAppDomain = null; } } The static CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() is the key method that startup code usually calls. It uses a Current singleton instance to an instance of itself that is created cross AppDomain and is kept alive because it’s static. GetRazorHostInAppDomain actually creates a cross-AppDomain instance which first creates a new AppDomain and then loads the RazorEngine into it. The remote Proxy instance is returned as a result to the method and can be used the same as a local instance. The code to run with a remote AppDomain is simple: private RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase> CreateHost() { if (this.Host != null) return this.Host; // Use Static Methods - no error message if host doesn't load this.Host = RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); if (this.Host == null) { MessageBox.Show("Unable to load Razor Template Host", "Razor Hosting", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); } return this.Host; } This code relies on a local reference of the Host which is kept around for the duration of the app (in this case a form reference). To use this you’d simply do: this.Host = CreateHost(); if (host == null) return; string result = host.RenderTemplate( this.txtSource.Text, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll", "Westwind.Utilities.dll" }, this.CustomContext); if (result == null) { MessageBox.Show(host.ErrorMessage, "Template Execution Error", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); return; } this.txtResult.Text = result; Now all templates run in a remote AppDomain and can be unloaded with simple code like this: RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Host = null; One Step further – Providing a caching ‘Runtime’ Once we can load templates in a remote AppDomain we can add some additional functionality like assembly caching based on application specific features. One of my typical scenarios is to render templates out of a scripts folder. So all templates live in a folder and they change infrequently. So a Folder based host that can compile these templates once and then only recompile them if something changes would be ideal. Enter host containers which are basically wrappers around the RazorEngine<t> and RazorEngineFactory<t>. They provide additional logic for things like file caching based on changes on disk or string hashes for string based template inputs. The folder host also provides for partial rendering logic through a custom template base implementation. There’s a base implementation in RazorBaseHostContainer, which provides the basics for hosting a RazorEngine, which includes the ability to start and stop the engine, cache assemblies and add references: public abstract class RazorBaseHostContainer<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase, new() { public RazorBaseHostContainer() { UseAppDomain = true; GeneratedNamespace = "__RazorHost"; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Container hosts Razor /// in a separate AppDomain. Seperate AppDomain /// hosting allows unloading and releasing of /// resources. /// </summary> public bool UseAppDomain { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Base folder location where the AppDomain /// is hosted. By default uses the same folder /// as the host application. /// /// Determines where binary dependencies are /// found for assembly references. /// </summary> public string BaseBinaryFolder { get; set; } /// <summary> /// List of referenced assemblies as string values. /// Must be in GAC or in the current folder of the host app/ /// base BinaryFolder /// </summary> public List<string> ReferencedAssemblies = new List<string>(); /// <summary> /// Name of the generated namespace for template classes /// </summary> public string GeneratedNamespace {get; set; } /// <summary> /// Any error messages /// </summary> public string ErrorMessage { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host. Required to keep the /// reference to the host alive for multiple uses. /// </summary> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> Engine; /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host Factory - so we can unload /// the host and its associated AppDomain. /// </summary> protected RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> EngineFactory; /// <summary> /// Keep track of each compiled assembly /// and when it was compiled. /// /// Use a hash of the string to identify string /// changes. /// </summary> protected Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem> LoadedAssemblies = new Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem>(); /// <summary> /// Call to start the Host running. Follow by a calls to RenderTemplate to /// render individual templates. Call Stop when done. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage on false </returns> public virtual bool Start() { if (Engine == null) { if (UseAppDomain) Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); else Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHost(); Engine.Configuration.CompileToMemory = true; Engine.HostContainer = this; if (Engine == null) { this.ErrorMessage = EngineFactory.ErrorMessage; return false; } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Stops the Host and releases the host AppDomain and cached /// assemblies. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool Stop() { this.LoadedAssemblies.Clear(); RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Engine = null; return true; } … } This base class provides most of the mechanics to host the runtime, but no application specific implementation for rendering. There are rendering functions but they just call the engine directly and provide no caching – there’s no context to decide how to cache and reuse templates. The key methods are Start and Stop and their main purpose is to start a new AppDomain (optionally) and shut it down when requested. The RazorFolderHostContainer – Folder Based Runtime Hosting Let’s look at the more application specific RazorFolderHostContainer implementation which is defined like this: public class RazorFolderHostContainer : RazorBaseHostContainer<RazorTemplateFolderHost> Note that a customized RazorTemplateFolderHost class template is used for this implementation that supports partial rendering in form of a RenderPartial() method that’s available to templates. The folder host’s features are: Render templates based on a Template Base Path (a ‘virtual’ if you will) Cache compiled assemblies based on the relative path and file time stamp File changes on templates cause templates to be recompiled into new assemblies Support for partial rendering using base folder relative pathing As shown in the startup examples earlier host containers require some startup code with a HostContainer tied to a persistent property (like a Form property): // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. HostContainer.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Default output rendering disk location HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile = Path.Combine(HostContainer.TemplatePath, "__Preview.htm"); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates HostContainer.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container HostContainer.Start(); Once that’s done, you can render templates with the host container: // Pass the template path for full filename seleted with OpenFile Dialog // relativepath is: subdir\file.cshtml or file.cshtml or ..\file.cshtml var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, HostContainer.TemplatePath); if (!HostContainer.RenderTemplate(relativePath, Context, HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + HostContainer.ErrorMessage); return; } webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile); The most critical task of the RazorFolderHostContainer implementation is to retrieve a template from disk, compile and cache it and then deal with deciding whether subsequent requests need to re-compile the template or simply use a cached version. Internally the GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache() handles this task: /// <summary> /// Internally checks if a cached assembly exists and if it does uses it /// else creates and compiles one. Returns an assembly Id to be /// used with the LoadedAssembly list. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected virtual CompiledAssemblyItem GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(string relativePath) { string fileName = Path.Combine(TemplatePath, relativePath).ToLower(); int fileNameHash = fileName.GetHashCode(); if (!File.Exists(fileName)) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateFileDoesnTExist + fileName); return null; } CompiledAssemblyItem item = null; this.LoadedAssemblies.TryGetValue(fileNameHash, out item); string assemblyId = null; // Check for cached instance if (item != null) { var fileTime = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fileName); if (fileTime <= item.CompileTimeUtc) assemblyId = item.AssemblyId; } else item = new CompiledAssemblyItem(); // No cached instance - create assembly and cache if (assemblyId == null) { string safeClassName = GetSafeClassName(fileName); StreamReader reader = null; try { reader = new StreamReader(fileName, true); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.ErrorReadingTemplateFile + fileName); return null; } assemblyId = Engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(this.ReferencedAssemblies.ToArray(), reader); // need to ensure reader is closed if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (assemblyId == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } item.AssemblyId = assemblyId; item.CompileTimeUtc = DateTime.UtcNow; item.FileName = fileName; item.SafeClassName = safeClassName; this.LoadedAssemblies[fileNameHash] = item; } return item; } This code uses a LoadedAssembly dictionary which is comprised of a structure that holds a reference to a compiled assembly, a full filename and file timestamp and an assembly id. LoadedAssemblies (defined on the base class shown earlier) is essentially a cache for compiled assemblies and they are identified by a hash id. In the case of files the hash is a GetHashCode() from the full filename of the template. The template is checked for in the cache and if not found the file stamp is checked. If that’s newer than the cache’s compilation date the template is recompiled otherwise the version in the cache is used. All the core work defers to a RazorEngine<T> instance to ParseAndCompileTemplate(). The three rendering specific methods then are rather simple implementations with just a few lines of code dealing with parameter and return value parsing: /// <summary> /// Renders a template to a TextWriter. Useful to write output into a stream or /// the Response object. Used for partial rendering. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path to the file in the folder structure</param> /// <param name="context">Optional context object or null</param> /// <param name="writer">The textwriter to write output into</param> /// <returns></returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, TextWriter writer) { // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; CompiledAssemblyItem item = GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(relativePath); if (item == null) { writer.Close(); return false; } try { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error string result = Engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(item.AssemblyId, context, writer); if (result == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return false; } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } finally { writer.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Render a template from a source file on disk to a specified outputfile. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path off the template root folder. Format: path/filename.cshtml</param> /// <param name="context">Any object that will be available in the template as a dynamic of this.Context</param> /// <param name="outputFile">Optional - output file where output is written to. If not specified the /// RenderingOutputFile property is used instead /// </param> /// <returns>true if rendering succeeds, false on failure - check ErrorMessage</returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, string outputFile) { if (outputFile == null) outputFile = RenderingOutputFile; try { using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(outputFile, false, Engine.Configuration.OutputEncoding, Engine.Configuration.StreamBufferSize)) { return RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } return true; } /// <summary> /// Renders a template to string. Useful for RenderTemplate /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string RenderTemplateToString(string relativePath, object context) { string result = string.Empty; try { using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error if (!RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer)) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } result = writer.ToString(); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return null; } return result; } The idea is that you can create custom host container implementations that do exactly what you want fairly easily. Take a look at both the RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer classes for the basic concepts you can use to create custom implementations. Notice also that you can set the engine’s PerRequestConfigurationData() from the host container: // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; which when set to a non-null value is passed to the Template’s InitializeTemplate() method. This method receives an object parameter which you can cast as needed: public override void InitializeTemplate(object configurationData) { // Pick up configuration data and stuff into Request object RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration config = configurationData as RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration; this.Request.TemplatePath = config.TemplatePath; this.Request.TemplateRelativePath = config.TemplateRelativePath; } With this data you can then configure any custom properties or objects on your main template class. It’s an easy way to pass data from the HostContainer all the way down into the template. The type you use is of type object so you have to cast it yourself, and it must be serializable since it will likely run in a separate AppDomain. This might seem like an ugly way to pass data around – normally I’d use an event delegate to call back from the engine to the host, but since this is running over AppDomain boundaries events get really tricky and passing a template instance back up into the host over AppDomain boundaries doesn’t work due to serialization issues. So it’s easier to pass the data from the host down into the template using this rather clumsy approach of set and forward. It’s ugly, but it’s something that can be hidden in the host container implementation as I’ve done here. It’s also not something you have to do in every implementation so this is kind of an edge case, but I know I’ll need to pass a bunch of data in some of my applications and this will be the easiest way to do so. Summing Up Hosting the Razor runtime is something I got jazzed up about quite a bit because I have an immediate need for this type of templating/merging/scripting capability in an application I’m working on. I’ve also been using templating in many apps and it’s always been a pain to deal with. The Razor engine makes this whole experience a lot cleaner and more light weight and with these wrappers I can now plug .NET based templating into my code literally with a few lines of code. That’s something to cheer about… I hope some of you will find this useful as well… Resources The examples and code require that you download the Razor runtimes. Projects are for Visual Studio 2010 running on .NET 4.0 Platform Installer 3.0 (install WebMatrix or MVC 3 for Razor Runtimes) Latest Code in Subversion Repository Download Snapshot of the Code Documentation (CHM Help File) © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET  .NET  

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  • Prevent malicious vulnerability scan increasing load on a server

    - by Simon
    Hi all, this week we have been suffering some malicious vulnerability scans to our servers, increasing the load on them, making them nearly unusable. The attack is easy to defend, just blocking the offending ip, but only after discovering it. Is there any form of prevent it? Is it normal that one server becomes nearly unusable due to one of these scans? These are the requests done in just one second to our server: [Fri Mar 12 19:15:27 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/zope trunk 2 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/8872fcacd7663c040f0149ed49f572e9 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/188201 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/74e118780caa0f5232d6ec393b47ae01 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/87d4b821b2b6b9706ba6c2950c0eaefd [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/138917 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/180377 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/182712 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/compl2s [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/e7ba351f0ab1f32b532ec679ac7d589d [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/184530 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/compl_s [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/55542 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/7b9d5a65aab84640c6414a85cae2c6ff [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/77257 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/157611 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/textwrapping [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/51713 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/elina [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/fd4800093500f7a9cc21bea232658706 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/59719 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/administrationexamples [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/29587 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/bdebc9c4aa95b3651e9b8fd90c015327 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/defaultchangenotetext [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/figments [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/69744 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/fastpixelperfect [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/conchmusicsoundtoolkit [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/settingwindowposition [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/windowresizing [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/84784 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/186114 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/99858 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/131677 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/167783 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/99933 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/3en17ljttc [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/gradientcode [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/pythondevelopmentandnavigationwithspe [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/10546 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/167932 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/smallerrectforspritecollision [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/176292 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/3sumvid-19yroldfuckedby2bigcocks [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/67909 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/175185 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/131319 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/99900 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/act5 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/contributors-agreement [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/128447 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/71052 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/114242 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/69768 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/debuggingwithwinpdbfromwithinspe [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/39360 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/176267 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/143468 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/140202 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/25268 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/82241 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/142920 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/downloadingipythonformswindows [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/34367 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/for_collaborators [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/pydeveclipseextensionsfabio [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/usingpdbinipython [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/142264 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/49003 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/gamelets [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/texturecoordinatearithmetic [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/project_interface [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/143177 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/pydeveclipsefabio [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/91525 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/40426 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/134819 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/usingipythonwithtextpad [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/developingpythoninipython [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/35569 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/objfileloader [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/simpleopengl2dclasses [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/191495 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/3dvilla [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/145368 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/140118 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/87799 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/142320 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/glslexample [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/39826 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/cairopygame [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/191338 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] 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[Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/187294 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/178666 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/179653 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/wingide-users [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/16309095 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/169465 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/189399 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/172392 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/35627 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/2670901 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/177847 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/chimplinebyline [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/87518 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/154595 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/12811780 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/cdmenupro42 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/110131 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/95615 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/18464 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/lwedchoice-1999 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/5099582 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/100968 [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/j-emacs [Fri Mar 12 19:15:28 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/0206mathew [Fri Mar 12 19:15:29 2010] [error] [client 213.37.49.231] File does not exist: /var/www/html/10844356 Thanks in advance!

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  • C# Custom Control Properties load before Load and arrays are empties

    - by Wildhorn
    Hello, I made a custom control with custom properties. When I modify these properties in the "Form.cs [Design]", I need stuff to happens (it fill some arrays and modify the look of the control), so I call a function within the "set" of the property. All of this works good. My problem is that when I run the program with my custom control, it seems that properties "set" is called, which will call the function, but then, my arrays seems now to have lost all their values and the function use these arrays, but now because they are all empty, it crashes due to NullException blahblahblah. It also seems that properties "set" is called before the control Load (which I guess is called only when it is added to my Form, and not when the Form load). So question is, why does my arrays become empty once I try to run the Form and is there an event that is called before that when the Form load? Thanks

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  • Load and Web Performance Testing using Visual Studio Ultimate 2010-Part 2

    - by Tarun Arora
    Welcome back, in part 1 of Load and Web Performance Testing using Visual Studio 2010 I talked about why Performance Testing the application is important, the test tools available in Visual Studio Ultimate 2010 and various test rig topologies. In this blog post I’ll get into the details of web performance & load tests as well as why it’s important to follow a goal based pattern while performance testing your application. Tools => Options => Test Tools Have you visited the treasures of Visual Studio Menu bar tools => Options => Test Tools lately? The options to enable disable prompts on creating, editing, deleting or running manual/automated tests can be controller from here. The default test project language and default test types created on a new test project creation could be selected/unselected from here. Ever wondered how you can change the default limit of 25 test results, this can again be changed from here. If you record a lot of Web Tests and wish for the web test recorder to start with “that” URL populated, well this again can be specified from here. If you haven’t so far, I would urge you to spend 2 minutes in the test tools options.   Test Menu => Ready Steady Test Action! The Test tools are under the Test Menu in Visual Studio, apart from being able to create a new Test and Test List you can also load an existing vsmdi file. You can also manage your test controllers from here. A solution can have one or more test setting files, but there can only be one active test settings file at any time. Again, this selection can be done from here.  You can open the various test windows from under the windows option from the test menu. If you open the Test view window you will see that you have the option to group the tests by work items, project, test type, etc. You can set these properties by right clicking a test in the test list and choosing properties from the context menu.    So, what is a vsmdi file? vsmdi stands for Visual Studio Test Metadata File. Placed under the Solution Items this file keeps track of the list of unit tests in your solution. If you open the vsmdi file as an xml file you will see a series of Test Links nested with in the list Test List tags along with the Run Configuration tag. When in visual studio you run tests, the IDE looks at the vsmdi file to see what tests need to be run. You also have the option of using the vsmdi file in your team builds to specify which tests need to run as part of the build. Refer here for a walkthrough from a fellow blogger on how to use the vsmdi file in the team builds. Web Performance Test – The Truth! In Visual Studio 2010 “Web Tests” have been renamed to “Web Performance Tests”. Apart from renaming this test type there have been several improvements to this test type in visual studio 2010. I am very active on the MSDN Visual Studio And Load Testing forum and a frequent question from many users is “Do Web Tests support Pages that run JavaScript?” I will start with a little bit of background before answering this question. Web Performance Tests operate at the HTTP Layer, but why? To enable you to generate high loads with a relatively low amount of hardware, Web performance tests are driven at the protocol layer rather than instantiating a browser.The most common source of confusion is that users do not realize Web Performance Tests work at the HTTP layer. The tool adds to that misconception. After all, you record in IE, and when running a Web test you can select which browser to use, and then the result viewer shows the results in a browser window. So that means the tests run through the browser, right? NO! The Web test engine works at the HTTP layer, and does not instantiate a browser. What does that mean? In the diagram below, you can see there are no browsers running when the engine is sending and receiving requests. Does that mean I can’t test pages that use Java script? The best example for java script generating HTTP traffic is AJAX calls. The most common example of browser plugins are Silverlight or Flash. The Web test recorder will record HTTP traffic from AJAX calls and from most (but not all) browser plugins. This means you will still be able to web performance test pages that use java script or plugin and play back the results but the playback engine will not show the java script or plug in results in the ‘browser control’. If you want to test the page behaviour as a result of the java script or plug in consider using Coded UI Tests. This page looks like it failed, when in fact it succeeded! Looking closely at the response, and subsequent requests, it is clear the operation succeeded. As stated above, the reason why the browser control is pasting this message is because java script has been disabled in this control. So, to reiterate, the web performance test recorder: - Sends and receives data at the HTTP layer. - Does NOT run a browser. - Does NOT run java script. - Does NOT host ActiveX controls or plugins. There is a great series of blog posts from Ed Glas, i would highly recommend his blog to any one performing Load/Performance testing through Visual Studio. Demo – Web Performance Test [Demo] - Visual Studio Ultimate 2010: Test Settings and Configuration   [Demo]–Visual Studio Ultimate 2010: Web Performance Test   In this short video I try and answer the following questions, Why is performance Testing important? How does Visual Studio Help you performance Test your applications? How do i record a web performance test? How do make a web performance test data driven, transaction driven, loop driven, convert to code, add validations? Best practices for recording Web Performance Tests. I have a web performance test, what next? Creating the Web Performance Test was the first step towards load testing your application. Now that we have the base test we can test the page behaviour when N-users access the page. Have you ever had the head of business call you and mention that the marketing team has done a fantastic job and are expecting increased traffic on the web site, can the website survive the weekend with that additional load? This is the perfect opportunity to capacity test your application to see how your website holds up under various levels of load, you can work the results backwards to see how much hardware you may need to scale up your application to survive the weekend. Apart from that it is always a good idea to have some benchmarks around how the application performs under light loads for short duration, under heavy load for long duration and soak test the application run a constant load for a very week or two to record the effects of constant load for really long durations, this is a great way of identifying how your application handles the default IIS application pool reset which by default is configured to once every 25 hours. These bench marks will act as the perfect yard stick to measure performance gains when you start making improvements. BUT there are some best practices! => Goal Based Load Testing Approach Since the subject is vast and there are a lot of things to measure and analyse, … it is very easy to get distracted from the real goal!  You can optimize your application once you know where the pain points are. There is no point performing a load test of 5000 users if your intranet application will only have a 100 simultaneous users, it is important to keep focussed on the real goals of the project. So the idea is to have a user story around your load testing scenarios and test realistically. So it is recommended that you follow the below outline, It is an Iterative process, refine your objectives, identify the key scenarios, what is the expected workload, key metrics you want to report, record the web performance tests, simulate load and analyse results. Is your application already deployed in Production? This is great! You can analyse the IIS Logs to understand the user behaviour… But what are IIS LOGS? The IIS logs allow you to record events for each application and Web site on the Web server. You can create separate logs for each of your applications and Web sites. Logging information in IIS goes beyond the scope of the event logging or performance monitoring features provided by Windows. The IIS logs can include information, such as who has visited your site, what the visitor viewed, and when the information was last viewed. You can use the IIS logs to identify any attempts to gain unauthorized access to your Web server. How to configure IIS LOGS? For those Ninjas who already have IIS Logs configured (by the way its on by default) and need a way to analyse the IIS Logs, can use the Windows IIS Utility – Log Parser. Log Parser is a very powerful tool that provides a generic SQL-like language on top of many types of data like IIS Logs, Event Viewer entries, XML files, CSV files, File System and others; and it allows you to export the result of the queries to many output formats such as CSV, XML, SQL Server, Charts and others; and it works well with IIS 5, 6, 7 and 7.5. Frequently used Log Parser queries. Demo – Load Test [Demo]–Visual Studio Ultimate 2010: Load Testing   In this short video I try and answer the following questions, - Types of Performance Testing? - Perform Goal driven Load Testing, analyse Test Run Result and Generate a report? Recap A quick recap of what we have covered so far,     Thank you for taking the time out and reading this blog post, in part III of this blog series I’ll be getting into the details of Test Result Analysis, Test Result Drill through, Test Report Generation, Test Run Comparison, and the Asp.net Profiler. If you enjoyed the post, remember to subscribe to http://feeds.feedburner.com/TarunArora. Questions/Feedback/Suggestions, etc please leave a comment. See you on in Part III   Share this post : CodeProject

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  • Windows replacement for HAProxy

    - by GrayWizardx
    It does not appear that there is a similar question to this already posted, so I will go ahead and ask. I am working on a project that could benefit from having two - four servers handling incoming requests to a backend webservice. The service does not require SSL but does need to support occassional long running processes (upto 120 secs). This project does not at present have the funding to purchase a hardware load balancing solution. I have previously used HAProxy as a solution for this, and found it very simple and straightforward. Is there a similar product for windows (server 2003 or 2008) which provides similar configuration options and runs as a lightweight service? For reasons outside my control I cannot setup a Linux machine (physical or virtual) and so I am looking for behaviour that can be deployed on a windows machine. I can only find Perlbal which appears to fall into this category. So as not to keep this open indifenitely I will give credit to the only answer.

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  • Indirect load of type fails in PowerShell

    - by Dan
    When invoking [System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager]::GetSection("MySection") from within a PowerShell prompt, it throws an exception because the assembly containing the type represented by "MySection" in the app config is unable to be loaded. However, I have previously loaded the assembly containing that type, and I am even able to instantiate the type directly using 'new-object'. How is the ConfigurationManager resolving types such that the assemblies already loaded into the PowerShell app domain are not visible to it?

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  • Best Solution for Load Balancing NFS File Access?

    - by DairyKnight
    I'm trying to find an optimum solution for accessing the NFS file share in my company. We have a central file server in North America and has 30GB~50GB of updated data everyday. And it's very slow for our Europe and Asia branches to access directly. Therefore, I'm trying to setup two replicate servers in those continents. I'm currently using rsync, but wonder if there exists a better solution acts more like a distributed RAID, which allows the user to transparently access the file whether synced or not. And user request will be dispatched to remote server if the file is not yet synced. I'm now looking into DRBD, but it seems not to have the functionality of auto-dispatching requests. Does anyone know if there's a better solution?

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  • Haproxy ACL for balance on URL request

    - by Elgreco08
    I'm usung Ubuntu with haproxy 1.4.13 version. Its load balancing two subdomains: app1.domain.com app2.domain.com now i want to be able to use ACL to send based on url request to the right backends For example: http://app1.domain.com/path/games/index.php sould be send to backend1 http://app1.domain.com/path/photos/index.php should be send to backend2 http://app2.domain.com/path/mail/index.php sould be send to backend3 http://app2.domain.com/path/wazap/index.php should be send to backend4 i did used the code the the following acl frontend http-farm bind 0.0.0.0:80 acl app1web hdr_beg(host) -i app1 # for http://app1.domain.com acl app2web hdr_beg(host) -i app2 # for http://app2.domain.com acl msg-url-1 url_reg ^\/path/games/.* acl msg-url-2 url_reg ^\/path/photos/.* acl msg-url-3 url_reg ^\/path/mail/.* acl msg-url-4 url_reg ^\/path/wazap/.* use_backend games if msg-url-1 app1web use_backend photos if msg-url-2 app2web use_backend mail if ..... backend games option httpchk GET /alive.php HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ app1.domain.com option forwardfor balance roundrobin server appsrv-1 192.168.1.10:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 server appsrv-2 192.168.1.11:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 backend photos option httpchk GET /alive.php HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ app2.domain.com option forwardfor balance roundrobin server appsrv-1 192.168.1.13:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 server appsrv-2 192.168.1.14:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 .... Since the path mail, photos...etc will be application pools on iis, i want to monitor them if they are alive, if the pool does not respond it should stop serving it. my problem is for sure in the regular expression in the ACL acl msg-url-4 url_reg ^\/path/wazap/.* What should i change in the ACL to make it work ? thanks for any hints

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  • Load Balancer sftp persistence when a server goes offline

    - by Cobra Kai Dojo
    Let's say we have the following scenario: We have two identical *nix servers using a shared filesystem. We connect through SFTP (not FTPS) to one of them to upload a file to the shared filesystem, the server goes offline and we get redirected to the second system which is still available. My question is, would there be any connection persistence or the user will have to relogin? I guess a relogin would be needed because the ssh sessions are not shared between the two systems... Thanks in advance :)

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  • Load Balancing Rails on Apache 2.x

    - by revgum
    My situation is that I need to proxy traffic to the root of my web server to port 81 for IIS, and then any traffic to a sub-directory needs to be directed to the rails app. my-server.com/ - needs to proxy to port 81 my-server.com/myapp - needs to point to the rails app This seems to be working alright for the rails application but the images, javascripts, and stylesheets are not actually working (proxied). I've tried to fiddle with the proxypass lines but it still doesn't work for me..can anyone help? Here's my complete VirtualHost portion of the config; LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so ProxyRequests off <Proxy balancer://myapp_cluster> BalancerMember http://127.0.0.1:3001 BalancerMember http://127.0.0.1:3002 </Proxy> <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "c:\ruby\apps\myapp\public" <Directory /myapp > Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory> ProxyPass /myapp/images ! ProxyPass /myapp/stylesheets ! ProxyPass /myapp/javascripts ! ProxyPass /myapp/ balancer://myapp_cluster/ ProxyPassReverse /myapp/ balancer://myapp_cluster/ ProxyPreserveHost on ProxyPass / http://localhost:81/ ErrorLog "c:\ruby\apps\myapp\log\error.log" # Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit, # alert, emerg. LogLevel warn CustomLog "c:\ruby\apps\myapp\log\access.log" combined </VirtualHost>

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  • What is the recommended glusterFS configuration for a growing website?

    - by montana
    Hello, I have a website that is tracking towards 50 million hits per day average, and within the next 3 months should be over 100 million hits per day. We are trying to use GlusterFS v 3.0.0 (with latest patches as of 1-17-2010) Currently, we've just upgraded to a load balancer environment that has 3 physical hosts with 6 Xen-Server 5.5u1 VM's (2 on each host) to serve webpage traffic. Each machine has 6 Raid-6 local storage drives (7200RPM-SATA). The old machine we came from had 1 mirrored SAS 10k drive. We also set up glusterFS currently with 3 bricks, one on each host, and it is serving the 6 VM's as clients. In testing, everything seemed fine. However when we went to production, it seemed that there just wasn't enough I/O's available to serve traffic even upwards of 15mil hits. Weeks prior, our old server was able to handle traffic, maxed out, at 20mil. Is there any recommended configurations for such an application, or things to be aware of that isn't apparent with their documentation at gluster.org for a site our size?

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  • Load balancing with Cisco router

    - by you8301083
    I have a Cisco router with two bonded T1's which are setup as a VPN to the main office. We need more bandwidth but can't get other connections (or it's too costly), so I would like to have a dsl connection installed. This DSL connection will run over a VPN to the same main office, but it won't be bonded with the T1's - so it won't act as a single connection. Since the three circuits won't act as a single connection (basically would be two connections 2 T1's + 1 DSL) we would have to split the network in half - but I don't want to do that. Instead, would it be possible to send all HTTP/HTTPS over the DSL connection but send all mission critical data (such as voice/active directory) over the T1's? I basically want to send specific ports over DSL and everything else over the T1's without separating half of the users traffic over the DSL and the rest over the T1's.

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  • ARR servers in the Load Balancing pool automatically go from unavailable to available

    - by Chris
    I have 3 IIS web servers in an ARR web farm. When we do rolling releases, we take one server offline as a backup server and move it into an "Unavailable State" I have noticed that with ARR, servers will not stay in this state...they come back online automatically hours or days later. Does anyone know how to remedy this situation? This is very bad as the server that is down is typically not running the correct version of our code. I need to keep a server unavailable until i tell it otherwise.

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  • Network load balancing, efficience and limits?

    - by Vimvq1987
    I'm about to study about NLB on Windows Server 2003. It archives both of my interests now: scalability and high-availability. But I don't know about its power in production environment. Is NLB a efficient solution? How does it implement in real-world? Is it popular? What are its limit? Thank you so much for answering my questions. :)

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  • nginx automatic failover load balancing

    - by robinmag
    Hi, I'm using nginx and NginxHttpUpstreamModule for loadbalancing. My config is very simple: upstream lb { server 127.0.0.1:8081; server 127.0.0.1:8082; } server { listen 89; server_name localhost; location / { proxy_pass http://lb; proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; } } But with this config, when one of 2 backend server is down, nginx still routes request to it and it results in timeout half of the time :( Is there any solution to make nginx to automatically route the request to another server when it detects a downed server. Thank you.

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  • Varnish : Non-Cache/Data Fetch + Load-Balance

    - by xperator
    Someone commented at my previous question and said it's possible to do this with Varnish: Instead of : Client Request Varnish LB Backend Varnish LB Client I want to have (Direct reply from backend to client, instead of going through the LB) : Client Request Varnish LB Backend Client This is not working : sub vcl_pass { if (req.http.host ~ "^(www.)?example.com$") { set req.backend = baz; return (pass); } }

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  • Troubleshooting web page load issues

    - by Richard Testani
    I having an odd issue where a particular page doesn't finish loading... all the time. Intermittenly, this page doesn't finish loading - in particluar, it seems maybe the JS file isn't downloaded or finished loading. Marchelos Law I am not sure how to troubleshoot this issue, since refreshing it fixes it. I see it mostly in IE 7 & 8, rarely in Safari or FireFox. If you view the page in question, refreshing it - you should see the issue. Any ideas?

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  • Why There is a difference between assembly languages like Windows, Linux ?

    - by mcaaltuntas
    I am relatively new to all this low level stuff,assembly language.. and want to learn more detail. Why there is a difference between Linux, Windows Assembly languages? As I understand when I compile a C code Operating system does not really produce pure machine or assembly code, it produces OS dependent binary code.But why ? For example when I use a x86 system, CPU only understands x86 ASM am I right?.So Why we dont write pure x86 assembly code and why there are different assembly variations based on Operating system? If we would write pure ASM or OS produce pure ASM there wouldn't be binary compatilibty issues between Operating systems or Not ? I am really wondering all reasons behind them. Any detailed answer, article, book would be great. Thanks.

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  • How to merge your referenced assemblies into the output assembly for improved usability

    - by Daniel Cazzulino
    Something we've been doing in moq since the very beginning is to have a single assembly as output: Moq.dll. This reduces the clutter for users and lets them focus on what they need from our library, rather than getting the noise of whatever third-party (or internal) libraries we use to implement it. This is good from the deployment point of view too, and if all your libraries are actually internal infrastructure assemblies, you can even make them all internal types of your output assembly....Read full article

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  • MeshBuilder, assembly missing

    - by BlackBear
    I'm trying to build a terrain starting from a heightmap. I've already some ideas about the procedure, but I can't even get started. I feel like I have to use a MeshBuider. The problem is that Visual Studio (I'm using the 2008 version) wants an assembly. Effectively on the MSDN there's a line specifying the assembly needed by the MeshBuilder, but I don't know how to import/load it. Any suggestions? Thanks in advance :)

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  • Installing a DLL to Global assembly cache (GAC)

    - by DAXShekhar
    Install you DLL assembly by using the ‘gacutil.exe’, before installing the DLL ensure it has a strong name, to assign a strong name refer to the link Assigning a DLL strong name .   1) open the Command prompt, and navigate to the folder of gacutil. 2) To install a DLL assembly gacutil /I "C:\[PathToBinDirectoryInVSProject]\gac.dll" 3) To uninstall gacutil /U  “Name_of_The_DLL”

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  • Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite'

    - by J. Pablo Fernández
    I've installed ELMAH 1.1 .Net 3.5 x64 in my ASP.NET project and now I'm getting this error (whenever I try to see any page): Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.61.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format. Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code. Exception Details: System.BadImageFormatException: Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.61.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format. More error details at the bottom. My Active Solution platform is "Any CPU" and I'm running on a x64 Windows 7 on an x64, of course, processor. The reason why we are using this version of ELMAH is because 1.0 .Net 3.5 (x86, which is the only platform for which it's compiled) gave us this same error on our x64 Windows server. I've tried compiling for x86 and x64 and I get the same error. I've tried removing the all compiler output (bin and obj). Finally I've made a reference to the SQLite dll directly, something that was not needed for the project to work on the server and I've got this compiler error: Error 1 Warning as Error: Assembly generation -- Referenced assembly 'System.Data.SQLite.dll' targets a different processor MyProject Any ideas what the problem might be? More error details: Source Error: An unhandled exception was generated during the execution of the current web request. Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below. Stack Trace: [BadImageFormatException: Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.61.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.] System.Reflection.Assembly._nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, Assembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection) +0 System.Reflection.Assembly.nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, Assembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection) +43 System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(AssemblyName assemblyRef, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) +127 System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) +142 System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(String assemblyString) +28 System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) +46 [ConfigurationErrorsException: Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.61.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.] System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) +613 System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAllAssembliesFromAppDomainBinDirectory() +203 System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssembly(AssemblyInfo ai) +105 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetReferencedAssemblies(CompilationSection compConfig) +178 System.Web.Compilation.BuildProvidersCompiler..ctor(VirtualPath configPath, Boolean supportLocalization, String outputAssemblyName) +54 System.Web.Compilation.ApplicationBuildProvider.GetGlobalAsaxBuildResult(Boolean isPrecompiledApp) +232 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.CompileGlobalAsax() +52 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.EnsureTopLevelFilesCompiled() +337 [HttpException (0x80004005): Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.61.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.] System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.ReportTopLevelCompilationException() +58 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.EnsureTopLevelFilesCompiled() +512 System.Web.Hosting.HostingEnvironment.Initialize(ApplicationManager appManager, IApplicationHost appHost, IConfigMapPathFactory configMapPathFactory, HostingEnvironmentParameters hostingParameters) +729 [HttpException (0x80004005): Could not load file or assembly 'System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.61.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.] System.Web.HttpRuntime.FirstRequestInit(HttpContext context) +8896783 System.Web.HttpRuntime.EnsureFirstRequestInit(HttpContext context) +85 System.Web.HttpRuntime.ProcessRequestInternal(HttpWorkerRequest wr) +259

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  • Cannot load rJava because cannot load a shared library

    - by Farrel
    I have been struggling to load the rJava package in R. I get the following messages > library(rJava) Error in inDL(x, as.logical(local), as.logical(now), ...) : unable to load shared library \ 'C:/PROGRA~1/R/R-210~1.1/library/rJava/libs/rJava.dll': LoadLibrary failure: The specified module could not be found. Error : .onLoad failed in 'loadNamespace' for 'rJava' Error: package/namespace load failed for 'rJava' I have tried so many solutions that they are all bamboozeled in my head. At some point I even got > R Console: Rgui.exe - System Error The > program can't start because > MSVCR71.dll is is missing from your > computer. Try reinstalling the program > to fix this problem. I made sure everything I could think of was on the path > C:\Program Files\R\Rtools\bin;C:\Program Files\R\Rtools\perl\bin; C:\Program Files\R\Rtools\MinGW\bin;%SystemRoot%\system32; %SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem; %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\; C:\Program Files\QuickTime\QTSystem\; C:\Program Files\R\R-2.10.1\library\rJava\libs\; C:\Program Files\R;C:\Program Files\Java\jre6\bin\client What should I try next? I am running R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14) and I have also tried R version 2.10.1 Patched (2010-03-03 r51210). It is on a Windows machine running windows 7 enterprise

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  • Biztalk Server 2009 - Failover Clustering and Network Load Balancing (NLB)

    - by FullOfQuestions
    Hi, We are planning a Biztalk 2009 set up in which we have 2 Biztalk Application Servers and 2 DB Servers (DB servers being in an Active/Passive Cluster). All servers are running Windows Server 2008 R2. As part of our application, we will have incoming traffic via the MSMQ, FILE and SOAP adapters. We also have a requirement for High-availability and Load-balancing. Let's say I create two different Biztalk Hosts and assign the FILE receive handler to the first one and the MSMQ receive handler to the second one. I now create two host instances for each of the two hosts (i.e. one for each of my two physical servers). After reviewing the Biztalk Documentation, this is what I know so far: For FILE (Receive), high-availablity and load-balancing will be achieved by Biztalk automatically because I set up a host instance on each of the two servers in the group. MSMQ (Receive) requires Biztalk Host Clustering to ensure high-availability (Host Clustering however requires Windows Failover Clustering to be set up as well). No loading-balancing option is clear here. SOAP (Receive) requires NLB to achieve Load-balancing and High-availability (if one server goes down, NLB will direct traffic to the other). This is where I'm completely puzzled and I desperately need your help: Is it possible to have a Windows Failover Cluster and NLB set up at the same time on the two application servers? If yes, then please tell me how. If no, then please explain to me how anyone is acheiving high-availability and load-balancing for MSMQ and SOAP when their underlying prerequisites are mutually exclusive! Your help is greatly appreciated, M

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  • Cannot load rJava because cannot load a shared library

    - by Farrel
    I have been struggling to load the rJava package in R. I get the following messages > library(rJava) Error in inDL(x, as.logical(local), as.logical(now), ...) : unable to load shared library \ 'C:/PROGRA~1/R/R-210~1.1/library/rJava/libs/rJava.dll': LoadLibrary failure: The specified module could not be found. Error : .onLoad failed in 'loadNamespace' for 'rJava' Error: package/namespace load failed for 'rJava' I have tried so many solutions that they are all bamboozeled in my head. At some point I even got > R Console: Rgui.exe - System Error The > program can't start because > MSVCR71.dll is is missing from your > computer. Try reinstalling the program > to fix this problem. I made sure everything I could think of was on the path > C:\Program Files\R\Rtools\bin;C:\Program Files\R\Rtools\perl\bin; C:\Program Files\R\Rtools\MinGW\bin;%SystemRoot%\system32; %SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem; %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\; C:\Program Files\QuickTime\QTSystem\; C:\Program Files\R\R-2.10.1\library\rJava\libs\; C:\Program Files\R;C:\Program Files\Java\jre6\bin\client What should I try next? I am running R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14) and I have also tried R version 2.10.1 Patched (2010-03-03 r51210). It is on a Windows machine running windows 7 enterprise

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