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  • IPSEC tunnel Fortinet Transparent Mode to inside Fortinet firewall in NAT Mode does not respond to i

    - by TrevJen
    I have 2 fortinet firewalls (fully patched); fw1 is providing an IPSEC tunnel in transparent mode. beneath this firewall is a fw2, a NAT firewall with a VIP address that has been confirmed to work. This configuration is required for my customers who want to connect to a public address space inside of the tunnel, in order to prevent cross over in IP space. This configuration works great for traffic going outbound to the remote side of the tunnel, but not inbound. While sniffing the traffic, I can see the inbound traffic going out of the fw1, but it is never seen at the fw2. Cust Net > 10.1.1.100 | | | FW1 >TRANSPARENT IPSEC | | | FW2 EXT >99.1.1.1.100-VIP | FW2 NAT >192.1.1.100-NAT

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  • Is it possible to have an external server with in a companies firewall?

    - by Jonathan
    Hi guys, I am sure this is server admin 101,but I am unsure of the answer and would love some help. I am a software developer I have built an application for a client and am currently hosting it successfully on SliceHost. We are now coming out of Beta and the client wants to have the application within their Firewall, but they do not want to deal with headache of hosting and maintaining the server. Is there a way I can recommend that we put our server at SliceHost within their Firewall? Is that an easy thing to do? If that is not possible, what should I recommend to my client? Thanks! Jonathan

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  • iptables: allowing incoming for 192.168.1.0/24 allowed incoming for all?

    - by nortally
    The internal side of my ISP router has three devices: ISP router 128.128.43.1 Firewall router 128.128.43.2 Server 128.128.43.3 Behind the Firewall router is a NAT network using 192.168.100.n/24 This question is regarding iptables running on the Server. I wanted to allow access to port 8080 only from the NAT clients behind the Firewall router, so I used this rule -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT This worked, but UNEXPECTEDLY ALLOWED GLOBAL ACCESS, which resulted in our JBOSS server getting compromised. I now know that the correct rule is to use the Firewall router's address instead of the internal network, but can anyone explain why the first rule allowed global access? I would have expected it to just fail. Full config, mostly lifted from a RedHat server: *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j Firewall-1-INPUT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow ssh from all" -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow https from all" -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow JBOSS from Firewall" ### THIS RESULTED IN GLOBAL ACCESS TO PORT 8080 ### -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT ### THIS WORKED -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 128.128.43.2 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPt ### -A Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT

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  • Why should I use Firewall Zones and not just Address Objects?

    - by SRobertJames
    I appreciate Firewall Address Objects and Address Groups - they simplify management by letting me give a name to a group of addresses. But I don't understand what Firewall Zones (LAN, WAN, DMZ, etc.) do for me over Address Groups. I know all firewalls have them, so there must be a good reason. But what do I gain by stating a rule applies to all traffic from LAN Zone to WAN Zone which comes from LAN Address Group to WAN Address Group? Why not just mention the Address Groups?

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  • Windows Firewall: How to allow traffic on port 8080?

    - by Chadworthington
    I am trying to configure team Foundation Server so that 1) it is accessible from within my Home Network 2) and then make the Web site access accessible via the Internet I have a problem with point 1: When I access http://192.168.1.106:8080/tfs/web/ locally from 192.168.1.106, it works. When I access the same web site from another PC in my home network, the abive URL works only if I turn of the Firewall on 192.168.1.106. Can someone please tell me specifically how to allow traffic on port 8080 without turning off Windows Firewall? It seems that the exceptions that I specify are intended for listing programs on the box that need to communicate out. Is IIS the program that I need to make the exception? How do I specify that port 8080 traffic should be allowed for web site traffic on this port? I hope to have success with pt. 2 later but I figure (1) should be done first. I expect issues.

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  • How can I debug Cisco Firewall ASA "Dispatch Unit" very high CPU utilisation from ASDM?

    - by Andy
    I have recently had my first firewall installed so I am very new to this whole situation. I am finding that Dispatch unit is becoming overloaded and it would appear to be the reason I get serious bouts of lag on my server. The firewall has had little configuration apart from me blocking all the ports in "Access Rules" and allowing only the ones the server needs and from where it needs them. I guess what I am after is assistance with locating the issues causing "Dispatch Unit" to take up all the CPU Regards --Edit-- With ASDM statistics I found that packets inbound (peak of 70-100k/sec from <1k/sec normal), traffic inbound (peak of 40-50kbits/sec from <1kbits/sec normal) and CPU all peak at the same time so I am pretty sure it is an attack of some sort but as a beginner with ASA I am not sure how to resolve

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  • Is it possible to have an external server within a company's firewall?

    - by Jonathan
    Hi guys, I am sure this is server admin 101, but I am unsure of the answer and would love some help. I am a software developer I have built an application for a client and am currently hosting it successfully on SliceHost. We are now coming out of Beta and the client wants to have the application within their firewall, but they do not want to deal with headache of hosting and maintaining the server. Is there a way I can recommend that we put our server at SliceHost within their Firewall? Is that an easy thing to do? Their specific requirements are: For my application to authenticate against their Active Directory, and Only allow access to the application from within their network If that is not possible, what should I recommend to my client?

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  • Winamp trashed its local media library database when I blocked it on my firewall -- Is this supposed to happen?

    - by Hamster
    Frankly, I don't see a compelling reason why Winamp needs to be using my network, as all I do is listen to songs from my local media. However, it appears to exact revenge when I try to ensure it can't on my firewall by completely eradicating my media library list (which includes all my song ratings and such). I was not able to recover this data, as I hadn't exported the database prior, and the actual database file was completely wiped. My other playlists and the actual media itself appear not to be effected, though. Is this supposed to happen, by chance? Edit: I wasn't able to get it to replicate this behavior with a different firewall+Winamp version. Hmm.

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  • Is it effective installing firewall within same machine which offering service?

    - by Eonil
    I'm a starting a small service practically. And I have single server currently. No money to purchase separated/dedicated firewall equipment now. Is it effective installing firewall software on same machine which offering internet service? My server will offer HTTP, NFS, and SSH, and custom made server software on a several ports. (edit) All services (except NFS) should be open to internet. Not internal services. I guess my machine (virtualized within Xen) is connected to the internet directly because I can connect to my machine SSH with only IP address. (edit) NFS is not open to internet. Sorry for my mistake. NFS will be served via SSH only.

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  • Which firewall ports do I need to open in order for a domain trust to work?

    - by Massimo
    I have two Active Directory domains in two different forests; each domain has two DCs (all of them Windows Server 2008 R2). The domains are also in different networks, with a firewall connecting them. I need to create a two-way forest trust between the two domains and forest. How do I configure the firewall to allow this? I found this article, but it doesn't explain very clearly which traffic is required between DCs, and which traffic (if any) in needed instead between domain computers in one domain and DCs for the other one. I'm allowed to permit all traffic between the DCs, but allowing computers in one network to access DCs in the other one would be a little more difficult.

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  • Windows 7 is blocking ports

    - by Caleb1994
    I am trying to open port 80 and 3690 for HTTP and svnserve respectively. I have Windows Firewall off, and have tried temporarily disabling Mcafee VirusScan Enterprise, to no avail. According to http://www.yougetsignal.com/tools/open-ports/, both ports 80 and 3690 are still blocked. I can't think of what would be blocking them if Windows Firewall and my antivirus are disabled. Here is the output of netsh firewall show state Firewall status: ------------------------------------------------------------------- Profile = Standard Operational mode = Disable Exception mode = Enable Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable Notification mode = Enable Group policy version = Windows Firewall Remote admin mode = Disable Ports currently open on all network interfaces: Port Protocol Version Program ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3690 TCP Any (null) 22 TCP Any (null) 80 TCP Any (null) 1900 UDP Any (null) 2869 TCP Any (null) Any help? I'm not sure what each item on the list of enabled/disabled items is, but "Operational Mode" is disabled, so I assume that one refers to me disabling Windows Firewall. I know that since Windows Firewall is off, this output might not be useful, but I figured I'd include it just in case, haha.

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  • Windows 7 is blocking ports

    - by Caleb1994
    I am trying to open port 80 and 3690 for HTTP and svnserve respectively. I have Windows Firewall off, and have tried temporarily disabling Mcafee VirusScan Enterprise, to no avail. According to http://www.yougetsignal.com/tools/open-ports/, both ports 80 and 3690 are still blocked. I can't think of what would be blocking them if Windows Firewall and my antivirus are disabled. Here is the output of netsh firewall show state Firewall status: ------------------------------------------------------------------- Profile = Standard Operational mode = Disable Exception mode = Enable Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable Notification mode = Enable Group policy version = Windows Firewall Remote admin mode = Disable Ports currently open on all network interfaces: Port Protocol Version Program ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3690 TCP Any (null) 22 TCP Any (null) 80 TCP Any (null) 1900 UDP Any (null) 2869 TCP Any (null) Any help? I'm not sure what each item on the list of enabled/disabled items is, but "Operational Mode" is disabled, so I assume that one refers to me disabling Windows Firewall. I know that since Windows Firewall is off, this output might not be useful, but I figured I'd include it just in case, haha.

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  • Java2D OpenGL Hardware Acceleration Doesn't Work

    - by Aaron
    It doesn't work with OpenGL with even the simplest of programs. Here is what I am doing.. java -Dsun.java2d.opengl=True -jar Java2Demo.jar (Java2Demo.jar is usually included with the JDK..) The text output is: OpenGL pipeline enabled for default config on screen 0 When I don't pass in the above VM argument things work fine (but slowly). When I do pass in the above argument nothing shows up... If I move the window around it captures whatever image it was on top of and jumbles it into nonsense. I'm running Windows XP Pro SP3 (Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]) (under Parallels on OS X 10.5.8) I used "Geeks3D GPU Caps Viewer" to tell me I have Open GL version: 2.0 NVIDIA-1.5.48 I have tried this with two version of the JVM. First: java version "1.6.0_13" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_13-b03) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 11.3-b02, mixed mode) and second: java version "1.6.0_20" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_20-b02) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 16.3-b01, mixed mode, sharing)

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  • problem with two .NET threads and hardware access

    - by mack369
    I'm creating an application which communicates with the device via FT2232H USB/RS232 converter. For communication I'm using FTD2XX_NET.dll library from FTDI website. I'm using two threads: first thread continuously reads data from the device the second thread is the main thread of the Windows Form Application I've got a problem when I'm trying to write any data to the device while the receiver's thread is running. The main thread simply hangs up on ftdiDevice.Write function. I tried to synchronize both threads so that only one thread can use Read/Write function at the same time, but it didn't help. Below code responsible for the communication. Note that following functions are methods of FtdiPort class. Receiver's thread private void receiverLoop() { if (this.DataReceivedHandler == null) { throw new BackendException("dataReceived delegate is not set"); } FTDI.FT_STATUS ftStatus = FTDI.FT_STATUS.FT_OK; byte[] readBytes = new byte[this.ReadBufferSize]; while (true) { lock (FtdiPort.threadLocker) { UInt32 numBytesRead = 0; ftStatus = ftdiDevice.Read(readBytes, this.ReadBufferSize, ref numBytesRead); if (ftStatus == FTDI.FT_STATUS.FT_OK) { this.DataReceivedHandler(readBytes, numBytesRead); } else { Trace.WriteLine(String.Format("Couldn't read data from ftdi: status {0}", ftStatus)); Thread.Sleep(10); } } Thread.Sleep(this.RXThreadDelay); } } Write function called from main thread public void Write(byte[] data, int length) { if (this.IsOpened) { uint i = 0; lock (FtdiPort.threadLocker) { this.ftdiDevice.Write(data, length, ref i); } Thread.Sleep(1); if (i != (int)length) { throw new BackendException("Couldnt send all data"); } } else { throw new BackendException("Port is closed"); } } Object used to synchronize two threads static Object threadLocker = new Object(); Method that starts the receiver's thread private void startReceiver() { if (this.DataReceivedHandler == null) { return; } if (this.IsOpened == false) { throw new BackendException("Trying to start listening for raw data while disconnected"); } this.receiverThread = new Thread(this.receiverLoop); //this.receiverThread.Name = "protocolListener"; this.receiverThread.IsBackground = true; this.receiverThread.Start(); } The ftdiDevice.Write function doesn't hang up if I comment following line: ftStatus = ftdiDevice.Read(readBytes, this.ReadBufferSize, ref numBytesRead);

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  • C# problem with two threads and hardware access

    - by mack369
    I'm creating an application which communicates with the device via FT2232H USB/RS232 converter. For communication I'm using FTD2XX_NET.dll library from FTDI website. I'm using two threads: first thread continuously reads data from the device the second thread is the main thread of the Windows Form Application I've got a problem when I'm trying to write any data to the device while the receiver's thread is running. The main thread simply hangs up on ftdiDevice.Write function. I tried to synchronize both threads so that only one thread can use Read/Write function at the same time, but it didn't help. Below code responsible for the communication. Note that following functions are methods of FtdiPort class. Receiver's thread private void receiverLoop() { if (this.DataReceivedHandler == null) { throw new BackendException("dataReceived delegate is not set"); } FTDI.FT_STATUS ftStatus = FTDI.FT_STATUS.FT_OK; byte[] readBytes = new byte[this.ReadBufferSize]; while (true) { lock (FtdiPort.threadLocker) { UInt32 numBytesRead = 0; ftStatus = ftdiDevice.Read(readBytes, this.ReadBufferSize, ref numBytesRead); if (ftStatus == FTDI.FT_STATUS.FT_OK) { this.DataReceivedHandler(readBytes, numBytesRead); } else { Trace.WriteLine(String.Format("Couldn't read data from ftdi: status {0}", ftStatus)); Thread.Sleep(10); } } Thread.Sleep(this.RXThreadDelay); } } Write function called from main thread public void Write(byte[] data, int length) { if (this.IsOpened) { uint i = 0; lock (FtdiPort.threadLocker) { this.ftdiDevice.Write(data, length, ref i); } Thread.Sleep(1); if (i != (int)length) { throw new BackendException("Couldnt send all data"); } } else { throw new BackendException("Port is closed"); } } Object used to synchronize two threads static Object threadLocker = new Object(); Method that starts the receiver's thread private void startReceiver() { if (this.DataReceivedHandler == null) { return; } if (this.IsOpened == false) { throw new BackendException("Trying to start listening for raw data while disconnected"); } this.receiverThread = new Thread(this.receiverLoop); //this.receiverThread.Name = "protocolListener"; this.receiverThread.IsBackground = true; this.receiverThread.Start(); } The ftdiDevice.Write function doesn't hang up if I comment following line: ftStatus = ftdiDevice.Read(readBytes, this.ReadBufferSize, ref numBytesRead);

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  • UV-vis detector [Hardware]

    - by aaa
    hello. This is not hundred percent programming related question, but I was not able to find answer on the net. Is there some kind of detector to record frequency/intensity of light radiation source? something like spectroscopy detector, but instead of actual machine, just the module which can be integrated in project. I have tried searching on Google but I do not even know what such device is called if you know the more appropriate place to ask, can you let me know please. Thank you

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  • DNS lookups failing somewhere between firewall and router

    - by TessellatingHeckler
    we have a setup of ADSL line - Cisco 837 ADSL router - Zyxel ZyWall 35 firewall/NAT - Switch == Intel load balanced NICS in a server. It has been fine for years, suddenly DNS resolution stopped working on the server. No changes that I know of, so I can't work backwards from there. It was configured with the ISP's DNS servers, neither network device does DNS relaying. Wireshark shows the request go out but nothing comes back. The server networking stack seems OK though, because if we query an internal DNS server on a remote site, that works. I can logon to the Cisco, and DNS resolves OK from the command line. I can logon to the ZyWall, and DNS does not resolve from the command line. So the problem seems to be the firewall, patch cable or router, yes? On the router: interface Ethernet0 ip address aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd 255.255.255.ddd ip tcp adjust-mss 1450 hold-queue 100 out On the firewall: DNS server set to 8.8.8.8 (Google's), DNS traffic allowed LAN-WAN. What else should I look for? Update: Following This guide I've got traffic logging on the Cisco. I have also got access to a public DNS server which I can run tcpdump on to see things from the other side. And as per the below comments, I've tested with Dig and see that DNS over TCP works, and over UDP does not. Currently: DNS request from the server using TCP shows up in the firewall log, and in the Cisco log, and in tcpdump on the DNS server, the answer comes back, it works fine. DNS request from the server using UDP shows up in the firewall log, and in the Cisco log, does NOT show in tcpdump on the DNS server, times out. DNS request from the cisco (using UDP) does show up in tcpdump on the DNS server, answer received, works fine. Ping requests from the server and the cisco to the DNS server show up in tcpdump on the DNS server. DNS request from the server using UDP does show up on the firewall. Summary: TCP seems fine throughought. UDP works over the ADSL and to the Cisco, and it works from the server to the Cisco, but it doesn't cross the Cisco properly, it seems. I did see the Cisco showing as connected at 10Mb/full-duplex internally, and the firewall showing as 100Mb/full-duplex externally. I have forced the firewall to 10Mb and rebooted both devices. That seemed to help get UDP traffic (server-firewall-cisco) instead of (server-firewall), but did not fix it. Update: Sanitized Cisco config: version 12.2 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec service password-encryption ! hostname cisco ! logging queue-limit 100 enable secret 5 {password} enable password 7 {password} ! ip subnet-zero ip domain name example.org ip name-server {nameserver_IP} ! ! ip audit notify log ip audit po max-events 100 no ftp-server write-enable ! interface Ethernet0 ip address {Inside_public_IP} 255.255.255.248 ip tcp adjust-mss 1460 hold-queue 100 out ! interface ATM0 no ip address no atm ilmi-keepalive pvc 0/38 encapsulation aal5mux ppp dialer dialer pool-member 1 ! dsl operating-mode auto ! interface Dialer1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 encapsulation ppp dialer pool 1 dialer idle-timeout 0 dialer persistent no cdp enable ppp chap hostname {ADSL_Username} ppp chap password 7 {ADSL_Password} ! ip classless ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Dialer1 no ip http server no ip http secure-server ! access-list 23 permit {IP} dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit no cdp run snmp-server enable traps tty ! {con, vty} end

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  • pfsense log file retention

    - by Colin Pickard
    We have a pfSense firewall in our datacentre. By default, pfSense is only storing 500K of firewall filter logs, which is only a few hours for us. How can I increase this? pfSense uses clog rather than the usual BSD newsyslog. I only want the log for debugging firewall rules, not compliance or anything, and the firewall has 100GB of spare disk space, so I'd rather have the logs on the firewall itself than set up a syslog server.

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  • pfsense log file retention

    - by Colin Pickard
    We have a pfSense firewall in our datacentre. By default, pfSense is only storing 500K of firewall filter logs, which is only a few hours for us. How can I increase this? pfSense uses clog rather than the usual BSD newsyslog. I only want the log for debugging firewall rules, not compliance or anything, and the firewall has 100GB of spare disk space, so I'd rather have the logs on the firewall itself than set up a syslog server.

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  • Why does the Mac OS X firewall dialog recurringly pop-up and disappear by itself (without letting me

    - by Chris W. Rea
    From time to time, I'll be on my Macbook using a program that accesses the network – whether Firefox, or Sony's Reader Library – really, it seems like it could happen with any program that accesses the network – and for no reason that I can discern so far (that is, it happens intermittently) the OS X firewall dialog pops up to ask me the question: Except it doesn't actually let me click anything before it disappears! That is: the dialog pops up, ... then goes away by itself a second later, then pops up again, ... then goes away by itself a second later, etc. It happens a few times before stopping. It wouldn't be so maddening to be interrupted if I could just be allowed to click "Allow" and make the darn thing go away for good. In Security preferences I have the firewall turned "On", and I would like to keep it that way. Has anybody seen this problem, found the source, and figured out a solution or workaround? Thank you.

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  • How to set up port forwarding and firewall settings for torrents using Transmsission on Mac OSX 10.5

    - by Liz
    I have picked up bits of advice here and there on the internet and got someway through this tortuous exercise (after it took 18 hours to download the first torrent I tried yesterday - magnet-link for a film). Where I have got stuck is with configuring the firewall on the Netgear Router but I am not sure if I have caused the problem myself by something else I have done configuring the Mac System Preferences for Security or Networking. I have been following the sections of these instructions that seem to apply, although they are written for a different OSX version (don't know which one, but the screen shots do not match what I see) and I am not wanting to set up my Mac as a server and attending to the parts that apply to port forwarding for Netgear rather than LinkSys: http://homepage.mac.com/car1son/static_port_fwd_intro.html I have been trying to follow these instructions: Instructions for DG834, DG834G, DG824M, FR114W, FM114P, FR114P, FR328S, FVL328, FVS328, FVS338, FVX538, FWAG114, FWG114P, or FVS318v3 These routers do port forwarding by assigning port numbers to a "service" associated with the application you want to run. "Rules" are set for particular services. Rules block or allow access, based on various conditions such as the time of day and the name of the service. To Create a New Inbound or Outbound Rule 1. Submit the router's address in an Internet browser. (The default is 192.168.0.1). 2. Enter the router's username and password. 3. From the main menu, click Security > Rules. 4. Click Add for inbound or outbound traffic, as appropriate to the application you are planning to run. 5. Select the Service. The services the router knows about are listed in the drop down. If the service you want is not listed, add it as described in the next section. 6. Select the Action, for example ALLOW always. 7. For Send to LAN Server, enter the IP address of the local server. Note that this is also the IP address the computers on your LAN will access. 8. For WAN User choose Any, or limit access to particular IP addresses. 9. For Log selection it is reasonable to turn logs on, especially at the beginning when you are unsure of the result of the changes you are making. Later, you may want to set logs to "Never" for performance reasons. 10. Click Apply. As noted in user manual for some models: * Consider using the Dynamic DNS feature on the Advanced menu, so that external users can find your network when the DHCP lease is renewed by your ISP. * If your own LAN server uses DHCP, and your IPs change on rebooting, consider using the Reserved IP Address feature in the LAN IP menu. To Add a Service for These Routers 1. Click Security > Services > Add Custom Service. 2. Enter any name you choose for the service. 3. Select whether the service is to use TCP or UDP. If you are unsure, select both. 4. Enter the lowest port number used by the service. 5. Enter the highest port number used. If the service uses only one port number, enter the same number. 6. Click Apply. There is no "Security - Rules" submenu in the Netgear page, so I have been trying to access "Security - Firewall Rules". I can access everthing else in the Netgear settings as Admin but I cannot get the "Firewall Rules" section to open up. (I am not 100% sure I will know exactly what to do if and when I do get it opened up!) I haven't managed to find though searching the internet any instructions that would seem to apply specifically to what I am trying to achieve, so would be very grateful if someone could either point me in the right direction or give me some advice directly. Best wishes, Liz

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  • How does an OS communicate with other hardware components?

    - by Jack
    How can a program running on a CPU (mostly OS) access other PC hardware? Such as Graphic card, HDD and so? From what I read, in DOS, this was done using BIOS calls, specifically the INT instruction. But, the INT instruction should only jump to the certain space in RAM. So how can some program stored in RAM access other computer hardware, when the CPU can only access RAM, and receive interrupts? Does Windows use INT instructions as well, or is there a new way to communicate with the hardware?

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