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  • mdadm: Win7-install created a boot partition on one of my RAID6 drives. How to rebuild?

    - by EXIT_FAILURE
    My problem happened when I attempted to install Windows 7 on it's own SSD. The Linux OS I used which has knowledge of the software RAID system is on a SSD that I disconnected prior to the install. This was so that windows (or I) wouldn't inadvertently mess it up. However, and in retrospect, foolishly, I left the RAID disks connected, thinking that windows wouldn't be so ridiculous as to mess with a HDD that it sees as just unallocated space. Boy was I wrong! After copying over the installation files to the SSD (as expected and desired), it also created an ntfs partition on one of the RAID disks. Both unexpected and totally undesired! . I changed out the SSDs again, and booted up in linux. mdadm didn't seem to have any problem assembling the array as before, but if I tried to mount the array, I got the error message: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/md0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so dmesg: EXT4-fs (md0): ext4_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 0 not in group (block 1318081259)! EXT4-fs (md0): group descriptors corrupted! I then used qparted to delete the newly created ntfs partition on /dev/sdd so that it matched the other three /dev/sd{b,c,e}, and requested a resync of my array with echo repair > /sys/block/md0/md/sync_action This took around 4 hours, and upon completion, dmesg reports: md: md0: requested-resync done. A bit brief after a 4-hour task, though I'm unsure as to where other log files exist (I also seem to have messed up my sendmail configuration). In any case: No change reported according to mdadm, everything checks out. mdadm -D /dev/md0 still reports: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed May 23 22:18:45 2012 Raid Level : raid6 Array Size : 3907026848 (3726.03 GiB 4000.80 GB) Used Dev Size : 1953513424 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Mon May 26 12:41:58 2014 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 4K Name : okamilinkun:0 UUID : 0c97ebf3:098864d8:126f44e3:e4337102 Events : 423 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync /dev/sdd 3 8 64 3 active sync /dev/sde Trying to mount it still reports: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/md0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so and dmesg: EXT4-fs (md0): ext4_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 0 not in group (block 1318081259)! EXT4-fs (md0): group descriptors corrupted! I'm a bit unsure where to proceed from here, and trying stuff "to see if it works" is a bit too risky for me. This is what I suggest I should attempt to do: Tell mdadm that /dev/sdd (the one that windows wrote into) isn't reliable anymore, pretend it is newly re-introduced to the array, and reconstruct its content based on the other three drives. I also could be totally wrong in my assumptions, that the creation of the ntfs partition on /dev/sdd and subsequent deletion has changed something that cannot be fixed this way. My question: Help, what should I do? If I should do what I suggested , how do I do that? From reading documentation, etc, I would think maybe: mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --set-faulty /dev/sdd mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdd mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --re-add /dev/sdd However, the documentation examples suggest /dev/sdd1, which seems strange to me, as there is no partition there as far as linux is concerned, just unallocated space. Maybe these commands won't work without. Maybe it makes sense to mirror the partition table of one of the other raid devices that weren't touched, before --re-add. Something like: sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sdd Bonus question: Why would the Windows 7 installation do something so st...potentially dangerous? Update I went ahead and marked /dev/sdd as faulty, and removed it (not physically) from the array: # mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --set-faulty /dev/sdd # mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdd However, attempting to --re-add was disallowed: # mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --re-add /dev/sdd mdadm: --re-add for /dev/sdd to /dev/md0 is not possible --add, was fine. # mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdd mdadm -D /dev/md0 now reports the state as clean, degraded, recovering, and /dev/sdd as spare rebuilding. /proc/mdstat shows the recovery progress: md0 : active raid6 sdd[4] sdc[1] sde[3] sdb[0] 3907026848 blocks super 1.2 level 6, 4k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UU_U] [>....................] recovery = 2.1% (42887780/1953513424) finish=348.7min speed=91297K/sec nmon also shows expected output: ¦sdb 0% 87.3 0.0| > |¦ ¦sdc 71% 109.1 0.0|RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR > |¦ ¦sdd 40% 0.0 87.3|WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW > |¦ ¦sde 0% 87.3 0.0|> || It looks good so far. Crossing my fingers for another five+ hours :) Update 2 The recovery of /dev/sdd finished, with dmesg output: [44972.599552] md: md0: recovery done. [44972.682811] RAID conf printout: [44972.682815] --- level:6 rd:4 wd:4 [44972.682817] disk 0, o:1, dev:sdb [44972.682819] disk 1, o:1, dev:sdc [44972.682820] disk 2, o:1, dev:sdd [44972.682821] disk 3, o:1, dev:sde Attempting mount /dev/md0 reports: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/md0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so And on dmesg: [44984.159908] EXT4-fs (md0): ext4_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 0 not in group (block 1318081259)! [44984.159912] EXT4-fs (md0): group descriptors corrupted! I'm not sure what do do now. Suggestions? Output of dumpe2fs /dev/md0: dumpe2fs 1.42.8 (20-Jun-2013) Filesystem volume name: Atlas Last mounted on: /mnt/atlas Filesystem UUID: e7bfb6a4-c907-4aa0-9b55-9528817bfd70 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 244195328 Block count: 976756712 Reserved block count: 48837835 Free blocks: 92000180 Free inodes: 243414877 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 791 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 RAID stripe width: 2 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Thu May 24 07:22:41 2012 Last mount time: Sun May 25 23:44:38 2014 Last write time: Sun May 25 23:46:42 2014 Mount count: 341 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Thu May 24 07:22:41 2012 Check interval: 0 (<none>) Lifetime writes: 4357 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: e177a374-0b90-4eaa-b78f-d734aae13051 Journal backup: inode blocks dumpe2fs: Corrupt extent header while reading journal super block

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  • Seriousness of a "Smart" disk error. How long will it last?

    - by Workshop Alex
    I have an 1 TB data disk and the bios and Windows are reporting a "Smart" error. At least, I get a Smart event but it doesn't indicate how serious the failure could be. My system is about 6 months old, including the disk so the warranty will cover the damage. Unfortunately, I lack a second disk of 1 TB in size which I can use to make a full backup. The most important data on this disk is safe, but there's a lot of work data which can be regenerated but this would cost a lot of time. So I ordered an USB disk of 1 TB which will arrive in three days. By then I can make a full backup of the data and afterwards, it can crash. But will the disk live that long? (Well, I won't use the PC as long as I can't make a backup.) How serious is such a Smart event? I know it's serious enough to have it replaced, but will it live for another week or could it die any moment?Update: I purchased an 1 TB external disk and spent most of the day making a backup of the 1 TB disk. It survived that. I then received a new disk, since it was still under warranty and replaced the hard disk. Then I had to spend most of a day again to put back the backup. I need to send back the faulty disk and now have an additional external disk, which could always be practical. :-) The Smart Error report did not cause any failures on the original disk. I won't advise to ignore these warnings, but the disk still has enough life in it to last a few more days. (Just make sure you have a good back-up.) And oh, the horror of having to make a complete backup such a huge disk. :-) If your data is important, make sure you have something that supports incremental backups and lots of space. (In my case, the data wasn't very important, just practical to have on-disk together.)

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  • Access denied to external USB disk; update access rights fails in Windows 8

    - by gerard
    I use to work with 2 laptops (Windows vista and Windows 7), my work files being on an external usb disk. My oldest laptop broke down, so I bought a new one. I had no option other than take Windows 8. I suspect something changed with access rights, as my external disk suffered some "access denied" problem on Windows. I was prompted (by Windows 8) somehow to fix the access rights, which I tried to do, getting to the properties - security. This process was very slow and ended up saying disk is not ready Additionally, my external usb disk somehow was not recognized anymore. Back to Windows 7, I was warned that my disk needed to be verified, which I did. In this process, some files were lost (most of them I could recover from the folder found00x, but I have some backup anyway). Also, I don't know why, but under Windows 7, all the folder showed with a lock. Then back again to Windows 8. Same problem : access denied to my disk + no way to change access rights as it gets stuck disk is not ready". Now I am pretty sure there is some kind of bug or inconsistency in Windows 8 / Windows 7. I did 2. and 3. a few times. At some point, I also got an access denied in Windows 7. I could restore access rights to the disk to "System" (properties - security - EDIT for full control to group "system". ). But then I still get the same access right pb on Windows 8, and getting stuck in the process to restore full control to "system" -- and "admin" groups. I upgraded Windows8 with the Windows8 updates available. Does not help.

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  • Prevent Windows 7 from unpluging External HDD

    - by marverix
    I have installed Windows 7 as my media server. I pluged in 500GB external HDD via USB. I have changed power plan to Best Performance and changed advenced power settings to never turn off HDD etc. I even yesterday wrote powershell script (create and delete folder on this disk) and I have added it to harmonogram to run every 5 minutes starting from system boot. And nothing! Disk after some time (I realy can't say when) is turning off and Windows show "Unknown Device" in Device Manager. Then only system reboot or disk reboot helps. Any ideas how to prevent Windows 7 from stopping my external HDD? Cheers!

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  • attach two hdds to a computer having 500W smps

    - by Gaurav Sharma
    I have a desktop system installed with a 250 GB hdd (seagate sata II) this system is having a power supply of 500W (not sure if it is 650W but not more than that) the power supply is a local brand. Will it be safe to attach a second 250 GB sata II hdd on the same system. Safe in the sense that the system may not fall short of power at any time. My system's config is as follows Core2Duo processor Mercury cabinet having an additional fan (small one) sata dvd writer 52X windows xp sp 2 ASUS motherboard (intel G965 express chipset) If the above specified power supply is not sufficient for above configuration of system then please suggest the appropriate power supply (including watts)

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  • How to clone a HDD and then use the clone with VMware (so that Windows works!)?

    - by Ahmad
    I have a system on which Windows 7 is installed, and I am trying to make a clone of its HDD image, which I then want to use in my main PC with VMware, so that I can boot Windows 7 off the cloned HDD. I used Ultimate Boot CD v5.1.1 with the system whose HDD I wanted to clone, and I cloned it using EaseUs Disk Copy, which comes with Ultimate Boot CD. The source HDD was 250 GB in size which had 3 partitions, while the USB HDD I attached to the system, which was supposed to be the destination/clone HDD, was 320 GB in size. I chose to create an exact replica, and so 250 GB worth of data (partitions, etc.) was copied exactly, and the rest of the space was un-allocated. I now connected this USB HDD to my main PC, fired up VMware Workstation 8 and defined a new Virtual Machine, and chose to boot off the USB HDD. Result is that when Windows is booting (from the cloned HDD inside VMware), I get the blue screen error before I reach the login screen. How can I change my methodology so that Windows even boots from the clone? I can change any tools I use, etc.

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  • Safe BIOS upgrade run from external USB-HDD and not native OS

    - by ecoologic
    I have a Toshiba M200 laptop which came with Windows Vista. After buying it, I replaced the OS with XP and recently I swapped the internal hard disk with a bigger one where I only have Ubuntu. So now I can boot XP from the external USB hard disk. There's a BIOS update available (2.3 against my 1.8) which I'd like to install and there's also a version for XP. Is it "reasonably" safe to install this upgrade for Windows XP (despite the original OS was Vista, the laptop model is the right one) from my external USB hard disk with Win XP?

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  • How can a single disk in a hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire array to a screeching halt?

    - by Stu Thompson
    Prelude: I'm a code-monkey that's increasingly taken on SysAdmin duties for my small company. My code is our product, and increasingly we provide the same app as SaaS. About 18 months ago I moved our servers from a premium hosting centric vendor to a barebones rack pusher in a tier IV data center. (Literally across the street.) This ment doing much more ourselves--things like networking, storage and monitoring. As part the big move, to replace our leased direct attached storage from the hosting company, I built a 9TB two-node NAS based on SuperMicro chassises, 3ware RAID cards, Ubuntu 10.04, two dozen SATA disks, DRBD and . It's all lovingly documented in three blog posts: Building up & testing a new 9TB SATA RAID10 NFSv4 NAS: Part I, Part II and Part III. We also setup a Cacit monitoring system. Recently we've been adding more and more data points, like SMART values. I could not have done all this without the awesome boffins at ServerFault. It's been a fun and educational experience. My boss is happy (we saved bucket loads of $$$), our customers are happy (storage costs are down), I'm happy (fun, fun, fun). Until yesterday. Outage & Recovery: Some time after lunch we started getting reports of sluggish performance from our application, an on-demand streaming media CMS. About the same time our Cacti monitoring system sent a blizzard of emails. One of the more telling alerts was a graph of iostat await. Performance became so degraded that Pingdom began sending "server down" notifications. The overall load was moderate, there was not traffic spike. After logging onto the application servers, NFS clients of the NAS, I confirmed that just about everything was experiencing highly intermittent and insanely long IO wait times. And once I hopped onto the primary NAS node itself, the same delays were evident when trying to navigate the problem array's file system. Time to fail over, that went well. Within 20 minuts everything was confirmed to be back up and running perfectly. Post-Mortem: After any and all system failures I perform a post-mortem to determine the cause of the failure. First thing I did was ssh back into the box and start reviewing logs. It was offline, completely. Time for a trip to the data center. Hardware reset, backup an and running. In /var/syslog I found this scary looking entry: Nov 15 06:49:44 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_00], 6 Currently unreadable (pending) sectors Nov 15 06:49:44 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_07], SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 171 to 170 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_10], 16 Currently unreadable (pending) sectors Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_10], 4 Offline uncorrectable sectors Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 1 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 6576 3421766910 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 2 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 6087 3421766910 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 3 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 5901 656821791 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 4 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 5818 651637856 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: So I went to check the Cacti graphs for the disks in the array. Here we see that, yes, disk 7 is slipping away just like syslog says it is. But we also see that disk 8's SMART Read Erros are fluctuating. There are no messages about disk 8 in syslog. More interesting is that the fluctuating values for disk 8 directly correlate to the high IO wait times! My interpretation is that: Disk 8 is experiencing an odd hardware fault that results in intermittent long operation times. Somehow this fault condition on the disk is locking up the entire array Maybe there is a more accurate or correct description, but the net result has been that the one disk is impacting the performance of the whole array. The Question(s) How can a single disk in a hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire array to a screeching halt? Am I being naïve to think that the RAID card should have dealt with this? How can I prevent a single misbehaving disk from impacting the entire array? Am I missing something?

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  • European alternatives to Dropbox?

    - by torbengb
    Dropbox is positively brilliant, but the data center is probably in the US somewhere. Since I'm in Europe, there's plenty of lag and a poor upload rate. Are there any similar services using data centers in Europe? I'm looking for a free plan (cirka 2GB), so sites like Amazon S3 aren't good answers.

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  • Automatically distinguish difference between multiple HDDs in linux?

    - by Jakobud
    I'm running Ubuntu Server 9.10. I have two external USB HDDs. I use them each for different backup reasons. So certain data gets stored on one HDD, and different information gets stored on the other HDD. I want to make a script that can look at the external HDD can determine which HDD it is, so that it can copy the proper information to it. Is there a way for Linux to determine this? Like if I see one HDD as /dev/sdc1, then unplug it and plug in the other HDD, should Linux see it as /dev/sdd1 or will it be /dev/sdc1? I'm a bit of a Linux newb and I don't quite understand how it determines the /dev/sdxx values that it assigns to drives.

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  • Brand new Seagate HDD has high raw read error rate

    - by kpax
    I've just purchased a brand new Seagate ST31000524AS 1TB HDD. Manufacture date shows as January 2012 (yes that's as new as new can get), so must be one of the new batches from the post-flood Thailand. Anyway, I downloaded a copy of Active Hard Disk Monitor tool to check the S.M.A.R.T. parameters and I find the parameter Raw Read Error Rate is very low. Should I be worried? Will this rectify over time? This hdd is just 7 hours old; what gives? Edit: I meant high raw read error rate - Title updated accordingly

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  • Analyse frequencies of date ranges in Google Spreadsheet

    - by wnstnsmth
    I have a Google Spreadsheet where I would like to compute occurrences of date ranges. As you can see in my sheet, there is a column date_utc+1 which contains almost random date data. What I would like to do is put the date values into bins of 6 hours each, i.e., 12/5/2012 23:57:04 until 12/6/2012 0:03:17 would be in the first bin, 12/6/2012 11:20:53 until 12/6/2012 17:17:07 in the second bin, and so forth. Then, I would like to count the occurrence of those bins, such as bin_from bin_to freq ----------------------------------------------- 12/5/2012 23:57:04 12/6/2012 0:03:17 2 12/6/2012 11:20:53 12/6/2012 17:17:07 19 ... ... ... Hope it is clear what I mean. Partial hints are very welcome as well since I am pretty new to spreadsheeting.

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  • How do I make a USB stick from which to install different OS's?

    - by Hanno Fietz
    Recently, I have made a number of USB sticks to install OS's (several Linux flavors, BSD, Windows) from, on machines that didn't have CD drives. Now, I would prefer to not overwrite the install USB sticks all the time, since it's handy to have them, but neither do I want to pile up USB sticks that I only need every 6 months. It would be great to have a bootable USB stick that fires up some minimal system, lets you choose an ISO image and then reboots from there. How would I go about this? Do I use some minimal Linux? Is there some kind of modified / specialized boot loader? Can I set up GRUB to do this? Should I use virtualization?

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 doesn't detect hard disk partitions

    - by m0skit0
    I just installed Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit on an ASUS Laptop and wanted to install it in another one, the ASUS A55V. After booting the laptop and setting up Windows 7 (I unfortunately cannot wipe out Windows), and creating one extra partition to install Ubuntu there, when I reboot from USB and launch Ubuntu installation, it doesn't recognize any partition on /dev/sda, but shows the whole disk as unpartitioned. I guess this is due to UEFI, but I don't know how I can make Ubuntu see the partitions created by Windows. Or any workaround for this to be able to install Ubuntu on /dev/sda. Thanks in advance

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  • Using Ubuntu switch a failing windows 7 harddrive?

    - by firefusion
    My laptop harddrive has developed some serious read errors in the windows partition. Windows 7 still boots but every single action takes an aeon, and it is definitely due to a harddisk error not due to any spyware. I'm using the Ubuntu partition now. I've ordered a new harddrive but my laptop didn't come with a Windows 7 install disk (I think I was meant to make one with the windows 7 tools). So how can I install Windows 7 on my new harddrive?

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  • Completely replacing (upgrading) a RAID 5 array of disks on an ESXi server

    - by jshin47
    I have a development server that runs several VM on ESXi 5. It has an array of disks in the RAID 5 configuration where all of the disks are currently the same size. I would like to expand storage on this box greatly, but I am not sure what the smartest way to go about this would be. My current plan is to: Turn off all VM Copy VM folders from server to another location Verify that I can mount all the VM on the new location (ie that the copy went ok) Replace all the disks with new, bigger ones Reinstall ESXi5 Copy the VM back over This seems like it might take a while to accomplish and is not terribly slick, especially since I will have to reconfigure ESXi 5, but is there a smarter alternative?

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  • Raid recovery in gigabyte GA-8I945 Pro

    - by epeleg
    This was a working machine until a few days ago. And now it won't boot into the OS, during startup if makes clicking sounds (I think from one of the drives). Installed OS: Windows 2003 Web edition Hardware: Gigabyte GA-8I945P Pro , 2*160G Sata in RAID1 configuration , 2 Volumes – 25G and the rest. When I installed windows on it, during setup, I pressed F6 and used ICH7DH drivers of RAID. The manual for the MOBO says: Step 1: After the POST memory test begins and before the operating system boot begins, look for a message which says "Press to enter Configuration utility" (Figure 4). Press CTRL+ I to enter the RAID BIOS setup utility. But the machine never shows this message. BIOS SATA RAID/AHCI Mode is set to RAID. Any ideas or pointers on what I can do to recover my data? Thanks

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  • install Ubuntu and remove Windows 7

    - by dani
    I'm using Windows 7 on my laptop (2GB RAM, 250 GB HDD). I want to install Ubuntu and remove Windows 7. I have Partitioned my laptop into 2 partitions: , C Drive - 105 GB and D Drive - 145 GB. I want to install Ubuntu on C drive all my data in D drive, no backup I have already selected the "Try something else option " /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 ntfs 104855 MB unknown C drive /dev/sdb5 ntfs 145192 MB unknown D drive I need help using the "Try Something Else" Option My course of action: laptop power on bootubuntu nextsomething elsepartition.

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  • How to use File History with Recovery partition?

    - by Karl
    I formatted the recovery partition right after installing Windows 8. I'm curious as to why File history only allow the use of external HDD. Instead of using the Recovery Partition. I can't find a way to use it. I decided to use it exclusively for Restore Points. Is there any way to make the Recovery Partition exclusively for the use of File History? Or should I use 3rd Party programs instead, (Easeus Todo Backup, Macrium Reflect, etc)?

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