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• Best ways to teach a beginner to program?

  - by Justin Standard

  Original Question I am currently engaged in teaching my brother to program. He is a total beginner, but very smart. (And he actually wants to learn). I've noticed that some of our sessions have gotten bogged down in minor details, and I don't feel I've been very organized. (But the answers to this post have helped a lot.) What can I do better to teach him effectively? Is there a logical order that I can use to run through concept by concept? Are there complexities I should avoid till later? The language we are working with is Python, but advice in any language is welcome. How to Help If you have good ones please add the following in your answer: Beginner Exercises and Project Ideas Resources for teaching beginners Screencasts / blog posts / free e-books Print books that are good for beginners Please describe the resource with a link to it so I can take a look. I want everyone to know that I have definitely been using some of these ideas. Your submissions will be aggregated in this post. Online Resources for teaching beginners: A Gentle Introduction to Programming Using Python How to Think Like a Computer Scientist Alice: a 3d program for beginners Scratch (A system to develop programming skills) How To Design Programs Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs Learn To Program Robert Read's How To Be a Programmer Microsoft XNA Spawning the Next Generation of Hackers COMP1917 Higher Computing lectures by Richard Buckland (requires iTunes) Dive into Python Python Wikibook Project Euler - sample problems (mostly mathematical) pygame - an easy python library for creating games Create Your Own Games With Python ebook Foundations of Programming for a next step beyond basics. Squeak by Example Recommended Print Books for teaching beginners Accelerated C++ Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner Code by Charles Petzold

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• Django attribute error: 'module' object has no attribute 'is_usable'

  - by Robert A Henru

  Hi, I got the following error when calling the url in Django. It's working before, I guess it's related with some accidental changes I made, but I have no idea what they are. Thanks before for the help, Robert Environment: Request Method: GET Request URL: http://localhost:8000/time/ Django Version: 1.2 Python Version: 2.6.1 Installed Applications: ['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.sites', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.admin', 'djlearn.books'] Installed Middleware: ('django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware') Traceback: File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response 100. response = callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs) File "/Users/rhenru/Workspace/django/djlearn/src/djlearn/../djlearn/views.py" in current_datetime 16. return render_to_response('current_datetime.html',{'current_date':now,}) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/shortcuts/__init__.py" in render_to_response 20. return HttpResponse(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs), **httpresponse_kwargs) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in render_to_string 181. t = get_template(template_name) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in get_template 157. template, origin = find_template(template_name) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in find_template 128. loader = find_template_loader(loader_name) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in find_template_loader 111. if not func.is_usable: Exception Type: AttributeError at /time/ Exception Value: 'module' object has no attribute 'is_usable'

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• Opinions on Unladen Swallow?

  - by vartec

  What are your opinions and expectations on Google's Unladen Swallow? From their project plan: We want to make Python faster, but we also want to make it easy for large, well-established applications to switch to Unladen Swallow. Produce a version of Python at least 5x faster than CPython. Python application performance should be stable. Maintain source-level compatibility with CPython applications. Maintain source-level compatibility with CPython extension modules. We do not want to maintain a Python implementation forever; we view our work as a branch, not a fork. And even sweeter: In addition, we intend to remove the GIL and fix the state of multithreading in Python. We believe this is possible through the implementation of a more sophisticated GC It almost looks too good to be true, like the best of PyPy and Stackless combined. More info: Jesse Noller: "Pycon: Unladen-Swallow" ArsTechnica: "Google searches for holy grail of Python performance" Update: as DNS pointed out, there was related question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/695370/what-is-llvm-and-how-is-replacing-python-vm-with-llvm-increasing-speeds-5x

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• Starter question of declarative style SQLAlchemy relation()

  - by jfding

  I am quite new to SQLAlchemy, or even database programming, maybe my question is too simple. Now I have two class/table: class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(40)) ... class Computer(Base): __tablename__ = 'comps' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) buyer_id = Column(None, ForeignKey('users.id')) user_id = Column(None, ForeignKey('users.id')) buyer = relation(User, backref=backref('buys', order_by=id)) user = relation(User, backref=backref('usings', order_by=id)) Of course, it cannot run. This is the backtrace: File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py", line 71, in initialize_instance fn(self, instance, args, kwargs) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 1829, in _event_on_init instrumenting_mapper.compile() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 687, in compile mapper._post_configure_properties() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 716, in _post_configure_properties prop.init() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py", line 408, in init self.do_init() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py", line 716, in do_init self._determine_joins() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py", line 806, in _determine_joins "many-to-many relation, 'secondaryjoin' is needed as well." % (self)) sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Could not determine join condition between parent/child tables on relation Package.maintainer. Specify a 'primaryjoin' expression. If this is a many-to-many relation, 'secondaryjoin' is needed as well. There's two foreign keys in class Computer, so the relation() callings cannot determine which one should be used. I think I must use extra arguments to specify it, right? And howto? Thanks

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• ImportError using nose, no ImportError using raw unittest ?

  - by southof40

  I get an ImportError when running my unittests using Nose and I don't when I just run it standalone. All files referred to here may be seen at http://gist.github.com/395541# . If I run the test script, importTest-Test.py, directly I get this output: C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm>python importTest-Test.py In mmdb In BusinessLogic [] . ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.001s If I allow Nose to run it I get an error : C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm>nosetests.exe E ====================================================================== ERROR: Failure: ImportError (No module named mmdb.DataAccess.AttemptDB) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "c:\bin\installed\python2.6\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.3-py2.6.egg\nose\loader.py", line 382, in loadTestsFromName addr.filename, addr.module) File "c:\bin\installed\python2.6\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.3-py2.6.egg\nose\importer.py", line 39, in importFromPath return self.importFromDir(dir_path, fqname) File "c:\bin\installed\python2.6\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.3-py2.6.egg\nose\importer.py", line 86, in importFromDir mod = load_module(part_fqname, fh, filename, desc) File "C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm\importtest-Test.py", line 2, in <module> import importtest File "C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm\importtest.py", line 1, in <module> from mmdb.BusinessLogic.AttemptManager import AttemptManager File "C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\AttemptManager.py", line 1, in <module> from mmdb.DataAccess.AttemptDB import AttemptDB ImportError: No module named mmdb.DataAccess.AttemptDB ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.002s FAILED (errors=1) The files involved in the package which nose is having difficulties with are in the following structure - some may be seen here http://gist.github.com/395541# .: mmm\importtest-Test.py mmm\importtest.py mmm\mmdb mmm\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic mmm\mmdb\BusinessObject mmm\mmdb\DataAccess mmm\mmdb\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\AttemptManager.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\Collections mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\Collections\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessObject\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\DataAccess\AttemptDB.py mmm\mmdb\DataAccess\__init__.py This is happening on Win32 / Python 2.6 / Nose 0.11.3 . I'd be grateful for any help. thanks.

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• TypeError: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, User found

  - by Clemens

  hi, i have to crawl last.fm for users (university exercise). I'm new to python and get following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "crawler.py", line 23, in <module> for f in user_.get_friends(limit='200'): File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pylast.py", line 2717, in get_friends for node in _collect_nodes(limit, self, "user.getFriends", False): File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pylast.py", line 3409, in _collect_nodes doc = sender._request(method_name, cacheable, params) File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pylast.py", line 969, in _request return _Request(self.network, method_name, params).execute(cacheable) File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pylast.py", line 721, in __init__ self.sign_it() File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pylast.py", line 727, in sign_it self.params['api_sig'] = self._get_signature() File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pylast.py", line 740, in _get_signature string += self.params[name] TypeError: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, User found i use the pylast lib for crawling. what i want to do: i want to get a users friends and the friends of the users friends. the error occurs, when i have a for loop in another for loop. here's the code: network = pylast.get_lastfm_network(api_key = API_KEY, api_secret = API_SECRET, username = username, password_hash = password_hash) user = network.get_user("vidarnelson") friends = user.get_friends(limit='200') i = 1 for friend in friends: user_ = network.get_user(friend) print '#%d %s' % (i, friend) i = i + 1 for f in user_.get_friends(limit='200'): print f any advice? thanks in advance. regards!

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• virtualenv macosX --no-site-package ignored

  - by Tristram Gräbener

  Hello, I'm having problems with macOSX and virtualenv. It seems to ignore --no-site-package. Using exactly the same commands with linux (archlinux) it works. It it macOSX 10.5 with python 2.5 curl -o virtualenv.py 'http://bitbucket.org/ianb/virtualenv/raw/tip/virtualenv.py Create a new environment python virtualenv.py --no-site-packages foo New python executable in foo/bin/python Installing setuptools...........................done. Activate it source foo/bin/activate Try to install something in it. Despite virtualenv it looks for the system-wide install easy_install cherrypy Searching for cherrypy Best match: CherryPy 3.1.2 Adding CherryPy 3.1.2 to easy-install.pth file Using /Library/Python/2.5/site-packages Processing dependencies for cherrypy Finished processing dependencies for cherrypy Yet it doesn't find the module (foo)guidage-multimodal:~ tristram$ python Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Feb 6 2009, 19:02:12) [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5465)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import cherrypy Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named cherrypy I tried PIP after looking at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1382925/virtualenv-no-site-packages-and-pip-still-finding-global-packages However it fails installing psycopg2 (some problems with gcc). Also I would like to be able to have a setup.py (from distribute) that does the whole woork

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• Python3 and ftplib uploading files

  - by Teifion

  My python2 script uploads files nicely using this method but python3 is presenting problems and I'm stuck as to where to go next (googling hasn't helped). from ftplib import FTP ftp = FTP(ftp_host, ftp_user, ftp_pass) ftp.storbinary('STOR myfile.txt', open('myfile.txt')) The error I get is Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Library/WebServer/CGI-Executables/rob3/functions/cli_f.py", line 12, in upload ftp.storlines('STOR myfile.txt', open('myfile.txt')) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 454, in storbinary conn.sendall(buf) TypeError: must be bytes or buffer, not str I tried altering the code to from ftplib import FTP ftp = FTP(ftp_host, ftp_user, ftp_pass) ftp.storbinary('STOR myfile.txt'.encode('utf-8'), open('myfile.txt')) But instead I got this Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Library/WebServer/CGI-Executables/rob3/functions/cli_f.py", line 12, in upload ftp.storbinary('STOR myfile.txt'.encode('utf-8'), open('myfile.txt')) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 450, in storbinary conn = self.transfercmd(cmd) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 358, in transfercmd return self.ntransfercmd(cmd, rest)[0] File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 329, in ntransfercmd resp = self.sendcmd(cmd) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 244, in sendcmd self.putcmd(cmd) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 179, in putcmd self.putline(line) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/ftplib.py", line 172, in putline line = line + CRLF TypeError: can't concat bytes to str Can anybody point me in the right direction

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• Longer execution through Java shell than console?

  - by czuk

  I have a script in Python which do some computations. When I run this script in console it takes about 7 minutes to complete but when I run it thought Java shell it takes three times longer. I use following code to execute the script in Java: this.p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("script.py --batch", envp); this.input = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream())); this.output = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(p.getOutputStream())); this.error = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getErrorStream())); Do you have any suggestion why the Python script runs three time longer in Java than in a console? update The computation goes as follow: Java sends data to the Python. Python reads the data. Python generates a decision tree --- this is a long operation. Python sends a confirmation that the tree is ready. Java receives the confirmation. Later there is a series of communications between Java and Python but it takes only several second.

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• Why isn't pyinstaller making me an .exe file?

  - by Matt Miller

  I am attempting to follow this guide to make a simple Hello World script into an .exe file. I have Windows Vista with an AMD 64-bit processor I have installed Python 2.6.5 (Windows AMD64 version) I have set the PATH (if that's the right word) so that the command line recognizes Python I have installed UPX (there only seems to be a 32-bit version for Windows) and pasted a copy of upx.exe into the Python26 folder as instructed. I have installed Pywin (Windows AMD 64 Python 2.6 version) I have run Pyinstaller's Configure.py. It gives some error messages but seems to complete. I don't know if this is what's causing the problem, so the following is what it says when I run it: C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26winConfigure.py I: read old config from C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\config.dat I: computing EXE_dependencies I: Finding TCL/TK... I: Analyzing C:\Python26\DLLs_tkinter.pyd W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Python26\DLLs_tkinter.pyd W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Python26\DLLs_ctypes.pyd W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Python26\DLLs_ctypes.pyd W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Python26\DLLs\select.pyd W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Python26\DLLs\select.pyd W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Python26\DLLs\unicodedata.pyd W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Python26\DLLs\unicodedata.pyd W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Python26\DLLs\bz2.pyd W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Python26\DLLs\bz2.pyd W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Python26\python.exe I: Dependent assemblies of C:\Python26\python.exe: I: amd64_Microsoft.VC90.CRT_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_none I: Searching for assembly amd64_Microsoft.VC90.CRT_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_ none... I: Found manifest C:\Windows\WinSxS\Manifests\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a 1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b.manifest I: Searching for file msvcr90.dll I: Found file C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21 022.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcr90.dll I: Searching for file msvcp90.dll I: Found file C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21 022.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcp90.dll I: Searching for file msvcm90.dll I: Found file C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21 022.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcm90.dll I: Adding Microsoft.VC90.CRT\Microsoft.VC90.CRT.manifest I: Adding Microsoft.VC90.CRT\msvcr90.dll I: Adding Microsoft.VC90.CRT\msvcp90.dll I: Adding Microsoft.VC90.CRT\msvcm90.dll W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Python26\python.exe W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Windows\WinSxS\Manifests\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e 3b_9.0.21022.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b.manifest I: Analyzing C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.210 22.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcr90.dll W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_none_ 750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcr90.dll W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.210 22.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcp90.dll W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_none_ 750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcp90.dll W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: Analyzing C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.210 22.8_none_750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcm90.dll W: Cannot get binary dependencies for file: W: C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft.vc90.crt_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_none_ 750b37ff97f4f68b\msvcm90.dll W: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 608, in get Imports return _getImports_pe(pth) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\bindepend.py", line 275, in _ge tImports_pe importva, importsz = datadirs[1] IndexError: list index out of range I: could not find TCL/TK I: testing for Zlib... I: ... Zlib available I: Testing for ability to set icons, version resources... I: ... resource update available I: Testing for Unicode support... I: ... Unicode available I: testing for UPX... I: ...UPX available I: computing PYZ dependencies... I: done generating C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\config.dat My Python script (named Hello.py) is the same as the example: #!/usr/bin/env python for i in xrange(10000): print "Hello, World!" This is my BAT file, in the same directory: set PIP=C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\ python %PIP%Makespec.py --onefile --console --upx --tk Hello.py python %PIP%Build.py Hello.spec When I run Hello.bat in the command prompt several files are made, none of which are an .exe file, and the following is displayed: C:\My Filesset PIP=C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\ C:\My Filespython C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\Makespec.py --onefil e --console --upx --tk Hello.py wrote C:\My Files\Hello.spec now run Build.py to build the executable C:\My Filespython C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\Build.py Hello.spec I: Dependent assemblies of C:\Python26\python.exe: I: amd64_Microsoft.VC90.CRT_1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b_9.0.21022.8_none Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\Build.py", line 1359, in main(args[0], configfilename=opts.configfile) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\Build.py", line 1337, in main build(specfile) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\Build.py", line 1297, in build execfile(spec) File "Hello.spec", line 3, in pathex=['C:\My Files']) File "C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\Build.py", line 292, in _init _ raise ValueError, "script '%s' not found" % script ValueError: script 'C:\Python26\Pyinstaller\branches\py26win\support\useTK.py' n ot found I have limited knowledge with the command prompt, so please take baby steps with me if I need to do something there.

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• Algorithm design, "randomising" timetable schedule in Python although open to other languages.

  - by S1syphus

  Before I start I should add I am a musician and not a native programmer, this was undertook to make my life easier. Here is the situation, at work I'm given a new csv file each which contains a list of sound files, their length, and the minimum total amount of time they must be played. I create a playlist of exactly 60 minutes, from this excel file. Each sample played the by the minimum number of instances, but spread out from each other; so there will never be a period where for where one sound is played twice in a row or in close proximity to itself. Secondly, if the minimum instances of each song has been used, and there is still time with in the 60 min, it needs to fill the remaining time using sounds till 60 minutes is reached, while adhering to above. The smallest duration possible is 15 seconds, and then multiples of 15 seconds. Here is what I came up with in python and the problems I'm having with it, and as one user said its buggy due to the random library used in it. So I'm guessing a total rethink is on the table, here is where I need your help. Whats is the best way to solve the issue, I have had a brief look at things like knapsack and bin packing algorithms, while both are relevant neither are appropriate and maybe a bit beyond me.

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• How do I create a named temporary file on windows in Python?

  - by Chris B.

  I've got a Python program that needs to create a named temporary file which will be opened and closed a couple times over the course of the program, and should be deleted when the program exits. Unfortunately, none of the options in tempfile seem to work: TemporaryFile doesn't have a visible name NamedTemporaryFile creates a file-like object. I just need a filename. I've tried closing the object it returns (after setting delete = False) but I get stream errors when I try to open the file later. SpooledTemporaryFile doesn't have a visible name mkstemp returns both the open file object and the name; it doesn't guarantee the file is deleted when the program exits mktemp returns the filename, but doesn't guarantee the file is deleted when the program exits I've tried using mktemp1 within a context manager, like so: def get_temp_file(suffix): class TempFile(object): def __init__(self): self.name = tempfile.mktemp(suffix = '.test') def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, ex_type, ex_value, ex_tb): if os.path.exists(self.name): try: os.remove(self.name) except: print sys.exc_info() return TempFile() ... but that gives me a WindowsError(32, 'The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process'). The filename is used by a process my program spawns, and even though I ensure that process finishes before I exit, it seems to have a race condition out of my control. What's the best way of dealing with this? 1 I don't need to worry about security here; this is part of a testing module, so the most someone nefarious could do is cause our unit tests to spuriously fail. The horror!

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• In Python epoll can I avoid the errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN ?

  - by davyzhang

  I wrote a epoll wrapper in python, It works fine but recently I found the performance is not not ideal for large package sending. I look down into the code and found there's actually a LOT of error Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/dawn/Documents/workspace/work/dev/server/sandbox/single_point/tcp_epoll.py", line 231, in send_now num_bytes = self.sock.send(self.response) error: [Errno 35] Resource temporarily unavailable and previously silent it as the document said, so my sending function was done this way: def send_now(self): '''send message at once''' st = time.time() times = 0 while self.response != '': try: num_bytes = self.sock.send(self.response) l.info('msg wrote %s %d : %r size %r',self.ip,self.port,self.response[:num_bytes],num_bytes) self.response = self.response[num_bytes:] except socket.error,e: if e[0] in (errno.EWOULDBLOCK,errno.EAGAIN): #here I printed it, but I silent it in normal days #print 'would block, again %r',tb.format_exc() break else: l.warning('%r %r socket error %r',self.ip,self.port,tb.format_exc()) #must break or cause dead loop break except: #other exceptions l.warning('%r %r msg write error %r',self.ip,self.port,tb.format_exc()) break times += 1 et = time.time() I googled it, and says it caused by temporarily network buffer run out So how can I manually and efficiently detect this error instead it goes to exception phase? Because it cause to much time to rasie/handle the exception.

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• Maintaining a Python web application: heavier vs lighter framework?

  - by Tiberiu Ana

  Five+ years from now, you are hired to support and extend a data-centric web application written in Python that hasn't been kept up to date. Would you rather prefer it was written in the current version of Django/Pylons at the time, using the available standard components, or kept minimal with something like CherryPy/web.py and a few library dependencies? Heavy framework Advantages: standard approach to application design and structure, as encouraged by framework; less application code to worry about. Disadvantages: requires learning the framework to understand how things work; broken things in old version of framework difficult to fix; upgrading to new version potentially difficult due to changing APIs; finding relevant documentation/help potentially difficult due to changing APIs. Light framework Advantages: most application code is directly "visible"; only needed features are implemented; architecture should be simpler to understand; less need to upgrade external dependencies; easier to upgrade external dependencies. Disadvantages: some reinventing the wheel; non-standard design and structure (with the associated unique issues and bugs). I will update the list with any helpful answers.

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• How to implement a python REPL that nicely handles asynchronous output?

  - by andy

  I have a Python-based app that can accept a few commands in a simple read-eval-print-loop. I'm using raw_input('> ') to get the input. On Unix-based systems, I also import readline to make things behave a little better. All this is working fine. The problem is that there are asynchronous events coming in, and I'd like to print output as soon as they happen. Unfortunately, this makes things look ugly. The " " string doesn't show up again after the output, and if the user is halfway through typing something, it chops their text in half. It should probably redraw the user's text-in-progress after printing something. This seems like it must be a solved problem. What's the proper way to do this? Also note that some of my users are Windows-based. TIA Edit: The accepted answer works under Unixy platforms (when the readline module is available), but if anyone knows how to make this work under Windows, it would be much appreciated!

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• Elegant way to take basename of directory in Python?

  - by user248237

  I have several scripts that take as input a directory name, and my program creates files in those directories. Sometimes I want to take the basename of a directory given to the program and use it to make various files in the directory. For example, # directory name given by user via command-line output_dir = "..." # obtained by OptParser, for example my_filename = output_dir + '/' + os.path.basename(output_dir) + '.my_program_output' # write stuff to my_filename The problem is that if the user gives a directory name with a trailing slash, then os.path.basename will return the empty string, which is not what I want. What is the most elegant way to deal with these slash/trailing slash issues in python? I know I can manually check for the slash at the end of output_dir and remove it if it's there, but there seems like there should be a better way. Is there? Also, is it OK to manually add '/' characters? E.g. output_dir + '/' os.path.basename() or is there a more generic way to build up paths? Thanks.

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• How is it that json serialization is so much faster than yaml serialization in python?

  - by guidoism

  I have code that relies heavily on yaml for cross-language serialization and while working on speeding some stuff up I noticed that yaml was insanely slow compared to other serialization methods (e.g., pickle, json). So what really blows my mind is that json is so much faster that yaml when the output is nearly identical. >>> import yaml, cjson; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}} >>> yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.SafeDumper) 'foo: {bar: 1}\n' >>> cjson.encode(d) '{"foo": {"bar": 1}}' >>> import yaml, cjson; >>> timeit("yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.SafeDumper)", setup="import yaml; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 44.506911039352417 >>> timeit("yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.CSafeDumper)", setup="import yaml; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 16.852826118469238 >>> timeit("cjson.encode(d)", setup="import cjson; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 0.073784112930297852 PyYaml's CSafeDumper and cjson are both written in C so it's not like this is a C vs Python speed issue. I've even added some random data to it to see if cjson is doing any caching, but it's still way faster than PyYaml. I realize that yaml is a superset of json, but how could the yaml serializer be 2 orders of magnitude slower with such simple input?

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• Yet another Python Windows CMD mklink problem ... can't get it to work!

  - by Felix Dombek

  OK I have just posted another question which outlined my program but the specific problem was different. Now, my program just stops working without any message whatsoever. I'd be grateful if someone could help me here. I want to create symlinks for each file in a directory structure, all in one large flat folder, and have the following code by now: # loop over directory structure: # for all items in current directory, # if item is directory, recurse into it; # else it's a file, then create a symlink for it def makelinks(folder, targetfolder, cmdprocess = None): if not cmdprocess: cmdprocess = subprocess.Popen("cmd", stdin = subprocess.PIPE, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = subprocess.PIPE) print(folder) for name in os.listdir(folder): fullname = os.path.join(folder, name) if os.path.isdir(fullname): makelinks(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess) else: makelink(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess) #for a given file, create one symlink in the target folder def makelink(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess): linkname = os.path.join(targetfolder, re.sub(r"[\/\\\:\*\?\"\<\>\|]", "-", fullname)) if not os.path.exists(linkname): try: os.remove(linkname) print("Invalid symlink removed:", linkname) except: pass if not os.path.exists(linkname): cmdprocess.stdin.write("mklink " + linkname + " " + fullname + "\r\n") So this is a top-down recursion where first the folder name is printed, then the subdirectories are processed. If I run this now over some folder, the whole thing just stops after 10 or so symbolic links. Here is the output: D:\Musik\neu D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\ChillOutMix D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\Unknown D&B D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\Unknown D&B 2 The program still seems to run but no new output is generated. It created 9 symlinks for some files in the # tag & reencode and the first three files in the ChillOutMix folder. The cmd.exe Window is still open and empty, and shows in its title bar that it is currently processing the mklink command for the third file in ChillOutMix. I tried to insert a time.sleep(2) after each cmdprocess.stdin.write in case Python is just too fast for the cmd process, but it doesn't help. Does anyone know what the problem might be?

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• What is the best way to translate this recursive python method into Java?

  - by Simucal

  In another question I was provided with a great answer involving generating certain sets for the Chinese Postman Problem. The answer provided was: def get_pairs(s): if not s: yield [] else: i = min(s) for j in s - set([i]): for r in get_pairs(s - set([i, j])): yield [(i, j)] + r for x in get_pairs(set([1,2,3,4,5,6])): print x This will output the desire result of: [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] [(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 6)] [(1, 2), (3, 6), (4, 5)] [(1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6)] [(1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 6)] [(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 5)] [(1, 4), (2, 3), (5, 6)] [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] [(1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 5)] [(1, 5), (2, 3), (4, 6)] [(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)] [(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4)] [(1, 6), (2, 3), (4, 5)] [(1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 5)] [(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4)] This really shows off the expressiveness of Python because this is almost exactly how I would write the pseudo-code for the algorithm. I especially like the usage of yield and and the way that sets are treated as first class citizens. However, there in lies my problem. What would be the best way to: 1.Duplicate the functionality of the yield return construct in Java? Would it instead be best to maintain a list and append my partial results to this list? How would you handle the yield keyword. 2.Handle the dealing with the sets? I know that I could probably use one of the Java collections which implements that implements the Set interface and then using things like removeAll() to give me a set difference. Is this what you would do in that case? Ultimately, I'm looking to reduce this method into as concise and straightforward way as possible in Java. I'm thinking the return type of the java version of this method will likely return a list of int arrays or something similar. How would you handle the situations above when converting this method into Java?

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• Convert array to CSV/TSV-formated string in Python.

  - by dreeves

  Python provides csv.DictWriter for outputting CSV to a file. What is the simplest way to output CSV to a string or to stdout? For example, given a 2D array like this: [["a b c", "1,2,3"], ["i \"comma-heart\" you", "i \",heart\" u, too"]] return the following string: "a b c, \"1, 2, 3\"\n\"i \"\"comma-heart\"\" you\", \"i \"\",heart\"\" u, too\"" which when printed would look like this: a b c, "1,2,3" "i ""heart"" you", "i "",heart"" u, too" (I'm taking csv.DictWriter's word for it that that is in fact the canonical way to output that array as CSV. Excel does parse it correctly that way, though Mathematica does not. From a quick look at the wikipedia page on CSV it seems Mathematica is wrong.) One way would be to write to a temp file with csv.DictWriter and read it back with csv.DictReader. What's a better way? TSV instead of CSV It also occurs to me that I'm not wedded to CSV. TSV would make a lot of the headaches with delimiters and quotes go away: just replace tabs with spaces in the entries of the 2D array and then just intersperse tabs and newlines and you're done. Let's include solutions for both TSV and CSV in the answers to make this as useful as possible for future searchers.

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• Where is my python script spending time? Is there "missing time" in my cprofile / pstats trace?

  - by fmark

  I am attempting to profile a long running python script. The script does some spatial analysis on raster GIS data set using the gdal module. The script currently uses three files, the main script which loops over the raster pixels called find_pixel_pairs.py, a simple cache in lrucache.py and some misc classes in utils.py. I have profiled the code on a moderate sized dataset. pstats returns: p.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(20) Thu May 6 19:16:50 2010 phes.profile 355483738 function calls in 11644.421 CPU seconds Ordered by: cumulative time List reduced from 86 to 20 due to restriction <20> ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.008 0.008 11644.421 11644.421 <string>:1(<module>) 1 11064.926 11064.926 11644.413 11644.413 find_pixel_pairs.py:49(phes) 340135349 544.143 0.000 572.481 0.000 utils.py:173(extent_iterator) 8831020 18.492 0.000 18.492 0.000 {range} 231922 3.414 0.000 8.128 0.000 utils.py:152(get_block_in_bands) 142739 1.303 0.000 4.173 0.000 utils.py:97(search_extent_rect) 745181 1.936 0.000 2.500 0.000 find_pixel_pairs.py:40(is_no_data) 285478 1.801 0.000 2.271 0.000 utils.py:98(intify) 231922 1.198 0.000 2.013 0.000 utils.py:116(block_to_pixel_extent) 695766 1.990 0.000 1.990 0.000 lrucache.py:42(get) 1213166 1.265 0.000 1.265 0.000 {min} 1031737 1.034 0.000 1.034 0.000 {isinstance} 142740 0.563 0.000 0.909 0.000 utils.py:122(find_block_extent) 463844 0.611 0.000 0.611 0.000 utils.py:112(block_to_pixel_coord) 745274 0.565 0.000 0.565 0.000 {method 'append' of 'list' objects} 285478 0.346 0.000 0.346 0.000 {max} 285480 0.346 0.000 0.346 0.000 utils.py:109(pixel_coord_to_block_coord) 324 0.002 0.000 0.188 0.001 utils.py:27(__init__) 324 0.016 0.000 0.186 0.001 gdal.py:848(ReadAsArray) 1 0.000 0.000 0.160 0.160 utils.py:50(__init__) The top two calls contain the main loop - the entire analyis. The remaining calls sum to less than 625 of the 11644 seconds. Where are the remaining 11,000 seconds spent? Is it all within the main loop of find_pixel_pairs.py? If so, can I find out which lines of code are taking most of the time?

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• Return a list of imported Python modules used in a script?

  - by Jono Bacon

  Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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• What is the easiest way to read wav-files using Python [summary]?

  - by Roman

  I want to use Python to access a wav-file and write its content in a form which allows me to analyze it (let's say arrays). I heard that "audiolab" is a suitable tool for that (it transforms numpy arrays into wav and vica versa). I have installed the "audiolab" but I had a problem with the version of numpy (I could not "from numpy.testing import Tester"). I had 1.1.1. version of numpy. I have installed a newer version on numpy (1.4.0). But then I got a new set of errors: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 7, in import scikits.audiolab File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/scikits/audiolab/init.py", line 25, in from pysndfile import formatinfo, sndfile File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/scikits/audiolab/pysndfile/init.py", line 1, in from _sndfile import Sndfile, Format, available_file_formats, available_encodings File "numpy.pxd", line 30, in scikits.audiolab.pysndfile._sndfile (scikits/audiolab/pysndfile/_sndfile.c:9632) ValueError: numpy.dtype does not appear to be the correct type object I gave up to use audiolab and thought that I can use "wave" package to read in a wav-file. I asked a question about that but people recommended to use scipy instead. OK, I decided to focus on scipy (I have 0.6.0. version). But when I tried to do the following: from scipy.io import wavfile x = wavfile.read('/usr/share/sounds/purple/receive.wav') I get the following: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test3.py", line 4, in <module> from scipy.io import wavfile File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/scipy/io/__init__.py", line 23, in <module> from numpy.testing import NumpyTest ImportError: cannot import name NumpyTest So, I gave up to use scipy. Can I use just wave package? I do not need much. I just need to have content of wav-file in human readable format and than I will figure out what to do with that.

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• How do I create a python module from a fortran program with f2py?

  - by Lars Hellemo

  I am trying to read some smps files with python, and found a fortran implementation, so I thought I would give f2py a shot. The problem is that I have no experience with fortran. I have successfully installed gfortran and f2py on my Linux box and ran the example on thew f2py page, but I have some trouble compiling and running the large program. There are two files, one with a file reader wrapper and one with all the logic. They seem to call each other, but when I compile and link or try f2py, I get errors that they somehow can't find each other: f95 -c FILEWR~1.F f95 -c SMPSREAD.F90 f95 -o smpsread SMPSREAD.o FILEWR~1.o FILEWR~1.o In function `file_wrapper_' FILEWR~1.F(.text+0x3d) undefined reference to `chopen_' usrlibgcci486-linux-gnu4.4.1libgfortranbegin.a(fmain.o) In function `main' (.text+0x27) undefined reference to `MAIN__' collect2 ld returned 1 exit status I also tried changing the name to FILE_WRAPPER.F but that did not help. With f2py I found out I had to include a comment to get it to accept free format, and saved this as a new file and tried: f2py -c -m smpsread smpsread.f90 I get a lot of output and warnings, but the error seems to be this one: getctype: No C-type found in "{'typespec': 'type', 'attrspec': ['allocatable'], 'typename': 'node', 'dimension': [':']}", assuming void. The fortran 90 spms reader can be found here. Any help or suggestions appreciated.

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• Setting an Excel Range with an Array using Python and comtypes?

  - by technomalogical

  Using comtypes to drive Python, it seems some magic is happening behind the scenes that is not converting tuples and lists to VARIANT types: # RANGE(“C14:D21”) has values # Setting the Value on the Range with a Variant should work, but # list or tuple is not getting converted properly it seems >>>from comtypes.client import CreateObject >>>xl = CreateObject("Excel.application") >>>xl.Workbooks.Open(r'C:\temp\my_file.xlsx') >>>xl.Visible = True >>>vals=tuple([(x,y) for x,y in zip('abcdefgh',xrange(8))]) # creates: #(('a', 0), ('b', 1), ('c', 2), ('d', 3), ('e', 4), ('f', 5), ('g', 6), ('h', 7)) >>>sheet = xl.Workbooks[1].Sheets["Sheet1"] >>>sheet.Range["C14","D21"].Value() (('foo',1),('foo',2),('foo',3),('foo',4),('foo',6),('foo',6),('foo',7),('foo',8)) >>>sheet.Range["C14","D21"].Value[()] = vals # no error, this blanks out the cells in the Range According to the comtypes docs: When you pass simple sequences (lists or tuples) as VARIANT parameters, the COM server will receive a VARIANT containing a SAFEARRAY of VARIANTs with the typecode VT_ARRAY | VT_VARIANT. This seems to be inline with what MSDN says about passing an array to a Range's Value. I also found this page showing something similar in C#. Can anybody tell me what I'm doing wrong? EDIT I've come up with a simpler example that performs the same way (in that, it does not work): >>>from comtypes.client import CreateObject >>>xl = CreateObject("Excel.application") >>>xl.Workbooks.Add() >>>sheet = xl.Workbooks[1].Sheets["Sheet1"] # at this point, I manually typed into the range A1:B3 >>> sheet.Range("A1","B3").Value() ((u'AAA', 1.0), (u'BBB', 2.0), (u'CCC', 3.0)) >>>sheet.Range("A1","B3").Value[()] = [(x,y) for x,y in zip('xyz',xrange(3))] # Using a generator expression, per @Mike's comment # However, this still blanks out my range :(

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