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  • Elegant way to take basename of directory in Python?

    - by user248237
    I have several scripts that take as input a directory name, and my program creates files in those directories. Sometimes I want to take the basename of a directory given to the program and use it to make various files in the directory. For example, # directory name given by user via command-line output_dir = "..." # obtained by OptParser, for example my_filename = output_dir + '/' + os.path.basename(output_dir) + '.my_program_output' # write stuff to my_filename The problem is that if the user gives a directory name with a trailing slash, then os.path.basename will return the empty string, which is not what I want. What is the most elegant way to deal with these slash/trailing slash issues in python? I know I can manually check for the slash at the end of output_dir and remove it if it's there, but there seems like there should be a better way. Is there? Also, is it OK to manually add '/' characters? E.g. output_dir + '/' os.path.basename() or is there a more generic way to build up paths? Thanks.

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  • Yet another Python Windows CMD mklink problem ... can't get it to work!

    - by Felix Dombek
    OK I have just posted another question which outlined my program but the specific problem was different. Now, my program just stops working without any message whatsoever. I'd be grateful if someone could help me here. I want to create symlinks for each file in a directory structure, all in one large flat folder, and have the following code by now: # loop over directory structure: # for all items in current directory, # if item is directory, recurse into it; # else it's a file, then create a symlink for it def makelinks(folder, targetfolder, cmdprocess = None): if not cmdprocess: cmdprocess = subprocess.Popen("cmd", stdin = subprocess.PIPE, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = subprocess.PIPE) print(folder) for name in os.listdir(folder): fullname = os.path.join(folder, name) if os.path.isdir(fullname): makelinks(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess) else: makelink(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess) #for a given file, create one symlink in the target folder def makelink(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess): linkname = os.path.join(targetfolder, re.sub(r"[\/\\\:\*\?\"\<\>\|]", "-", fullname)) if not os.path.exists(linkname): try: os.remove(linkname) print("Invalid symlink removed:", linkname) except: pass if not os.path.exists(linkname): cmdprocess.stdin.write("mklink " + linkname + " " + fullname + "\r\n") So this is a top-down recursion where first the folder name is printed, then the subdirectories are processed. If I run this now over some folder, the whole thing just stops after 10 or so symbolic links. Here is the output: D:\Musik\neu D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\ChillOutMix D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\Unknown D&B D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\Unknown D&B 2 The program still seems to run but no new output is generated. It created 9 symlinks for some files in the # tag & reencode and the first three files in the ChillOutMix folder. The cmd.exe Window is still open and empty, and shows in its title bar that it is currently processing the mklink command for the third file in ChillOutMix. I tried to insert a time.sleep(2) after each cmdprocess.stdin.write in case Python is just too fast for the cmd process, but it doesn't help. Does anyone know what the problem might be?

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  • How is it that json serialization is so much faster than yaml serialization in python?

    - by guidoism
    I have code that relies heavily on yaml for cross-language serialization and while working on speeding some stuff up I noticed that yaml was insanely slow compared to other serialization methods (e.g., pickle, json). So what really blows my mind is that json is so much faster that yaml when the output is nearly identical. >>> import yaml, cjson; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}} >>> yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.SafeDumper) 'foo: {bar: 1}\n' >>> cjson.encode(d) '{"foo": {"bar": 1}}' >>> import yaml, cjson; >>> timeit("yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.SafeDumper)", setup="import yaml; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 44.506911039352417 >>> timeit("yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.CSafeDumper)", setup="import yaml; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 16.852826118469238 >>> timeit("cjson.encode(d)", setup="import cjson; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 0.073784112930297852 PyYaml's CSafeDumper and cjson are both written in C so it's not like this is a C vs Python speed issue. I've even added some random data to it to see if cjson is doing any caching, but it's still way faster than PyYaml. I realize that yaml is a superset of json, but how could the yaml serializer be 2 orders of magnitude slower with such simple input?

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  • Convert array to CSV/TSV-formated string in Python.

    - by dreeves
    Python provides csv.DictWriter for outputting CSV to a file. What is the simplest way to output CSV to a string or to stdout? For example, given a 2D array like this: [["a b c", "1,2,3"], ["i \"comma-heart\" you", "i \",heart\" u, too"]] return the following string: "a b c, \"1, 2, 3\"\n\"i \"\"comma-heart\"\" you\", \"i \"\",heart\"\" u, too\"" which when printed would look like this: a b c, "1,2,3" "i ""heart"" you", "i "",heart"" u, too" (I'm taking csv.DictWriter's word for it that that is in fact the canonical way to output that array as CSV. Excel does parse it correctly that way, though Mathematica does not. From a quick look at the wikipedia page on CSV it seems Mathematica is wrong.) One way would be to write to a temp file with csv.DictWriter and read it back with csv.DictReader. What's a better way? TSV instead of CSV It also occurs to me that I'm not wedded to CSV. TSV would make a lot of the headaches with delimiters and quotes go away: just replace tabs with spaces in the entries of the 2D array and then just intersperse tabs and newlines and you're done. Let's include solutions for both TSV and CSV in the answers to make this as useful as possible for future searchers.

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  • What is the best way to translate this recursive python method into Java?

    - by Simucal
    In another question I was provided with a great answer involving generating certain sets for the Chinese Postman Problem. The answer provided was: def get_pairs(s): if not s: yield [] else: i = min(s) for j in s - set([i]): for r in get_pairs(s - set([i, j])): yield [(i, j)] + r for x in get_pairs(set([1,2,3,4,5,6])): print x This will output the desire result of: [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] [(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 6)] [(1, 2), (3, 6), (4, 5)] [(1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6)] [(1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 6)] [(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 5)] [(1, 4), (2, 3), (5, 6)] [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] [(1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 5)] [(1, 5), (2, 3), (4, 6)] [(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)] [(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4)] [(1, 6), (2, 3), (4, 5)] [(1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 5)] [(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4)] This really shows off the expressiveness of Python because this is almost exactly how I would write the pseudo-code for the algorithm. I especially like the usage of yield and and the way that sets are treated as first class citizens. However, there in lies my problem. What would be the best way to: 1.Duplicate the functionality of the yield return construct in Java? Would it instead be best to maintain a list and append my partial results to this list? How would you handle the yield keyword. 2.Handle the dealing with the sets? I know that I could probably use one of the Java collections which implements that implements the Set interface and then using things like removeAll() to give me a set difference. Is this what you would do in that case? Ultimately, I'm looking to reduce this method into as concise and straightforward way as possible in Java. I'm thinking the return type of the java version of this method will likely return a list of int arrays or something similar. How would you handle the situations above when converting this method into Java?

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  • Where is my python script spending time? Is there "missing time" in my cprofile / pstats trace?

    - by fmark
    I am attempting to profile a long running python script. The script does some spatial analysis on raster GIS data set using the gdal module. The script currently uses three files, the main script which loops over the raster pixels called find_pixel_pairs.py, a simple cache in lrucache.py and some misc classes in utils.py. I have profiled the code on a moderate sized dataset. pstats returns: p.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(20) Thu May 6 19:16:50 2010 phes.profile 355483738 function calls in 11644.421 CPU seconds Ordered by: cumulative time List reduced from 86 to 20 due to restriction <20> ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.008 0.008 11644.421 11644.421 <string>:1(<module>) 1 11064.926 11064.926 11644.413 11644.413 find_pixel_pairs.py:49(phes) 340135349 544.143 0.000 572.481 0.000 utils.py:173(extent_iterator) 8831020 18.492 0.000 18.492 0.000 {range} 231922 3.414 0.000 8.128 0.000 utils.py:152(get_block_in_bands) 142739 1.303 0.000 4.173 0.000 utils.py:97(search_extent_rect) 745181 1.936 0.000 2.500 0.000 find_pixel_pairs.py:40(is_no_data) 285478 1.801 0.000 2.271 0.000 utils.py:98(intify) 231922 1.198 0.000 2.013 0.000 utils.py:116(block_to_pixel_extent) 695766 1.990 0.000 1.990 0.000 lrucache.py:42(get) 1213166 1.265 0.000 1.265 0.000 {min} 1031737 1.034 0.000 1.034 0.000 {isinstance} 142740 0.563 0.000 0.909 0.000 utils.py:122(find_block_extent) 463844 0.611 0.000 0.611 0.000 utils.py:112(block_to_pixel_coord) 745274 0.565 0.000 0.565 0.000 {method 'append' of 'list' objects} 285478 0.346 0.000 0.346 0.000 {max} 285480 0.346 0.000 0.346 0.000 utils.py:109(pixel_coord_to_block_coord) 324 0.002 0.000 0.188 0.001 utils.py:27(__init__) 324 0.016 0.000 0.186 0.001 gdal.py:848(ReadAsArray) 1 0.000 0.000 0.160 0.160 utils.py:50(__init__) The top two calls contain the main loop - the entire analyis. The remaining calls sum to less than 625 of the 11644 seconds. Where are the remaining 11,000 seconds spent? Is it all within the main loop of find_pixel_pairs.py? If so, can I find out which lines of code are taking most of the time?

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  • Return a list of imported Python modules used in a script?

    - by Jono Bacon
    Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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  • Return a list of important Python modules in a script?

    - by Jono Bacon
    Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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  • What is the easiest way to read wav-files using Python [summary]?

    - by Roman
    I want to use Python to access a wav-file and write its content in a form which allows me to analyze it (let's say arrays). I heard that "audiolab" is a suitable tool for that (it transforms numpy arrays into wav and vica versa). I have installed the "audiolab" but I had a problem with the version of numpy (I could not "from numpy.testing import Tester"). I had 1.1.1. version of numpy. I have installed a newer version on numpy (1.4.0). But then I got a new set of errors: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 7, in import scikits.audiolab File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/scikits/audiolab/init.py", line 25, in from pysndfile import formatinfo, sndfile File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/scikits/audiolab/pysndfile/init.py", line 1, in from _sndfile import Sndfile, Format, available_file_formats, available_encodings File "numpy.pxd", line 30, in scikits.audiolab.pysndfile._sndfile (scikits/audiolab/pysndfile/_sndfile.c:9632) ValueError: numpy.dtype does not appear to be the correct type object I gave up to use audiolab and thought that I can use "wave" package to read in a wav-file. I asked a question about that but people recommended to use scipy instead. OK, I decided to focus on scipy (I have 0.6.0. version). But when I tried to do the following: from scipy.io import wavfile x = wavfile.read('/usr/share/sounds/purple/receive.wav') I get the following: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test3.py", line 4, in <module> from scipy.io import wavfile File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/scipy/io/__init__.py", line 23, in <module> from numpy.testing import NumpyTest ImportError: cannot import name NumpyTest So, I gave up to use scipy. Can I use just wave package? I do not need much. I just need to have content of wav-file in human readable format and than I will figure out what to do with that.

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  • How do I create a python module from a fortran program with f2py?

    - by Lars Hellemo
    I am trying to read some smps files with python, and found a fortran implementation, so I thought I would give f2py a shot. The problem is that I have no experience with fortran. I have successfully installed gfortran and f2py on my Linux box and ran the example on thew f2py page, but I have some trouble compiling and running the large program. There are two files, one with a file reader wrapper and one with all the logic. They seem to call each other, but when I compile and link or try f2py, I get errors that they somehow can't find each other: f95 -c FILEWR~1.F f95 -c SMPSREAD.F90 f95 -o smpsread SMPSREAD.o FILEWR~1.o FILEWR~1.o In function `file_wrapper_' FILEWR~1.F(.text+0x3d) undefined reference to `chopen_' usrlibgcci486-linux-gnu4.4.1libgfortranbegin.a(fmain.o) In function `main' (.text+0x27) undefined reference to `MAIN__' collect2 ld returned 1 exit status I also tried changing the name to FILE_WRAPPER.F but that did not help. With f2py I found out I had to include a comment to get it to accept free format, and saved this as a new file and tried: f2py -c -m smpsread smpsread.f90 I get a lot of output and warnings, but the error seems to be this one: getctype: No C-type found in "{'typespec': 'type', 'attrspec': ['allocatable'], 'typename': 'node', 'dimension': [':']}", assuming void. The fortran 90 spms reader can be found here. Any help or suggestions appreciated.

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  • Setting an Excel Range with an Array using Python and comtypes?

    - by technomalogical
    Using comtypes to drive Python, it seems some magic is happening behind the scenes that is not converting tuples and lists to VARIANT types: # RANGE(“C14:D21”) has values # Setting the Value on the Range with a Variant should work, but # list or tuple is not getting converted properly it seems >>>from comtypes.client import CreateObject >>>xl = CreateObject("Excel.application") >>>xl.Workbooks.Open(r'C:\temp\my_file.xlsx') >>>xl.Visible = True >>>vals=tuple([(x,y) for x,y in zip('abcdefgh',xrange(8))]) # creates: #(('a', 0), ('b', 1), ('c', 2), ('d', 3), ('e', 4), ('f', 5), ('g', 6), ('h', 7)) >>>sheet = xl.Workbooks[1].Sheets["Sheet1"] >>>sheet.Range["C14","D21"].Value() (('foo',1),('foo',2),('foo',3),('foo',4),('foo',6),('foo',6),('foo',7),('foo',8)) >>>sheet.Range["C14","D21"].Value[()] = vals # no error, this blanks out the cells in the Range According to the comtypes docs: When you pass simple sequences (lists or tuples) as VARIANT parameters, the COM server will receive a VARIANT containing a SAFEARRAY of VARIANTs with the typecode VT_ARRAY | VT_VARIANT. This seems to be inline with what MSDN says about passing an array to a Range's Value. I also found this page showing something similar in C#. Can anybody tell me what I'm doing wrong? EDIT I've come up with a simpler example that performs the same way (in that, it does not work): >>>from comtypes.client import CreateObject >>>xl = CreateObject("Excel.application") >>>xl.Workbooks.Add() >>>sheet = xl.Workbooks[1].Sheets["Sheet1"] # at this point, I manually typed into the range A1:B3 >>> sheet.Range("A1","B3").Value() ((u'AAA', 1.0), (u'BBB', 2.0), (u'CCC', 3.0)) >>>sheet.Range("A1","B3").Value[()] = [(x,y) for x,y in zip('xyz',xrange(3))] # Using a generator expression, per @Mike's comment # However, this still blanks out my range :(

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  • Best way to convert a Unicode URL to ASCII (UTF-8 percent-escaped) in Python?

    - by benhoyt
    I'm wondering what's the best way -- or if there's a simple way with the standard library -- to convert a URL with Unicode chars in the domain name and path to the equivalent ASCII URL, encoded with domain as IDNA and the path %-encoded, as per RFC 3986. I get from the user a URL in UTF-8. So if they've typed in http://?.ws/? I get 'http://\xe2\x9e\xa1.ws/\xe2\x99\xa5' in Python. And what I want out is the ASCII version: 'http://xn--hgi.ws/%E2%99%A5'. What I do at the moment is split the URL up into parts via a regex, and then manually IDNA-encode the domain, and separately encode the path and query string with different urllib.quote() calls. # url is UTF-8 here, eg: url = u'http://?.ws/?'.encode('utf-8') match = re.match(r'([a-z]{3,5})://(.+\.[a-z0-9]{1,6})' r'(:\d{1,5})?(/.*?)(\?.*)?$', url, flags=re.I) if not match: raise BadURLException(url) protocol, domain, port, path, query = match.groups() try: domain = unicode(domain, 'utf-8') except UnicodeDecodeError: return '' # bad UTF-8 chars in domain domain = domain.encode('idna') if port is None: port = '' path = urllib.quote(path) if query is None: query = '' else: query = urllib.quote(query, safe='=&?/') url = protocol + '://' + domain + port + path + query # url is ASCII here, eg: url = 'http://xn--hgi.ws/%E3%89%8C' Is this correct? Any better suggestions? Is there a simple standard-library function to do this?

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  • Python/Sqlite program, write as browser app or desktop app?

    - by ChrisC
    I am in the planning stages of rewriting an Access db I wrote several years ago in a full fledged program. I have very slight experience coding, but not enough to call myself a programmer by far. I'll definitely be learning as I go, so I'd like to keep everything as simple as possible. I've decided on Python and SQLite for my program, but I need help on my next decision. Here is my situation 1) It'll be a desktop program, run locally on each machine, all Windows 2) I would really like a nice looking GUI with colors, nice screens, menus, lists, etc, 3) I'm thinking about using a browser interface because (a) from what I've read, browser apps can look really great, and (b) I understand there are lots of free tools to assist in setting up the GUI/GUI code with drag and drop tools, so that helps my "keep it simple" goal. 4) I want the program to be totally portable so it runs completely from one single folder on a user's PC, with no installation(s) needed for it to run (If I did it as a browser app, isn't there the possibility that a user's browser settings could affect or break the app. How likely is this?) For my situation, should I make it a desktop app or browser app?

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  • How to compare 2 lists and merge them in Python/MySQL?

    - by NJTechGuy
    I want to merge data. Following are my MySQL tables. I want to use Python to traverse though a list of both Lists (one with dupe = 'x' and other with null dupes). For instance : a b c d e f key dupe -------------------- 1 d c f k l 1 x 2 g h j 1 3 i h u u 2 4 u r t 2 x From the above sample table, the desired output is : a b c d e f key dupe -------------------- 2 g c h k j 1 3 i r h u u 2 What I have so far : import string, os, sys import MySQLdb from EncryptedFile import EncryptedFile enc = EncryptedFile( os.getenv("HOME") + '/.py-encrypted-file') user = enc.getValue("user") pw = enc.getValue("pw") db = MySQLdb.connect(host="127.0.0.1", user=user, passwd=pw,db=user) cursor = db.cursor() cursor2 = db.cursor() cursor.execute("select * from delThisTable where dupe is null") cursor2.execute("select * from delThisTable where dupe is not null") result = cursor.fetchall() result2 = cursor2.fetchall() for cursorFieldname in cursor.description: for cursorFieldname2 in cursor2.description: if cursorFieldname[0] == cursorFieldname2[0]: ### How do I compare the record with same key value and update the original row null field value with the non-null value from the duplicate? Please fill this void... cursor.close() cursor2.close() db.close() Thanks guys!

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  • How can you get the call tree with python profilers?

    - by Oliver
    I used to use a nice Apple profiler that is built into the System Monitor application. As long as your C++ code was compiled with debug information, you could sample your running application and it would print out an indented tree telling you what percent of the parent function's time was spent in this function (and the body vs. other function calls). For instance, if main called function_1 and function_2, function_2 calls function_3, and then main calls function_3: main (100%, 1% in function body): function_1 (9%, 9% in function body): function_2 (90%, 85% in function body): function_3 (100%, 100% in function body) function_3 (1%, 1% in function body) I would see this and think, "Something is taking a long time in the code in the body of function_2. If I want my program to be faster, that's where I should start." Does anyone know how I can most easily get this exact profiling output for a python program? I've seen people say to do this: import cProfile, pstats prof = cProfile.Profile() prof = prof.runctx("real_main(argv)", globals(), locals()) stats = pstats.Stats(prof) stats.sort_stats("time") # Or cumulative stats.print_stats(80) # 80 = how many to print but it's quite messy compared to that elegant call tree. Please let me know if you can easily do this, it would help quite a bit. Cheers!

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  • Python's asyncore to periodically send data using a variable timeout. Is there a better way?

    - by Nick Sonneveld
    I wanted to write a server that a client could connect to and receive periodic updates without having to poll. The problem I have experienced with asyncore is that if you do not return true when dispatcher.writable() is called, you have to wait until after the asyncore.loop has timed out (default is 30s). The two ways I have tried to work around this is 1) reduce timeout to a low value or 2) query connections for when they will next update and generate an adequate timeout value. However if you refer to 'Select Law' in 'man 2 select_tut', it states, "You should always try to use select() without a timeout." Is there a better way to do this? Twisted maybe? I wanted to try and avoid extra threads. I'll include the variable timeout example here: #!/usr/bin/python import time import socket import asyncore # in seconds UPDATE_PERIOD = 4.0 class Channel(asyncore.dispatcher): def __init__(self, sock, sck_map): asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, sock=sock, map=sck_map) self.last_update = 0.0 # should update immediately self.send_buf = '' self.recv_buf = '' def writable(self): return len(self.send_buf) > 0 def handle_write(self): nbytes = self.send(self.send_buf) self.send_buf = self.send_buf[nbytes:] def handle_read(self): print 'read' print 'recv:', self.recv(4096) def handle_close(self): print 'close' self.close() # added for variable timeout def update(self): if time.time() >= self.next_update(): self.send_buf += 'hello %f\n'%(time.time()) self.last_update = time.time() def next_update(self): return self.last_update + UPDATE_PERIOD class Server(asyncore.dispatcher): def __init__(self, port, sck_map): asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, map=sck_map) self.port = port self.sck_map = sck_map self.create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.bind( ("", port)) self.listen(16) print "listening on port", self.port def handle_accept(self): (conn, addr) = self.accept() Channel(sock=conn, sck_map=self.sck_map) # added for variable timeout def update(self): pass def next_update(self): return None sck_map = {} server = Server(9090, sck_map) while True: next_update = time.time() + 30.0 for c in sck_map.values(): c.update() # <-- fill write buffers n = c.next_update() #print 'n:',n if n is not None: next_update = min(next_update, n) _timeout = max(0.1, next_update - time.time()) asyncore.loop(timeout=_timeout, count=1, map=sck_map)

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  • Why can't I pass self as a named argument to an instance method in Python?

    - by Joseph Garvin
    This works: >>> def bar(x, y): ... print x, y ... >>> bar(y=3, x=1) 1 3 And this works: >>> class foo(object): ... def bar(self, x, y): ... print x, y ... >>> z = foo() >>> z.bar(y=3, x=1) 1 3 And even this works: >>> foo.bar(z, y=3, x=1) 1 3 But why doesn't this work? >>> foo.bar(self=z, y=3, x=1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unbound method bar() must be called with foo instance as first argument (got nothing instead) This makes metaprogramming more difficult, because it requires special case handling. I'm curious if it's somehow necessary by Python's semantics or just an artifact of implementation.

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  • django + south + python: strange behavior when using a text string received as a parameter in a func

    - by carlosescri
    Hello, this is my first question. I'm trying to execute a SQL query in django (south migration): from django.db import connection # ... class Migration(SchemaMigration): # ... def transform_id_to_pk(self, table): try: db.delete_primary_key(table) except: pass finally: cursor = connection.cursor() # This does not work cursor.execute('SELECT MAX("id") FROM "%s"', [table]) # I don't know if this works. try: minvalue = cursor.fetchone()[0] except: minvalue = 1 seq_name = table + '_id_seq' db.execute('CREATE SEQUENCE "%s" START WITH %s OWNED BY "%s"."id"', [seq_name, minvalue, table]) db.execute('ALTER TABLE "%s" ALTER COLUMN id SET DEFAULT nextval("%s")', [table, seq_name + '::regclass']) db.create_primary_key(table, ['id']) # ... I use this function like this: self.transform_id_to_pk('my_table_name') So it should: Find the biggest existent ID or 0 (it crashes) Create a sequence name Create the sequence Update the ID field to use sequence Update the ID as PK But it crashes and the error says: File "../apps/accounting/migrations/0003_setup_tables.py", line 45, in forwards self.delegation_table_setup(orm) File "../apps/accounting/migrations/0003_setup_tables.py", line 478, in delegation_table_setup self.transform_id_to_pk('accounting_delegation') File "../apps/accounting/migrations/0003_setup_tables.py", line 20, in transform_id_to_pk cursor.execute(u'SELECT MAX("id") FROM "%s"', [table.encode('utf-8')]) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/util.py", line 19, in execute return self.cursor.execute(sql, params) psycopg2.ProgrammingError: relation "E'accounting_delegation'" does not exist LINE 1: SELECT MAX("id") FROM "E'accounting_delegation'" ^ I have shortened the file paths for convenience. What does that "E'accounting_delegation'" mean? How could I get rid of it? Thank you! Carlos.

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  • Python modules not updating after restarting the main module.

    - by Ian
    I've recently come back to a project having had to stop for about 6 months, and after reinstalling my operating system and coming back to it I'm having all kinds of crazy things happen. I made sure to install the same version(2.6) of python that I was using before. It started by giving me strange tkinter error that I hadn't had trouble with before, the program is relatively simple and the 2 or 3 bugs that were left when i quit, I had documented and weren't related to the interface. Things got even weirder when the same error would pop up even after I had removed the offending section of code. In fact, the traceback pointed to a line that didn't even exist in the module it was referencing, eg: line 262 when the module was only 200 lines long. After just starting a completely new file for the main module and copy/pasting it finally recognized that the offending code was gone and I stopped getting the error only to find that any updates to the code I made in another module didn't show up when I restarted the program through the shell. (I didn't forget to save.) After fiddling with this, of course, the old interface error came back, only in a different section of code that had been working previously. In fact, if I revert back to the files I had six months ago, the program works fine. As soon as I change anything in the main module, however, the interface bug comes back. Here's the original error: Exception in Tkinter callback Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\lib\lib-tk\Tkinter.py", line 1410, in __call__ return self.func(*args) File "C:\PyStuff\interface.py", line 202, in dispOne __main__.top.destroy() File "C:\Python26\lib\lib-tk\Tkinter.py", line 1938, in destroy self.tk.call('destroy', self._w) TclError: can't invoke "destroy" command: application has been destroyed I'm guessing something else is going on here other than my own poor programming. Anyone have any ideas?

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  • Why is my simple python gtk+cairo program running so slowly/stutteringly?

    - by synapz
    My program draws circles moving on the window. I think I must be missing some basic gtk/cairo concept because it seems to be running too slowly/stutteringly for what I am doing. Any ideas? Thanks for any help! #!/usr/bin/python import gtk import gtk.gdk as gdk import math import random import gobject # The number of circles and the window size. num = 128 size = 512 # Initialize circle coordinates and velocities. x = [] y = [] xv = [] yv = [] for i in range(num): x.append(random.randint(0, size)) y.append(random.randint(0, size)) xv.append(random.randint(-4, 4)) yv.append(random.randint(-4, 4)) # Draw the circles and update their positions. def expose(*args): cr = darea.window.cairo_create() cr.set_line_width(4) for i in range(num): cr.set_source_rgb(1, 0, 0) cr.arc(x[i], y[i], 8, 0, 2 * math.pi) cr.stroke_preserve() cr.set_source_rgb(1, 1, 1) cr.fill() x[i] += xv[i] y[i] += yv[i] if x[i] > size or x[i] < 0: xv[i] = -xv[i] if y[i] > size or y[i] < 0: yv[i] = -yv[i] # Self-evident? def timeout(): darea.queue_draw() return True # Initialize the window. window = gtk.Window() window.resize(size, size) window.connect("destroy", gtk.main_quit) darea = gtk.DrawingArea() darea.connect("expose-event", expose) window.add(darea) window.show_all() # Self-evident? gobject.idle_add(timeout) gtk.main()

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  • How do I search & replace all occurrences of a string in a ms word doc with python?

    - by Mark
    Hello there, I am pretty stumped at the moment. Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1045628/can-i-use-win32-com-to-replace-text-inside-a-word-document I was able to code a simple template system that generates word docs out of a template word doc (in Python). My problem is that text in "Text Fields" is not find that way. Even in Word itself there is no option to search everything - you actually have to choose between "Main Document" and "Text Fields". Being new to the Windows world I tried to browse the VBA docs for it but found no help (probably due to "text field" being a very common term). word.Documents.Open(f) wdFindContinue = 1 wdReplaceAll = 2 find_str = '\{\{(*)\}\}' find = word.Selection.Find find.Execute(find_str, False, False, True, False, False, \ True, wdFindContinue, False, False, False) while find.Found: t = word.Selection.Text.__str__() r = process_placeholder(t, answer_data, question_data) if type(r) == dict: errors.append(r) else: find.Execute(t, False, True, False, False, False, \ True, False, False, r, wdReplaceAll) This is the relevant portion of my code. I was able to get around all problems by myself by now (hint: if you want to replace strings with more than 256 chars, you have to do it via clipboard, etc ...) Hope, someone can help me.

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  • Python: Does one of these examples waste more memory?

    - by orokusaki
    In a Django view function which uses manual transaction committing, I have: context = RequestContext(request, data) transaction.commit() return render_to_response('basic.html', data, context) # Returns a Django ``HttpResponse`` object which is similar to a dictionary. I think it is a better idea to do this: context = RequestContext(request, data) response = render_to_response('basic.html', data, context) transaction.commit() return response If the page isn't rendered correctly in the second version, the transaction is rolled back. This seems like the logical way of doing it albeit there won't likely be many exceptions at that point in the function when the application is in production. But... I fear that this might cost more and this will be replete through a number of functions since the application is heavy with custom transaction handling, so now is the time to figure out. If the HttpResponse instance is in memory already (at the point of render_to_response()), then what does another reference cost? When the function ends, doesn't the reference (response variable) go away so that when Django is done converting the HttpResponse into a string for output Python can immediately garbage collect it? Is there any reason I would want to use the first version (other than "It's 1 less line of code.")?

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  • I don't like Python functions that take two or more iterables. Is it a good idea?

    - by Xavier Ho
    This question came from looking at this question on Stackoverflow. def fringe8((px, py), (x1, y1, x2, y2)): Personally, it's been one of my pet peeves to see a function that takes two arguments with fixed-number iterables (like a tuple) or two or more dictionaries (Like in the Shotgun API). It's just hard to use, because of all the verbosity and double-bracketed enclosures. Wouldn't this be better: >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x = x ... self.y = y ... >>> class Rect(object): ... def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2): ... self.x1 = x1 ... self.y1 = y1 ... self.x2 = x2 ... self.y2 = y2 ... >>> def fringe8(point, rect): ... # ... ... >>> >>> point = Point(2, 2) >>> rect = Rect(1, 1, 3, 3) >>> >>> fringe8(point, rect) Is there a situation where taking two or more iterable arguments is justified? Obviously the standard itertools Python library needs that, but I can't see it being pretty in maintainable, flexible code design.

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  • My python program always brings down my internet connection after several hours running, how do I debug and fix this problem?

    - by Shane
    I'm writing a python script checking/monitoring several server/websites status(response time and similar stuff), it's a GUI program and I use separate thread to check different server/website, and the basic structure of each thread is using an infinite while loop to request that site every random time period(15 to 30 seconds), once there's changes in website/server each thread will start a new thread to do a thorough check(requesting more pages and similar stuff). The problem is, my internet connection always got blocked/jammed/messed up after several hours running of this script, the situation is, from my script side I got urlopen error timed out each time it's requesting a page, and from my FireFox browser side I cannot open any site. But the weird thing is, the moment I close my script my Internet connection got back on immediately which means now I can surf any site through my browser, so it must be the script causing all the problem. I've checked the program carefully and even use del to delete any connection once it's used, still get the same problem. I only use urllib2, urllib, mechanize to do network requests. Anybody knows why such thing happens? How do I debug this problem? Is there a tool or something to check my network status once such situation occurs? It's really bugging me for a while... By the way I'm behind a VPN, does it have something to do with this problem? Although I don't think so because my network always get back on once the script closed, and the VPN connection never drops(as it appears) during the whole process.

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  • How do I structure my tests with Python unittest module?

    - by persepolis
    I'm trying to build a test framework for automated webtesting in selenium and unittest, and I want to structure my tests into distinct scripts. So I've organised it as following: base.py - This will contain, for now, the base selenium test case class for setting up a session. import unittest from selenium import webdriver # Base Selenium Test class from which all test cases inherit. class BaseSeleniumTest(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.browser = webdriver.Firefox() def tearDown(self): self.browser.close() main.py - I want this to be the overall test suite from which all the individual tests are run. import unittest import test_example if __name__ == "__main__": SeTestSuite = test_example.TitleSpelling() unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(SeTestSuite) test_example.py - An example test case, it might be nice to make these run on their own too. from base import BaseSeleniumTest # Test the spelling of the title class TitleSpelling(BaseSeleniumTest): def test_a(self): self.assertTrue(False) def test_b(self): self.assertTrue(True) The problem is that when I run main.py I get the following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "H:\Python\testframework\main.py", line 5, in <module> SeTestSuite = test_example.TitleSpelling() File "C:\Python27\lib\unittest\case.py", line 191, in __init__ (self.__class__, methodName)) ValueError: no such test method in <class 'test_example.TitleSpelling'>: runTest I suspect this is due to the very special way in which unittest runs and I must have missed a trick on how the docs expect me to structure my tests. Any pointers?

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