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  • Fiscal year handling strategies in database design

    - by Sapphire
    By fiscal year I mean all the data in the database (in all tables) that occurred in the particular year. Lets say that we are building an application that allows user to choose from different years. What way of implementing this would you prefer, and why: Separate fiscal year data based on multiple separate database instances (for example, on every fiscal year start you could create a new instance with no data) Have everything in one database, but with logic that automatically separates records from different years. Personally, I have "seen" both methods, and I would choose the second. The only argument I can think of for the first method is to have less records in case that these are really big databases - but still, you could "archive" old records by joining them in summaries or by some other way. What do you think?

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  • Database design for very large amount of data

    - by Hossein
    Hi, I am working on a project, involving large amount of data from the delicious website.The data available is at files are "Date,UserId,Url,Tags" (for each bookmark). I normalized my database to a 3NF, and because of the nature of the queries that we wanted to use In combination I came down to 6 tables....The design looks fine, however, now a large amount of data is in the database, most of the queries needs to "join" at least 2 tables together to get the answer, sometimes 3 or 4. At first, we didn't have any performance issues, because for testing matters we haven't had added too much data in the database. No that we have a lot of data, simply joining extremely large tables does take a lot of time and for our project which has to be real-time is a disaster.I was wondering how big companies solve these issues.Looks like normalizing tables just adds complexity, but how does the big company handle large amounts of data in their databases, don't they do the normalization? thanks

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  • Database structure - To join or not to join

    - by Industrial
    Hi! We're drawing up the database structure with the help of mySQL Workbench for a new app and the number of joins required to make a listing of the data is increasing drastically as the many-to-many relationships increases. The application will be quite read-heavy and have a couple of hundred thousand rows per table. The questions: Is it really that bad to merge tables where needed and thereby reducing joins? Should we start looking at horizontal partitioning? (in conjunction with merging tables) Is there a better way then pivot tables to take care of many-to-many relationships? We discussed about instead storing all data in serialized text columns and having the application make the sorting instead of the database, but this seems like a very bad idea, even though that the database will be heavily cached. What do you think? Thanks!

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  • Database Design for multiple users site

    - by jl
    Hi, I am required to work on a php project that requires the database to cater to multiple users. Generally, the idea is similar to what they have for carbonmade or basecamp, or even wordpress mu. They cater to multiple users, whom are also owners of their accounts. And if they were to cancel/terminate their account, anything on the pages/database would be removed. I am not quite sure how should I design the database? Should it be: separate tables for individual user account separate databases for individual user account or otherwise? Kindly advise me for the best approach to this issue. Thank you very much.

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  • relational database: how to design this table

    - by donpal
    I'm a database newbie designing a database. I'll use SO to ask my question because it's easier to ask it on something that you can see already, but it's not the same, it will just help me understand the right approach. As you can see, there are many questions here and each can have many answers. How should I store the answers in a table? Should I store all the answers in the SAME table with a unique id (make it the key) and just a new field for the question id? What if there are 100,000 answers like there is here? Do I still store them in 1 table? What keys should I use to minimize search time when I want to search for the answers of a specific question? The database is both read and write if that makes any difference in this case.

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  • Database with users design

    - by 1110
    I am in database design development phase. Application will work with large number of users (LARGE :)) I designed 80% of database but I have one Users table which is connected to everything else: Users {UserId, FirstName, LastName, Username, Password, PasswordQuestion, PasswordAnswer, Gender, RoleId, LastLoginDate etc etc} I saw asp.net membership database structure where Users and Membership are two tables. My questions are: Should I use one users table with all users data in it or more tables? If answer is 'more tables', what tables to use? Any advice on how to structure relation between those tables? This is sample relation that I have, and trying to improve. I don't understand why user and userChild are separated tables?

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  • MYSQL Event to update another database table

    - by Lee
    Hey All, I have just taken over a project for a client and the database schema is in a total mess. I would like to rename a load of fields make it a relationship database. But doing this will be a painstaking process as they have an API running of it also. So the idea would be to create a new database and start re-writing the code to use this instead. But I need a way to keep these tables in sync during this process. Would you agree that I should use MYSQL EVENT's to keep updating the new table on Inserts / updates & deletes?? Or can you suggest a better way?? Hope you can advise !! thanks for any input I get

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  • What are some topics you'd like to see covered in an 'Introduction to Network Security' book?

    - by seth.vargo
    I'm trying to put together a list of topics in Network Security and prioritize them accordingly. A little background on the book - we are trying to gear the text towards college students, as an introduction to security, and toward IT professionals who have recently been tasked with securing a network. The idea is to create a book that covers the most vital and important parts of securing a network with no assumptions. So, if you were a novice student interested in network security OR an IT professional who needed a crash course on network security, what topics do you feel would be of the upmost importance in such a text?

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  • Online Free Accounting Software

    - by Ngu Soon Hui
    I am looking for a free, online-based accounting application, something like a web-version of QuickBooks or MS Money. The catch here is that, of course, it needs to be free. I don't know if any company is philanthropic enough to offer this kind of service to individual users.

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  • Any Free/Opensource billing+timetracking software?

    - by Ian
    I'm looking for a free or even better opensource alternative to many billing sites like GetHarvest.com, Freshbooks.com, Cannybar, The Invoice Machine and stuff like that. Is there any free or open source system that does that? I've looked into SimpleInvoices but it's not really what I'm looking for. Does anyone know of any alternative? Thanks

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  • SQL SERVER – Maximize Database Performance with DB Optimizer – SQL in Sixty Seconds #054

    - by Pinal Dave
    Performance tuning is an interesting concept and everybody evaluates it differently. Every developer and DBA have different opinion about how one can do performance tuning. I personally believe performance tuning is a three step process Understanding the Query Identifying the Bottleneck Implementing the Fix While, we are working with large database application and it suddenly starts to slow down. We are all under stress about how we can get back the database back to normal speed. Most of the time we do not have enough time to do deep analysis of what is going wrong as well what will fix the problem. Our primary goal at that time is to just fix the database problem as fast as we can. However, here is one very important thing which we need to keep in our mind is that when we do quick fix, it should not create any further issue with other parts of the system. When time is essence and we want to do deep analysis of our system to give us the best solution we often tend to make mistakes. Sometimes we make mistakes as we do not have proper time to analysis the entire system. Here is what I do when I face such a situation – I take the help of DB Optimizer. It is a fantastic tool and does superlative performance tuning of the system. Everytime when I talk about performance tuning tool, the initial reaction of the people is that they do not want to try this as they believe it requires lots of the learning of the tool before they use it. It is absolutely not true with the case of the DB optimizer. It is a very easy to use and self intuitive tool. Once can get going with the product, in no time. Here is a quick video I have build where I demonstrate how we can identify what index is missing for query and how we can quickly create the index. Entire three steps of the query tuning are completed in less than 60 seconds. If you are into performance tuning and query optimization you should download DB Optimizer and give it a go. Let us see the same concept in following SQL in Sixty Seconds Video: You can Download DB Optimizer and reproduce the same Sixty Seconds experience. Related Tips in SQL in Sixty Seconds: Performance Tuning – Part 1 of 2 – Getting Started and Configuration Performance Tuning – Part 2 of 2 – Analysis, Detection, Tuning and Optimizing What would you like to see in the next SQL in Sixty Seconds video? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: Database, Pinal Dave, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL in Sixty Seconds, SQL Interview Questions and Answers, SQL Query, SQL Scripts, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology, Video Tagged: Identity

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  • Technology Selection for a dynamic product

    - by Kuntal Shah
    We are building a product for Procurement Domain in JAVA. Following are the main technical requirements. Platform Independent Database Independent Browser Independent In functional requirements the product is very dynamic in nature. The main reason being the procurement process around the world is different from client to client. Briefly we need to have a dynamic workflow engine and a dynamic template engine. The workflow engine by which we can define any kind of workflows and the template engine allows us to define any kind of data structures and based on definition it can get the user input through workflow. We have been developing this product for almost 2 years. It has been a long time till we can get down with the dynamics of requirements. Till now we have developed a basic workflow and template engine and which is in use at one of the client. We have been using following technologies. GWT-Ext (Front End Framework) Hibernate (Database Layer) In between we have faced some issues with GWT-Ext (mainly browser compatibility) and database optimization due to sub classing in hibernate. For resolving GWT-Ext issue, which a dying community so we decided to move to SmartGWT. In SmartGWT we faced issues related to loading and now we are able to finalize that GWT 2.3 will be the way to go as the library is rich and performance is upto the mark. We are able to almost finalize GWT-Spring based front and middle layer. In hibernate, we found main issues with sub-classing due to that it was throwing astronomical queries and sometimes it would stop firing any queries for 5-10 seconds or may be around 30 seconds and then resume again. Few days back I came to one article related to ORM. I am a traditional .Net SQL developer and I have always worked with relational database. Reading through this article, I also found it relating to the issues I face. I am still not completely convinced of using hibernate and this article just supported my opinion. Following are the questions for which I am looking for an answer. Should we be going with Hibernate in case of dynamic database requirements and the load of the data will be heavy in future? How can we partition the data, how we can efficiently join the data, how we can optimize the queries? If the answer is no then how do we achieve database independence? Is our choice related to GWT and Spring proper or do we need to change that too? Should we use any other key value pair database if the data is dynamic in nature and it is very difficult to make it relational?

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  • Oracle Database In-Memory Launch Featuring Larry Ellison – June 10

    - by Roxana Babiciu
    For more than three-and-a-half decades, Oracle has defined database innovation. With our market-leading technologies, customers have been able to out-think and out-perform their competition. Soon they will be able to do that even faster. At a live launch event and simultaneous webcast, Larry Ellison will reveal the future of the database. Promote this strategic event to customers. Registration for the live event begins at 9am PT.

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  • Oracle Database In-Memory Launch Featuring Larry Ellison – June 10

    - by Cinzia Mascanzoni
    For more than three-and-a-half decades, Oracle has defined database innovation. With our market-leading technologies, customers have been able to out-think and out-perform their competition. Soon they will be able to do that even faster. At a live launch event and simultaneous webcast, Larry Ellison will reveal the future of the database. Promote this strategic event to partners and customers. Registration for the live event begins at 5pm GMT, 6pm CET.

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  • Security in Software

    The term security has many meanings based on the context and perspective in which it is used. Security from the perspective of software/system development is the continuous process of maintaining confidentiality, integrity, and availability of a system, sub-system, and system data. This definition at a very high level can be restated as the following: Computer security is a continuous process dealing with confidentiality, integrity, and availability on multiple layers of a system. Key Aspects of Software Security Integrity Confidentiality Availability Integrity within a system is the concept of ensuring only authorized users can only manipulate information through authorized methods and procedures. An example of this can be seen in a simple lead management application.  If the business decided to allow each sales member to only update their own leads in the system and sales managers can update all leads in the system then an integrity violation would occur if a sales member attempted to update someone else’s leads. An integrity violation occurs when a team member attempts to update someone else’s lead because it was not entered by the sales member.  This violates the business rule that leads can only be update by the originating sales member. Confidentiality within a system is the concept of preventing unauthorized access to specific information or tools.  In a perfect world the knowledge of the existence of confidential information/tools would be unknown to all those who do not have access. When this this concept is applied within the context of an application only the authorized information/tools will be available. If we look at the sales lead management system again, leads can only be updated by originating sales members. If we look at this rule then we can say that all sales leads are confidential between the system and the sales person who entered the lead in to the system. The other sales team members would not need to know about the leads let alone need to access it. Availability within a system is the concept of authorized users being able to access the system. A real world example can be seen again from the lead management system. If that system was hosted on a web server then IP restriction can be put in place to limit access to the system based on the requesting IP address. If in this example all of the sales members where accessing the system from the 192.168.1.23 IP address then removing access from all other IPs would be need to ensure that improper access to the system is prevented while approved users can access the system from an authorized location. In essence if the requesting user is not coming from an authorized IP address then the system will appear unavailable to them. This is one way of controlling where a system is accessed. Through the years several design principles have been identified as being beneficial when integrating security aspects into a system. These principles in various combinations allow for a system to achieve the previously defined aspects of security based on generic architectural models. Security Design Principles Least Privilege Fail-Safe Defaults Economy of Mechanism Complete Mediation Open Design Separation Privilege Least Common Mechanism Psychological Acceptability Defense in Depth Least Privilege Design PrincipleThe Least Privilege design principle requires a minimalistic approach to granting user access rights to specific information and tools. Additionally, access rights should be time based as to limit resources access bound to the time needed to complete necessary tasks. The implications of granting access beyond this scope will allow for unnecessary access and the potential for data to be updated out of the approved context. The assigning of access rights will limit system damaging attacks from users whether they are intentional or not. This principle attempts to limit data changes and prevents potential damage from occurring by accident or error by reducing the amount of potential interactions with a resource. Fail-Safe Defaults Design PrincipleThe Fail-Safe Defaults design principle pertains to allowing access to resources based on granted access over access exclusion. This principle is a methodology for allowing resources to be accessed only if explicit access is granted to a user. By default users do not have access to any resources until access has been granted. This approach prevents unauthorized users from gaining access to resource until access is given. Economy of Mechanism Design PrincipleThe Economy of mechanism design principle requires that systems should be designed as simple and small as possible. Design and implementation errors result in unauthorized access to resources that would not be noticed during normal use. Complete Mediation Design PrincipleThe Complete Mediation design principle states that every access to every resource must be validated for authorization. Open Design Design PrincipleThe Open Design Design Principle is a concept that the security of a system and its algorithms should not be dependent on secrecy of its design or implementation Separation Privilege Design PrincipleThe separation privilege design principle requires that all resource approved resource access attempts be granted based on more than a single condition. For example a user should be validated for active status and has access to the specific resource. Least Common Mechanism Design PrincipleThe Least Common Mechanism design principle declares that mechanisms used to access resources should not be shared. Psychological Acceptability Design PrincipleThe Psychological Acceptability design principle refers to security mechanisms not make resources more difficult to access than if the security mechanisms were not present Defense in Depth Design PrincipleThe Defense in Depth design principle is a concept of layering resource access authorization verification in a system reduces the chance of a successful attack. This layered approach to resource authorization requires unauthorized users to circumvent each authorization attempt to gain access to a resource. When designing a system that requires meeting a security quality attribute architects need consider the scope of security needs and the minimum required security qualities. Not every system will need to use all of the basic security design principles but will use one or more in combination based on a company’s and architect’s threshold for system security because the existence of security in an application adds an additional layer to the overall system and can affect performance. That is why the definition of minimum security acceptably is need when a system is design because this quality attributes needs to be factored in with the other system quality attributes so that the system in question adheres to all qualities based on the priorities of the qualities. Resources: Barnum, Sean. Gegick, Michael. (2005). Least Privilege. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/principles/351-BSI.html Saltzer, Jerry. (2011). BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION PROTECTION. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from  http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/protection/Basic.html Barnum, Sean. Gegick, Michael. (2005). Defense in Depth. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from  https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/principles/347-BSI.html Bertino, Elisa. (2005). Design Principles for Security. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from  http://homes.cerias.purdue.edu/~bhargav/cs526/security-9.pdf

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  • Database source control

    - by Bojan Skrchevski
    Should database files(scripts etc.) be on source control? If so, what is the best method to keep it and update it there? Is there even a need for database files to be on source control since we can put it on a development server where everyone can use it and make changes to it if needed. But, then we can't get it back if someone messes it up. What approach is best used for databases on source-control?

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  • SQL Saturday Birmingham #328 Database Design Precon In One Week

    - by drsql
    On September 22, I will be doing my "How to Design a Relational Database" pre-conference session in Birmingham, Alabama. You can see the abstract here if you are interested, and you can sign up there too, naturally. At just $100, which includes a free ebook copy of my database design book, it is a great bargain and I totally promise it will be a little over 7 hours of talking about and designing databases, which will certainly be better than what you do on a normal work day, even a Friday....(read more)

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  • How to use database adapters' cursors safely?

    - by lvictorino
    I started to use psycopg2 to connect my little python script to a PostgreSQL database few days ago. After some research I found that a lot of database connector, like psycopg, work using cursors. I know what is a cursor and how to use it. But I still wonder if it's safe to use the same cursor all along the script life. Is it safe? Or would it be preferable to use a different cursor for each query?

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  • 2nd JULY 2013: Oracle Database 12c Technical Training Webcast

    - by Cinzia Mascanzoni
    This session will focus on the specific needs of our Oracle partner community and developers. We'll provide insight into the many features and capabilities your customers will be looking to leverage in their own environments. Topics include: Consolidation and Cloud Strategies Deep dive into the key Database Options Migrating to Oracle Database 12c Click here for details on how to join the webcast.

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  • Adatbázis szerver konszolidáció Oracle technológiákkal - eroforrás allokálás

    - by Lajos Sárecz
    Szerver konszolidációnál alapmegoldás a virtualizáció, pedig az Oracle Database rendelkezik olyan képességekkel, melyekkel a virtualizáció elonyeit élvezhetjük, ám teljesítményben felülmúljuk azt. Több adatbázis konszolidációját meg lehet oldani egy nagy szerveren, vagy egy több szerverbol álló klaszteren. Bármelyik megoldást is választjuk (ezek elonyeivel és hátrányaival most nem foglalkozok), az egyik legfontosabb megoldandó probléma, hogy biztonsággal el tudjuk oket szeparálni akár adatbiztonsági, akár eroforrás kezelési szempontból. A szoftveres és hardveres virtualizációk lehetové teszik, hogy a szerver eroforrásait több virtuális szerver között felosszuk, ezáltal elszeparálhatók a párhuzamosan futó adatbázis példányok. Ezek a megoldások általában költségesek, plusz adminisztrációt jelentenek és teljesítmény csökkenést okoznak. Az alábbiakban röviden összeszedem, hogy az Oracle Database milyen eroforrás szeparációs technológiákkal rendelkezik, melyek jól használhatók adatbázis konszolidáció esetén: Adatbázis szolgáltatások: Azt talán minden Oracle adatbázis-kezelovel foglalkozó szakérto tudja, hogy akliensek az adatbázist az adatbázis szolgáltatás nevével érik el. Alapértelmezetten minden adatbázis egyetlen szolgáltatással rendelkezik, mely automatikusan a 'global database name' paraméterrel megegyezo nevet kapja az adatbázis létrehozásakor. Ugyanakkor egy adatbázishoz több szolgáltatás név is rendelheto. A szolgáltatásokkal csoportosíthatók a különbözo feladatokat végrehajtó kliensek, és a szolgáltatásokhoz rendelhetjük hogy melyik kliens csoportnak mennyi rendszer eroforrást allokálunk. Klaszteres adatbázisok (RAC) esetén egy szolgáltatás több adatbázis példányhoz (szerverhez) kapcsolódhat, amivel valós terheléstol függo terhelés elosztás valósítható meg (itt már szerepet kap egyébként a Resource Manager is, lásd késobb). Az alkalmazás számára irrelevánssá válik, hogy az adott szolgáltatást mely szerver szolgálja ki. A szolgáltatásokhoz kapcsolódó eroforrások menet közben dinamikusan bovíthetok, de kezelik a kieso eroforrások hiányát is (failover). Database Resource Manager: Az Oracle Database Resource Manager az adatbázis szintjén kezeli az eroforrásokat, a CPU használatot szabályozza az adatbázis terhelés kontrolljával. A Resource Manager egy CPU-n adott pillanatban csak egyetlen Oracle processz futtatását engedélyezi, miközben a többit várakoztatja (ahogy az egy operációs rendszer ütemezojében is muködik). A Resource Manager csak akkor lép muködésbe, amikor a CPU terhelése eléri a 100%-ot. Ekkor a Resource Plan-nek megfeleloen korlátozhatja az egyes eroforrás csoportok számára elérheto eroforrás (CPU) mennyiségét. Instance Caging: A Resource Manager részeként az Oracle Database 11gR2-tol elérheto Instance Caging technológiával virtualizáció és operációs rendszer szintu eroforrás felosztás nélkül az adatbázis példány szintjén lehet szabályozni az allokált CPU számot. Erre akkor lehet szükség, ha egy szerveren több példány futtatására van szükség. A Resource Manager bekapcsolásával és a cpu_count paraméter beállításával lehet adatbázis példányonként aktiválni az Instance Caging funkcionalitást. A cpu_count egy dinamikus paraméter, célszeru arra az értékre állítani, ahány CPU-t az adott adatbázis példány maximálisan igényelhet. Lehetoség van túlméretezni a példányok számára rendelkezésre álló processzorok számát. Például egy 4 CPUs- szerver esetében ha van 3 példányunk, mindháromnak adhatunk 3 CPU-t. Azonban ha mindegyik terhelés alatt van, akkor a példány számára maximum allokált CPU szám osztva összes allokált CPU számmal arányban részesül a processzorból, ami a példában 33,33%, azaz 1,33 CPU. Input Output Resource Manager (IORM):Nem csak a processzorok használatát szabályozhatjuk, lehetoség van a megosztott storage eroforrásainak felosztására is. Az Input Output Resorce Manager (IORM) alkalmazásával storage szinten tudjuk szabályozni az adatbázisok közötti és azokon belüli minimális I/O szinteket. Database Vault: Ugyanazon adatbázisba konszolidált alkalmazások esetén a rendszergazda szerepkörök szeparálása lehetséges az Oracle Database Vault technológiával. Ezzel elérheto az, hogy biztonságosan konszolidáljuk adatbázisainkat úgy, hogy minden adminisztrátor csak a hozzá tartozó adatokat, objektumokat lássa, módosíthassa.

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  • AVTest.org Results for March – April 2014 now Available

    - by Akemi Iwaya
    Do you like to keep up with how well the various anti-virus programs are doing, or just want to see how well your favorite one did? Then you will definitely want to have a look at the latest batch of test results from AVTest.org. The results for testing during March and April are now available for viewing at your leisure. One thing to keep in mind when viewing the latest set of results: the testing was performed on Windows 8.1 during this round. Current security products for Windows 8.1 put to the test [AVTest.org] Note: When you visit the page, you may need to scroll down just a tiny bit in order to see the results listing. [via ZDNet News]

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