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• Oracle Solaris Zones Physical to virtual (P2V)

  - by user939057

  IntroductionThis document describes the process of creating and installing a Solaris 10 image build from physical system and migrate it into a virtualized operating system environment using the Oracle Solaris 10 Zones Physical-to-Virtual (P2V) capability.Using an example and various scenarios, this paper describes how to take advantage of theOracle Solaris 10 Zones Physical-to-Virtual (P2V) capability with other Oracle Solaris features to optimize performance using the Solaris 10 resource management advanced storage management using Solaris ZFS plus improving operating system visibility with Solaris DTrace. The most common use for this tool is when performing consolidation of existing systems onto virtualization enabled platforms, in addition to that we can use the Physical-to-Virtual (P2V) capability  for other tasks for example backup your physical system and move them into virtualized operating system environment hosted on the Disaster Recovery (DR) site another option can be building an Oracle Solaris 10 image repository with various configuration and a different software packages in order to reduce provisioning time.Oracle Solaris ZonesOracle Solaris Zones is a virtualization and partitioning technology supported on Oracle Sun servers powered by SPARC and Intel processors.This technology provides an isolated and secure environment for running applications. A zone is a virtualized operating system environment created within a single instance of the Solaris 10 Operating System.Each virtual system is called a zone and runs a unique and distinct copy of the Solaris 10 operating system.Oracle Solaris Zones Physical-to-Virtual (P2V)A new feature for Solaris 10 9/10.This feature provides the ability to build a Solaris 10 images from physical system and migrate it into a virtualized operating system environmentThere are three main steps using this tool1. Image creation on the source system, this image includes the operating system and optionally the software in which we want to include within the image. 2. Preparing the target system by configuring a new zone that will host the new image.3. Image installation on the target system using the image we created on step 1. The host, where the image is built, is referred to as the source system and the host, where theimage is installed, is referred to as the target system. Benefits of Oracle Solaris Zones Physical-to-Virtual (P2V)Here are some benefits of this new feature:  Simple- easy build process using Oracle Solaris 10 built-in commands.  Robust- based on Oracle Solaris Zones a robust and well known virtualization technology.  Flexible- support migration between V series servers into T or -M-series systems.For the latest server information, refer to the Sun Servers web page. PrerequisitesThe target Oracle Solaris system should be running the latest version of the patching patch cluster. and the minimum Solaris version on the target system should be Solaris 10 9/10.Refer to the latest Administration Guide for Oracle Solaris for a complete procedure on how todownload and install Oracle Solaris. NOTE: If the source system that used to build the image is an older version then the targetsystem, then during the process, the operating system will be upgraded to Solaris 10 9/10(update on attach).Creating the Image Used to distribute the software.We will create an image on the source machine. We can create the image on the local file system and then transfer it to the target machine, or build it into a NFS shared storage andmount the NFS file system from the target machine.Optional  before creating the image we need to complete the software installation that we want to include with the Solaris 10 image.An image is created by using the flarcreate command:Source # flarcreate -S -n s10-system -L cpio /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flarThe command does the following:  -S specifies that we skip the disk space check and do not write archive size data to the archive (faster).  -n specifies the image name.  -L specifies the archive format (i.e cpio). Optionally, we can add descriptions to the archive identification section, which can help to identify the archive later.Source # flarcreate -S -n s10-system -e "Oracle Solaris with Oracle DB10.2.0.4" -a "oracle" -L cpio /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flarYou can see example of the archive identification section in Appendix A: archive identification section.We can compress the flar image using the gzip command or adding the -c option to the flarcreate commandSource # gzip /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flarAn md5 checksum can be created for the image in order to ensure no data tamperingSource # digest -v -a md5 /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flar Moving the image into the target system.If we created the image on the local file system, we need to transfer the flar archive from the source machine to the target machine.Source # scp /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flar target:/var/tmpConfiguring the Zone on the target systemAfter copying the software to the target machine, we need to configure a new zone in order to host the new image on that zone.To install the new zone on the target machine, first we need to configure the zone (for the full zone creation options see the following link: http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18752_01/html/817-1592/index.html  )ZFS integrationA flash archive can be created on a system that is running a UFS or a ZFS root file system.NOTE: If you create a Solaris Flash archive of a Solaris 10 system that has a ZFS root, then bydefault, the flar will actually be a ZFS send stream, which can be used to recreate the root pool.This image cannot be used to install a zone. You must create the flar with an explicit cpio or paxarchive when the system has a ZFS root.Use the flarcreate command with the -L archiver option, specifying cpio or pax as themethod to archive the files. (For example, see Step 1 in the previous section).Optionally, on the target system you can create the zone root folder on a ZFS file system inorder to benefit from the ZFS features (clones, snapshots, etc...).Target # zpool create zones c2t2d0 Create the zone root folder:Target # chmod 700 /zones Target # zonecfg -z solaris10-up9-zonesolaris10-up9-zone: No such zone configuredUse 'create' to begin configuring a new zone.zonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> createzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> set zonepath=/zoneszonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> set autoboot=truezonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> add netzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone:net> set address=192.168.0.1zonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone:net> set physical=nxge0zonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone:net> endzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> verifyzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> commitzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> exit Installing the Zone on the target system using the imageInstall the configured zone solaris10-up9-zone by using the zoneadm command with the install -a option and the path to the archive.The following example shows how to create an Image and sys-unconfig the zone.Target # zoneadm -z solaris10-up9-zone install -u -a/var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flarLog File: /var/tmp/solaris10-up9-zone.install_log.AJaGveInstalling: This may take several minutes...The following example shows how we can preserve system identity.Target # zoneadm -z solaris10-up9-zone install -p -a /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flar Resource management Some applications are sensitive to the number of CPUs on the target Zone. You need tomatch the number of CPUs on the Zone using the zonecfg command:zonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone>add dedicated-cpuzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> set ncpus=16DTrace integrationSome applications might need to be analyzing using DTrace on the target zone, you canadd DTrace support on the zone using the zonecfg command:zonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone>setlimitpriv="default,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user" Exclusive IP stack An Oracle Solaris Container running in Oracle Solaris 10 can have a shared IP stack with the global zone, or it can have an exclusive IP stack (which was released in Oracle Solaris 10 8/07). An exclusive IP stack provides a complete, tunable, manageable and independent networking stack to each zone. A zone with an exclusive IP stack can configure Scalable TCP (STCP), IP routing, IP multipathing, or IPsec. For an example of how to configure an Oracle Solaris zone with an exclusive IP stack, see the following example zonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone set ip-type=exclusivezonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> add netzonecfg:solaris10-up9-zone> set physical=nxge0 When the installation completes, use the zoneadm list -i -v options to list the installedzones and verify the status.Target # zoneadm list -i -vSee that the new Zone status is installedID NAME STATUS PATH BRAND IP0 global running / native shared- solaris10-up9-zone installed /zones native sharedNow boot the ZoneTarget # zoneadm -z solaris10-up9-zone bootWe need to login into the Zone order to complete the zone set up or insert a sysidcfg file beforebooting the zone for the first time see example for sysidcfg file in Appendix B: sysidcfg filesectionTarget # zlogin -C solaris10-up9-zoneTroubleshootingIf an installation fails, review the log file. On success, the log file is in /var/log inside the zone. Onfailure, the log file is in /var/tmp in the global zone.If a zone installation is interrupted or fails, the zone is left in the incomplete state. Use uninstall -F to reset the zone to the configured state.Target # zoneadm -z solaris10-up9-zone uninstall -FTarget # zonecfg -z solaris10-up9-zone delete -FConclusionOracle Solaris Zones P2V tool provides the flexibility to build pre-configuredimages with different software configuration for faster deployment and server consolidation.In this document, I demonstrated how to build and install images and to integrate the images with other Oracle Solaris features like ZFS and DTrace.Appendix A: archive identification sectionWe can use the head -n 20 /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flar command in order to access theidentification section that contains the detailed description.Target # head -n 20 /var/tmp/solaris_10_up9.flarFlAsH-aRcHiVe-2.0section_begin=identificationarchive_id=e4469ee97c3f30699d608b20a36011befiles_archived_method=cpiocreation_date=20100901160827creation_master=mdet5140-1content_name=s10-systemcreation_node=mdet5140-1creation_hardware_class=sun4vcreation_platform=SUNW,T5140creation_processor=sparccreation_release=5.10creation_os_name=SunOScreation_os_version=Generic_142909-16files_compressed_method=nonecontent_architectures=sun4vtype=FULLsection_end=identificationsection_begin=predeploymentbegin 755 predeployment.cpio.ZAppendix B: sysidcfg file sectionTarget # cat sysidcfgsystem_locale=Ctimezone=US/Pacificterminal=xtermssecurity_policy=NONEroot_password=HsABA7Dt/0sXXtimeserver=localhostname_service=NONEnetwork_interface=primary {hostname= solaris10-up9-zonenetmask=255.255.255.0protocol_ipv6=nodefault_route=192.168.0.1}name_service=NONEnfs4_domain=dynamicWe need to copy this file before booting the zoneTarget # cp sysidcfg /zones/solaris10-up9-zone/root/etc/

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• How to find source of 301/302 redirect loop? Heroku GoDaddy Zerigo

  - by user179288

  this should be a relatively simple problem but I'm having trouble.I hope this is the right forum to post on as I've seen people get booted off stack-overflow for this sort of thing. I've setup a web app on heroku (cedar stack) at my-web-app.herokuapp.com and I'm trying to direct my-domain.com and www.my-domain.com to it. As per instructions on the heroku documentation, I've set my-domain.com to redirect (forwarding) to www.my-domain.com and then set a C-Name from www.my-domain.com to my-web-app.herokuapp.com. But the C-Name doesn't seem to be working right and is sending back to my-domain.com, causing a loop and I can't work out why. I first configured these setting at GoDaddy.com where I registered the domain but then tried to avoid the problem by using Heroku's Zerigo DNS add-on, setting the nameservers on GoDaddy to the ones given for Zerigo. However the problem remains. Here is the output from dig for my-domain.com ("drop-circles.com"): ; <<>> DiG 9.3.2 <<>> any drop-circles.com ;; global options: printcmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 671 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 8, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 5 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;drop-circles.com. IN ANY ;; ANSWER SECTION: drop-circles.com. 433 IN NS b.ns.zerigo.net. drop-circles.com. 433 IN NS d.ns.zerigo.net. drop-circles.com. 433 IN NS e.ns.zerigo.net. drop-circles.com. 433 IN NS a.ns.zerigo.net. drop-circles.com. 433 IN NS c.ns.zerigo.net. drop-circles.com. 433 IN SOA a.ns.zerigo.net. hostmaster.zerigo.com. 1372250760 10800 3600 604800 900 drop-circles.com. 433 IN A 64.27.57.29 drop-circles.com. 433 IN A 64.27.57.24 ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: d.ns.zerigo.net. 68935 IN A 174.36.24.250 e.ns.zerigo.net. 69015 IN A 72.26.219.150 a.ns.zerigo.net. 72602 IN A 64.27.57.11 c.ns.zerigo.net. 69204 IN A 109.74.192.232 b.ns.zerigo.net. 70549 IN A 174.37.229.229 ;; Query time: 15 msec ;; SERVER: 194.168.4.100#53(194.168.4.100) ;; WHEN: Wed Jun 26 14:29:07 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 293 Here is the output from dig for www.my-domain.com ("www.drop-circles.com"): ; <<>> DiG 9.3.2 <<>> any www.drop-circles.com ;; global options: printcmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 1608 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.drop-circles.com. IN ANY ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.drop-circles.com. 407 IN CNAME drop-circles-website.herokuapp.com. ;; Query time: 19 msec ;; SERVER: 194.168.4.100#53(194.168.4.100) ;; WHEN: Wed Jun 26 14:29:15 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 83 And from Fiddler if I use the inspector when I try either address I get a series of requests, with the my-domain.com ("drop-circles.com") looking like this: Request: GET http://drop-circles.com/ HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* Accept-Language: en-gb User-Agent: Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U; Edition IBIS; Trident/5.0) Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive Host: drop-circles.com Response: HTTP/1.1 302 Found Server: nginx/0.8.54 Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2013 13:26:55 GMT Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8 Connection: keep-alive Status: 302 Found Location: http://www.drop-circles.com/ Content-Length: 113 <html><body>Redirecting to <a href="http://www.drop-circles.com/">http://www.drop-circles.com/</a></body></html> And the www.my-domain.com ("www.drop-circles.com") looking like this: Request: GET http://www.drop-circles.com/ HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* Accept-Language: en-gb User-Agent: Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U; Edition IBIS; Trident/5.0) Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive Host: www.drop-circles.com Response: HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Content-Type: text/html Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2013 13:26:56 GMT Location: http://drop-circles.com/ Vary: Accept X-Powered-By: Express Content-Length: 104 Connection: keep-alive <p>Moved Permanently. Redirecting to <a href="http://drop-circles.com/">http://drop-circles.com/</a></p> Any and all help would be greatly appreciated. If it is not at all obvious from these readouts what it might be could someone at least tell me which company GoDaddy, Zerigo or Heroku should I go to for support since I don't really know enough to be able to say where the problem lies. Thank you.

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• Loading main javascript on every page? Or breaking it up to relevant pages?

  - by Kyle

  I have a 700kb decompressed JS file which is loaded on every page. Before I had 12 javascript files on each page but to reduce http requests I compressed them all into 1 file. This file is ~130kb gzipped and is served over gzip. However on the local computer it is still unpacked and loaded on every page. Is this a performance issue? I've profiled the javascript with firebug profiler but did not see any issues. The problem/illusion I am facing is there are jquery libraries compressed in that file that are sometimes not used on the current page. For example jquery datatables is 200kb compressed and that is only loaded on 2 of my website pages. Another is jqplot and that is another 200kb. I now have 400kb of excess code that isn't executed on 80% of the pages. Should I leave everything in 1 file? Should I take out the jquery libraries and load only relevant JS on the current page?

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• Automate the backup of my databases and files with cron

  - by Patrick

  hi, I want to automate the backup of my databases and files with cron. Should I add the following lines to crontab ? mysqldump -u root -pPASSWORD database_name | gzip > /home/backup/database_`date +\%m-\%d-\%Y`.sql.gz svn commit -m "Committing the working copy containing the database dump" First of all, is this a good approach? It is not clear how to specify the repository and the working copy with svn? How can I run svn only when the mysqldump is done and not before ? Avoiding conflicts

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• nginx returning authentication in IE

  - by James MacLeod

  I am having a few issues with an nginx server. I have a site setup that keeps requesting authentication when accessed from IE but in firefox and safari the site is fine no request for authentication. Reading around the web I can see that it could be the gzip that may be causing errors, but the other sites are working without issue. Here is the config: user sysadmin sysadmin; worker_processes 8; error_log logs/error.log debug; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { passenger_root /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-2.2.9; passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby1.8; include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; client_header_timeout 3m; client_body_timeout 3m; client_max_body_size 5m; send_timeout 3m; client_header_buffer_size 1k; large_client_header_buffers 4 4k; gzip on; gzip_min_length 1100; gzip_buffers 4 8k; gzip_types text/plain; output_buffers 1 32k; postpone_output 1460; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 75 20; server { listen 80; server_name .reg-power.com .reg-power.co.uk .reg-power.eu .reg-power.eu.com .reg-power.net .reg-power.org .reg-power.org.uk .reg-power.uk.com .regegen.eu .regpower.co.uk .regpower.eu .regpower.eu.com .regpower.net .regpower.org .regpower.org.uk .regpower.uk.com .renegen.com .renegen.eu .renewableenergygeneration.co.uk .renewableenergygeneration.com reg.rails1.flowhost.co.uk; root /home/sysadmin/reg/current/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; index index.html; } server { listen 80; server_name media.reg-power.com; root /home/sysadmin/admin/current/public; index index.html; } server { listen 80; server_name admin.reg-power.com admin.rails1.flowhost.co.uk; root /home/sysadmin/admin/current/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; index index.html; } server { listen 80; server_name .livingfuels.co.uk livingfuels.rails1.flowhost.co.uk; root /home/sysadmin/livingfuels/current/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; index index.html; } server { listen 80; server_name .regbiopower.com .regbiopower.co.uk regbiopower.rails1.flowhost.co.uk; root /home/sysadmin/regbiopower/current/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; index index.html; } server { listen 80; server_name .clpwindprojects.co.uk clp.rails1.flowhost.co.uk; access_log /home/sysadmin/clp/logs/access.log; location / { root /home/sysadmin/clp; index index.php; if (-f $request_filename) { expires 30d; break; } if (!-e $request_filename) { rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?q=$1 last; } } location ~ .php$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:49232; #this must point to the socket spawn_fcgi is running on. fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /home/sysadmin/clp$fastcgi_script_name; # same path as above fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string; fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method; fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type; fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri; fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri; fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT /home/sysadmin/clp; fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol; fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1; fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version; fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr; fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr; fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name; } } } As you can see there is no reference to a http authentication

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• Why can't I install from software center?

  - by user64720

  There was a problem upgrading to Firefox 13. This error kept returning: /var/cache/apt/archives/firefox_13.0+build1-0ubuntu0.12.04.1_i386.deb W: Waited for dpkg --assert-multi-arch but was not there - dpkgGo (10: There are no "child" processes). Now it seems that there is some problem with dpkg and I can't install anything from software center. I already tried to clean previous packages with sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/* -vf and then sudo apt-get update, it didn't work. When running sudo dpkg --configure -a, I get this: dpkg: problems with dependencies prevent the configuration of firefox-globalmenu: firefox-globalmenu depends on firefox (= 13.0+build1-0ubuntu0.12.04.1); however: The package is not installed. dpkg: error while processing firefox-globalmenu (--configure): problems com dependencies - leaving unconfigured There has been found errors while processing: firefox-globalmenu What should I do to fix this?? EDIT: I don't have the necessary expertise to understand why what I did worked and what was causing the conflict, but anyway, since there was a problem with firefox-globalmenu:, I went to synaptics package manager, I removed this particular package and reinstalled it. After that, I was able to install Firefox from synaptics and also any other applications from software center. However, still there was a problem, when running sudo apt-get update, the following kept returning: Failed to get gzip:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_binary-i386_Packages Verification code hash doesn't match. E: Some archives index failed at being downloaded. They have been ignored, or older copies are used instead. So I typed sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/* -vf in terminal and then again sudo apt-get update and everything is fine now. I did this before an answer was posted, anyway I agree the problem was that particular package and its removal. So I'll mark the below answer as accepted.

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• apt-get for a package with when "contrib/source/Sources" is not found correctly

  - by Stuart Woodward

  I tried to install Webmin on Ubuntu by following the instructions on http://www.webmin.com/deb.html. Using the Update Manager GUI I added the repositories and the key deb http://download.webmin.com/download/repository sarge contrib deb http://webmin.mirror.somersettechsolutions.co.uk/repository sarge contrib However when I do an: apt-get update apt-get install webmin I get the error: W: Failed to fetch http://download.webmin.com/download/repository/dists/sarge/Release Unable to find expected entry 'contrib/source/Sources' in Release file (Wrong sources.list entry or malformed file) W: Failed to fetch http://webmin.mirror.somersettechsolutions.co.uk/repository/dists/sarge/Release Unable to find expected entry 'contrib/source/Sources' in Release file (Wrong sources.list entry or malformed file) Looing at the page at the URL I can see: 7029066c27ac6f5ef18d660d5741979a 20 contrib/source/Sources.gz Is the error caused by the fact that the Sources are compressed with gzip or am I doing something wrong?

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• Nginx Cache-Control

  - by optixx

  Iam serving my static content with ngnix. location /static { alias /opt/static/blog/; access_log off; etags on; etag_hash on; etag_hash_method md5; expires 1d; add_header Pragma "public"; add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate"; } The resulting header looks like this: Cache-Control:public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate Cache-Control:max-age=86400 Connection:close Content-Encoding:gzip Content-Type:application/x-javascript; charset=utf-8 Date:Tue, 11 Sep 2012 08:39:05 GMT Etag:e2266fb151337fc1996218fafcf3bcee Expires:Wed, 12 Sep 2012 08:39:05 GMT Last-Modified:Tue, 11 Sep 2012 06:22:41 GMT Pragma:public Server:nginx/1.2.2 Transfer-Encoding:chunked Vary:Accept-Encoding Why is nginx sending 2 Cache-Control entries, could this be a problem for the clients?

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• Space (and pipe sign) works on occasion only

  - by Timo Riikonen

  I have an issue that when I try to write pipe sign "|" and space after that, I sometimes get wrong type of space (\240) and my command fails. This issue persists on different shells. How could I fix this? I am using Finnish keyboard layout. timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ ps -ef | grep ruby timo 7169 2633 0 12:12 pts/2 00:00:00 ruby1.9.1 /usr/local/bin/rails new admin4 timo 8736 26515 0 14:22 pts/4 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ruby timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ ps -ef | grep ruby No command ' grep' found, did you mean: Command 'igrep' from package 'openimageio-tools' (universe) Command 'dgrep' from package 'debian-goodies' (main) Command 'rgrep' from package 'grep' (main) Command 'zgrep' from package 'gzip' (main) Command 'zgrep' from package 'zutils' (universe) Command 'sgrep' from package 'sgrep' (universe) Command 'lgrep' from package 'lv' (universe) Command 'egrep' from package 'grep' (main) Command 'ngrep' from package 'ngrep' (universe) Command 'grep' from package 'grep' (main) Command 'agrep' from package 'agrep' (multiverse) Command 'pgrep' from package 'procps' (main) Command 'xgrep' from package 'xgrep' (universe) Command 'vgrep' from package 'atfs' (universe) Command 'fgrep' from package 'grep' (main)  grep: command not found timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ cat pipecom ps -ef | grep rails timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ cat pipecom2 ps -ef | grep rails timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ ./pipecom timo 7169 2633 0 12:12 pts/2 00:00:00 ruby1.9.1 /usr/local/bin/rails new admin4 timo 8777 8775 0 14:26 pts/4 00:00:00 grep rails timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ ./pipecom2 ./pipecom2: line 1: $'\302\240grep': command not found timo@timo-i7-ubuntu:~$ diff -w pipecom pipecom2 1c1 < ps -ef | grep rails --- > ps -ef | grep rails

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• What went wrong with my curl install?

  - by Danjah

  I'm fresher than the prince to Linux, I've been following the instructions here: http://chrisfulstow.com/running-node-js-on-windows-with-virtualbox-and-ubuntu (the link tells what I am generally trying to do). I'm all up and running in VBox, and am at the curl install part, I may have done the curl part a week ago I forget. So I ran this command anyway: danjah@danjah-VirtualBox:~$ sudo apt-get install curl Result: [sudo] password for danjah: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done curl is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Then: $ curl http://npmjs.org/install.sh | sudo npm_install=rc sh Result: fetching: { gzip: stdin: unexpected end of file /bin/tar: Child returned status 1 /bin/tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now It failed Should I be concerned? How can I test curl? How can I avoid these situations? Perhaps there's a generic way of checking to see if I've already installed packages/etc? Case specific answers and general advice most appreciated. cheers, d

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• What are the hard and fast rules for Cache Control?

  - by Metalshark

  Confession: sites I maintain have different rules for Cache Control mostly based on the default configuration of the server followed up with recommendations from the Page Speed & Y-Slow Firefox plug-ins and the Network Resources view in Google's Speed Tracer. Cache-Control is set to private/public depending on what they say to do, ETag's/Last-Modified headers are only tinkered with if Y-Slow suggests there is something wrong and Vary-Accept-Encoding seems necessary when manually gziping files for Amazon CloudFront. When reading through the material on the different options and what they do there seems to be conflicting information, rules for broken proxies and cargo cult configurations. Any of the official information provided by the analysis tools mentioned above is quite inaccessible as it deals with each topic individually instead of as a unified strategy (so there is no cross-referencing of techniques). For example, it seems to make no sense that the speed analysis tools rate a site with ETag's the same as a site without them if they are meant to help with caching. What are the hard and fast rules for a platform agnostic Cache Control strategy? EDIT: A link through Jeff Atwood's article explains Caching in superb depth. For the record though here are the hard and fast rules: If the file is Compressed using GZIP, etc - use "cache-control: private" as a proxy may return the compressed version to a client that does not support it (the browser cache will hold files marked this way though). Also remember to include a "Vary: Accept-Encoding" to say that it is compressible. Use Last-Modified in conjunction with ETag - belt and braces usage provides both validators, whilst ETag is based on file contents instead of modification time alone, using both covers all bases. NOTE: AOL's PageTest has a carte blanche approach against ETags for some reason. If you are using Apache on more than one server to host the same content then remove the implicitly declared inode from ETags by excluding it from the FileETag directive (i.e. "FileETag MTime Size") unless you are genuinely using the same live filesystem. Use "cache-control: public" wherever you can - this means that proxy servers (and the browser cache) will return your content even if the rest of the page needs HTTP authentication, etc.

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• how do I setup Apache's Content-Encoding Header?

  - by Nick

  When attempting to validate my site with the W3C validator, it returns the error, "Don't know how to decode Content-Encoding 'none'". Firebug confirms that my server is sending the header, "Content-Encoding: none". But I can't find any directive in apache2.conf or in my vhost that sets the Content-Encoding header. Where does the directive go, and what should it be set to? UPDATE: On further examination it seems something is wrong with mod_deflate (gzip). It's zipping my css files just fine, but is not zipping the html generated by my php scripts. I have: AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml text/css And the pages are showing a mime type of: "text/html". But content encoding is "none" and they aren't zipping. Perhaps these issues are related?

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• How do I understand the partition table? (I want to start over.)

  - by Sammy Black

  I have Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid installed through wubi on my laptop (it came with Windows 7 preinstalled). This was my first foray into Linux, and I'm here to stay. I have no use for Windows, and yet I must manually choose not to boot into it! Should I shrink the Windows partition to something negligible and grow the Linux one using something like gparted or fdisk, and just be content that everything runs? In that case, I need to understand the filesystems. Which is which? Here's the output of $ df -h: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/loop0 17G 11G 4.5G 71% / none 1.8G 300K 1.8G 1% /dev none 1.8G 376K 1.8G 1% /dev/shm none 1.8G 316K 1.8G 1% /var/run none 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /var/lock none 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda3 290G 50G 240G 18% /host I would prefer to start over with a clean install of 10.10 Maverick, but I fear what I may lose. Certainly, I will backup my home directory tree (gzip?), but what about various pieces of software that I've acquired from the repositories? Can I keep a record of them? By the way, I asked a similar question over on Ubuntu forums.

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• firefox, opera 'The connection was reset' on few POST method calls on Windows and Ubuntu

  - by Gopalakrishnan Subramani

  my website works well with GET method, also few POST methods. Some pages with POST method doesn't work. Some pages with POST work. For example, login page uses POST that works fine. When I post the data on webpage, firefox says "Connecting..." and finally report connection timed out error. The same behavior happens with Opera as well. However Google Chrome works fine. At the server side, I use nginx 1.2.4 with HTTPS and uwsgi for python (flask framework) app. I use geotrust certificate. The same behavior happens with Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04 on firefox. I tried firefox in safemode, but no luck. Set auto-detect proxy settings. no luck. Cleared all cookies. no luck Anyone help me to fix this issue? I am posting ngix config. shame on me. I use root, I know which is not advised. need to fix soon. user root; worker_processes 4; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 768; # multi_accept on; } http { ## # Basic Settings ## sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; # server_tokens off; # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; # server_name_in_redirect off; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; ## # Logging Settings ## access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; ## # Gzip Settings ## gzip on; gzip_disable "msie6"; # gzip_vary on; # gzip_proxied any; # gzip_comp_level 6; # gzip_buffers 16 8k; # gzip_http_version 1.1; # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; ## # nginx-naxsi config ## # Uncomment it if you installed nginx-naxsi ## #include /etc/nginx/naxsi_core.rules; ## # nginx-passenger config ## # Uncomment it if you installed nginx-passenger ## #passenger_root /usr; #passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby; ## # Virtual Host Configs ## include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m; ssl_session_timeout 10m; server { listen 80; server_name www.example.com; rewrite ^(.*) https://example.com$1 permanent; } server { listen 80; server_name example.com; rewrite ^ https://$server_name$request_uri? permanent; } server { listen 443; server_name example.com; keepalive_timeout 70; ssl on; ssl_certificate /root/cc.cert; ssl_certificate_key /root/cc.key; ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; #ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; ssl_ciphers RC4:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; location / { try_files $uri @app; } location @app { include uwsgi_params; uwsgi_pass unix:/tmp/uwsgi.sock; } } } #mail { # # See sample authentication script at: # # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript # # # auth_http localhost/auth.php; # # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER"; # # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS"; # # server { # listen localhost:110; # protocol pop3; # proxy on; # } # # server { # listen localhost:143; # protocol imap; # proxy on; # } #}

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• iis php internal server error

  - by user1633206

  I developed a website, using php/mysql running at IIS Server as CGI Server API. Suddenly it gives me error 500 after two weeks. It has lot of scripts but index.php home is working. But other script that has header redirection What's wrong with my scripts. livehttp addon of firefox says.. GET /allplans.php?lang=ar&cat=1 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.myhost.com... [edited] User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:14.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/14.0.1 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Content-Type: text/html Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Date: Mon, 03 Sep 2012 08:09:13 GMT Content-Length: 1208 Connection: Keep-Alive

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• installing latest apache on centos

  - by fivelitresofsoda

  hi, I'm trying to install the newest version of apache on my centos server. I did the following: Download $ wget http://httpd.apache.org/path/to/latest/version/ Extract $ gzip -d httpd-2_0_NN.tar.gz $ tar xvf httpd-2_0_NN.tar Configure $ ./configure Compile $ make Install $ make install Test $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start And that all worked except the last step, when i type apachectl start it says 'command not found'. I ran this command from /usr/local/apache2/bin/ where it is installed but no cigar. Any idea what i am doing wrong? Thanks.

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• Lightweight tool for viewing raw HTTP messages?

  - by rewbs

  Hi, I'm investigating differences in behaviour between a couple of Web servers. I need to see raw response data from the servers (i.e. before the response is de-chunked if it has "Transfer-Encoding:chunked" and before it is decompressed if it has "Content-Encoding:gzip"). I can find plenty of simple HTTP client that nearly do what I need (e.g. Poster, RESTClient), but they tend to decode the response one step too far. Network analysers like Wireshark give me what I need but are a bit heavyweight. Telnet is my best bet so far, but is a bit too simplistic (actions like capturing data or entering requests are a bit laborious). Can anyone recommend a good, lightweight tool for sending / viewing the raw data that constitute HTTP messages? Edit: I should add that I'm on Windows. Also, the tool would need to work both with remote and local servers.

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• compressing dd backup on the fly

  - by Phil

  Maybe this will sound like dumb question but the way i'm trying to do it doesn't work. I'm on livecd, drive is unmounted, etc. When i do backup this way sudo dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/media/disk/sda2-backup-10august09.ext3 bs=64k ...normally it would work but i don't have enough space on external hd i'm copying to (it ALMOST fits into it). So I wanted to compress this way sudo dd if=/dev/sda2 | gzip > /media/disk/sda2-backup-10august09.gz ...but i got permissions denied. I don't understand.

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• Why is Google Chrome making these weird requests?

  - by mackenir

  I noticed that now and again, Chrome will make three requests to weird hostnames that arent resolved. For example: HEAD http://gtblynlsos/ HTTP/1.1 Host: gtblynlsos Proxy-Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 0 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/9.0.597.107 Safari/534.13 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-GB,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 Other example weird hostnames: http://nxibbjklov/ http://moheksgryj/ Has anyone else seen this? Any ideas what's going on? I have all Chrome extensions disabled.

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• dd cloned win2003 std ntfs partition, "no operating system found".

  - by 3molo

  I cloned an existing ntfs partition on faulty hardware using dd and gzip. The copied partition was then written to a newly created ntfs partition on a new disk (on another server) and the bootable flag was set. However, the "Operating system not found" (or is it No operating system found?) is what happens when I try to boot it.The faulty server is part of the AD domain, but I do not have the local administrator password, so I couldn't use the repair console of windows 2003 to fixmbr. I did try to do a normal repair during win2003 installation menu, but with no success. Both windows installation and Linux recognizes it as a ntfs partition of its true size, and files can be seen and read. I've done this a couple of times before, but I didn't encounter this problem. Of course I encountered other problems, like BSDO due to lack of hw drivers etc - but that was pretty easily fixed. Why am I failing to get the copied partition to even be recognized as a bootable disk on the new server?

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• Transparently decompressing data in archive to allow greater compression later

  - by Vi.

  I have, for example, filesystem image which have some compressed files (with weak compression such as gzip), for example, manpages or archives with the same uncompressed content nearby. How to pre-filter the data to "expand" compressed data to plain form (to re-compress it with strong compression) and then post-filter after decompression to restore original "semi-compressed" image? SHA-1 match is advices but not strictly required (but the resulting image must work, e.g. re-compressed files should not grow too much, be decompressible etc.) Like improving compression ratio by reversing weak compression algorithms. Are there programs for this?

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• 301 redirect from HTTP to HTTPS - how to be sure Google is fetching the correct information?

  - by user33692

  I'm hoping somebody might be able to provide a bit of advice on an issue I am having. I have one site where we implemented a 301 redirect on the homepage from HTTP to HTTPS. We have links on the homepage to other parts of the site that are not under SSL (in fact there is only one other page under SSL). When I go to our Webmaster Tools account I notice that we are not being provided with any webmaster information (e.g., search queries, backlinks, etc...) related to our homepage under SSL. I performed a Fetch as Google on the homepage and the information it returned is: HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Date: Fri, 08 Nov 2013 17:26:24 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.16 (Debian) Location: https://mysite.com/ Vary: Accept-Encoding Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 242 Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"> <html><head> <title>301 Moved Permanently</title> </head><body> <h1>Moved Permanently</h1> <p>The document has moved <a href="https://mysite.com/">here</a>.</p> <hr> <address>Apache/2.2.16 (Debian) Server at mysite.com</address> </body></html> I am worried by the fact that Google fetch is not getting the correct Title tags and Meta information from our homepage and that this is hurting our search results. Additionally, I am worried that we need to do something specific with the sitemap to ensure that Google is correctly indexing all our pages and being able to flow from the HTTPS to the HTTP without issues. Does anybody have any advice on how we can correctly set this up or be sure that Google is fetching the correct information?

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• MySQL gzipped Export in PhpMyAdmin has wrong size in Mozilla

  - by Michal Gow

  That is really strange. I am using PhpMyAdmin 2.11.9.6 on Linux hosting. While I am Exporting databases using "gzipped" compression in Mozilla, I am getting files which have size of uncompressed database, but they seems to be downloading in incredible speed (10 times quicker than is possible using my ISP). So at the end: for database of 10M size I am getting 10M gzip downloaded in miniseconds it has indeed shown 10M size on drive it is corrupted Zip compression is working just fine (I am getting file with cca 1M size with fine content of compressed database) And the weirdest thing: that is happening for Mozilla Firefox (13.0.1) only, Internet Explorer 9 is downloading correct gzipped files... Any hint?

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• What are some best practices for minimizing code?

  - by CrystalBlue

  While maintaining the sites our development team has created, we have come across include files and plugins that have proven to be very useful to more then one part of our applications. Most of these modules have come with two different files, a normal source file and a min file. Seeing that the performance and speed of a page can be increased by minimizing the size of the file, we're looking into doing that to our pages as well. The problem that we run into is a lot of our normal pages (written in ASP classic) is a mix of HTML, ASP, Javascript, CSS, and include files. We have some pages that have their JS both in include files and in the page, depending on if the function is only really used in that page or if it's used in many other pages. For example, we have a common.js and an ajax.js file, both are used in a lot of pages, but not all of them. As well as having some functions in a page that doesn't really make sense to put into one master page. What I have seen a few other people do online is use one master JS file and place all of their javascript into that, minify it, gzip it, and only use that on their production server. Again, this would be great, but I don't know if that fully works for our purposes. What I'm looking for is some direction to go with on this. I'm in favor of taking all of our JS and putting it in one include file, and just having it included in every page that is hit. However, not every page we have needs every bit of JS. So would it be worth the compilation and minifying of the files into one master file and include it everywhere, or would it be better to minify all other files and still include them on a need-to-use basis?

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• Backing up to smaller drive

  - by Dave

  In a few hours I'll have a new 500GB Sony laptop, filled with the usual Sony rubbish which I'll promptly be replacing with Ubuntu or Crunchbang or something. However, first I want to make a full clone of the drive (including recovery partitions), should I wish to return it to Sony or sell it on in its factory state. The problem is that the only backup drives I have are less than 500GB - the biggest I have is 250GB or so! So I need to backup and compress on-the-fly. What's the best way to do this? Presumably dd piped into gzip would do the trick, or does anyone have any other suggestions to accomplish this?

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