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  • Python: does it make sense to refactor this check into it's own method?

    - by Jeff Fry
    I'm still learning python. I just wrote this method to determine if a player has won a game of tic-tac-toe yet, given a board state like:'[['o','x','x'],['x','o','-'],['x','o','o']]' def hasWon(board): players = ['x', 'o'] for player in players: for row in board: if row.count(player) == 3: return player top, mid, low = board for i in range(3): if [ top[i],mid[i],low[i] ].count(player) == 3: return player if [top[0],mid[1],low[2]].count(player) == 3: return player if [top[2],mid[1],low[0]].count(player) == 3: return player return None It occurred to me that I check lists of 3 chars several times and could refactor the checking to its own method like so: def check(list, player): if list.count(player) == 3: return player ...but then realized that all that really does is change lines like: if [ top[i],mid[i],low[i] ].count(player) == 3: return player to: if check( [top[i],mid[i],low[i]], player ): return player ...which frankly doesn't seem like much of an improvement. Do you see a better way to refactor this? Or in general a more Pythonic option? I'd love to hear it!

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  • python optparse, how to include additional info in usage output?

    - by CarpeNoctem
    Using python's optparse module I would like to add extra example lines below the regular usage output. My current help_print() output looks like this: usage: check_dell.py [options] options: -h, --help show this help message and exit -s, --storage checks virtual and physical disks -c, --chassis checks specified chassis components I would like it to include usage examples for the less *nix literate users at my work. Something like this: usage: check_dell.py [options] options: -h, --help show this help message and exit -s, --storage checks virtual and physical disks -c, --chassis checks specified chassis components Examples: check_dell -c all check_dell -c fans memory voltage check_dell -s How would I accomplish this? What optparse options allow for such? Current code: import optparse def main(): parser = optparse.OptionParser() parser.add_option('-s', '--storage', action='store_true', default=False, help='checks virtual and physical disks') parser.add_option('-c', '--chassis', action='store_true', default=False, help='checks specified chassis components') (opts, args) = parser.parse_args()

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  • Changing timezone without changing time in Java

    - by Martin
    Hi! I'm receiving a datetime from a SOAP webservice without timzone information. Hence, the Axis deserializer assumes UTC. However, the datetime really is in Sydney time. I've solved the problem by substracting the timezone offset: Calendar trade_date = trade.getTradeDateTime(); TimeZone est_tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone("Australia/Sydney"); long millis = trade_date.getTimeInMillis() - est_tz.getRawOffset(); trade_date.setTimeZone( est_tz ); trade_date.setTimeInMillis( millis ); However, I'm not sure if this solution also takes daylight saving into account. I think it should, because all operations are on UTC time. Any experiences with manipulating time in Java? Better ideas on how to solve this problem?

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  • Find out 20th, 30th, nth prime number. (I'm getting 20th but not 30th?) [Python]

    - by gsin
    The question is to find the 1000th prime number. I wrote the following python code for this. The problem is, I get the right answer for the 10th , 20th prime but after that each increment of 10 leaves me one off the mark. I can't catch the bug here :( count=1 #to keep count of prime numbers primes=() #tuple to hold primes candidate=3 #variable to test for primes while count<20: for x in range(2,candidate): if candidate%x==0: candidate=candidate+2 else : pass primes=primes+(candidate,) candidate=candidate+2 count=count+1 print primes print "20th prime is ", primes[-1] In case you're wondering, count is initialised as 1 because I am not testing for 2 as a prime number(I'm starting from 3) and candidate is being incremented by 2 because only odd numbers can be prime numbers. I know there are other ways of solving this problem, such as the prime number theorem but I wanna know what's wrong with this approach. Also if there are any optimisations you have in mind, please suggest. Thank You

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  • How do I find out if the variable is declared in Python?

    - by golergka
    I want to use a module as a singleton referenced in other modules. It looks something like this (that's not actually a code I'm working on, but I simplified it to throw away all unrelated stuff): main.py import singleton import printer def main(): singleton.Init(1,2) printer.Print() if __name__ == '__main__': pass singleton.py variable1 = '' variable2 = '' def Init(var1, var2) variable1 = var1 variable2 = var2 printer.py import singleton def Print() print singleton.variable1 print singleton.variable2 I expect to get output 1/2, but instead get empty space. I understand that after I imported singleton to the print.py module the variables got initialized again. So I think that I must check if they were intialized before in singleton.py: if not (variable1): variable1 = '' if not (variable2) variable2 = '' But I don't know how to do that. Or there is a better way to use singleton modules in python that I'm not aware of :)

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  • Python del() built-in can't be used in assignment?

    - by emcee
    I noticed a problem when I was trying to use del in a lambda to thin out a list of threads to just those running: map(lambda x: del(x) if not x.isAlive() else x, self.threads) Ignore for a second that this doesn't do anything, I'm just fooling around with map, reduce, and lambda. This fails with a syntax error at del(x). With some messing around, I think the problem is del() doesn't return a value. For example, this fails with the same error: b = 5 x = del(b) This doesn't, however: def rmThis(x): del(x) Which means I'm using this workaround: map(lambda x: rmThis(x) if not x.isAlive() else x, self.threads) So is the limitation just because del() doesn't return a value? Why not? I'm using python 2.6.2

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  • Why doesn't negative values for the second index in a jagged array work in Python?

    - by univerio
    For example, if I have the following (data from Project Euler): s = [[75], [95, 64], [17, 47, 82], [18, 35, 87, 10], [20, 4, 82, 47, 65], [19, 1, 23, 75, 3, 34], [88, 2, 77, 73, 7, 63, 67], [99, 65, 4, 28, 6, 16, 70, 92], [41, 41, 26, 56, 83, 40, 80, 70, 33], [41, 48, 72, 33, 47, 32, 37, 16, 94, 29], [53, 71, 44, 65, 25, 43, 91, 52, 97, 51, 14], [70, 11, 33, 28, 77, 73, 17, 78, 39, 68, 17, 57], [91, 71, 52, 38, 17, 14, 91, 43, 58, 50, 27, 29, 48], [63, 66, 4, 68,89, 53, 67, 30, 73, 16, 69, 87, 40, 31], [4, 62, 98, 27, 23, 9, 70, 98, 73, 93, 38, 53, 60, 4, 23]] Why does s[1:][:-1] give me the same thing as s[1:] instead of (what I want) [s[i][:-1] for i in range(1,len(s))]. In other words, why does Python ignore my second index?

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  • Python file input string: how to handle escaped unicode characters?

    - by Michi
    In a text file (test.txt), my string looks like this: Gro\u00DFbritannien Reading it, python escapes the backslash: >>> file = open('test.txt', 'r') >>> input = file.readline() >>> input 'Gro\\u00DFbritannien' How can I have this interpreted as unicode? decode() and unicode() won't do the job. The following code writes Gro\u00DFbritannien back to the file, but I want it to be Großbritannien >>> input.decode('latin-1') u'Gro\\u00DFbritannien' >>> out = codecs.open('out.txt', 'w', 'utf-8') >>> out.write(input)

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  • How do I configure the Python logging module in Django?

    - by mipadi
    I'm trying to configure logging for a Django app using the Python logging module. I have placed the following bit of configuration code in my Django project's settings.py file: import logging import logging.handlers import os date_fmt = '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S' log_formatter = logging.Formatter(u'[%(asctime)s] %(levelname)-7s: %(message)s (%(filename)s:%(lineno)d)', datefmt=date_fmt) log_dir = os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "var", "log", "my_app") log_name = os.path.join(log_dir, "nyrb.log") bytes = 1024 * 1024 # 1 MB if not os.path.exists(log_dir): os.makedirs(log_dir) handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(log_name, maxBytes=bytes, backupCount=7) handler.setFormatter(log_formatter) handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logging.getLogger().addHandler(handler) logging.getLogger(__name__).info("Initialized logging subsystem") At startup, I get a couple Django-related messages, as well as the "Initialized logging subsystem", in the log files, but then all the log messages end up going to the web server logs (/var/log/apache2/error.log, since I'm using Apache), and use the standard log format (not the formatter I designated). Am I configuring logging incorrectly?

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  • Rails created_at find condition...

    - by Dustin Brewer
    I'm attempting to sum daily purchase amounts for a given user. @dates is an array of 31 dates. I need the find condition to compare a date from the array to the created_at date of the purchases. What I'm doing below compares the exact DateTime for the create_at column. I need it to look at the day itself, not the DateTime. How can I write this so created_at is in between the date from the array? <% @dates.each do |date| %> <%= current_user.purchases.sum(:amount, :conditions = ["created_at = ?", date]) % <% end %

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  • What's the right way to use idlestartup on python 2.6.5?

    - by user210481
    Idlestartup is analogous to pythonstartup variable, but for IDLE, instead of command line. But it seems not to work properly. I'm using python 2.6.5 on Windows. I have the following script assigned to it: from pprint import pprint import sys newPath = 'C:\\Python26\test') sys.path.append(newPath) print "initial config loaded" Both variables Idlestartup and pythonstartup are assigned to the same file (script above). When running IDLE, pprint and sys are NOT available, the final message is NOT printed, but newPath was added to sys.path. Running the command line, pprint and sys are available, the final message is printed and newPath was added to sys.path. Is it a bug? Am I doing something wrong? Thanks

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  • Error while trying to parse a website url using python . how to debug it ?

    - by mekasperasky
    #!/usr/bin/python import json import urllib from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulStoneSoup import BeautifulSoup def showsome(searchfor): query = urllib.urlencode({'q': searchfor}) url = 'http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/search/web?v=1.0&%s' % query search_response = urllib.urlopen(url) search_results = search_response.read() results = json.loads(search_results) data = results['responseData'] print 'Total results: %s' % data['cursor']['estimatedResultCount'] hits = data['results'] print 'Top %d hits:' % len(hits) for h in hits: print ' ', h['url'] resp = urllib.urlopen(h['url']) res = resp.read() soup = BeautifulSoup(res) print soup.prettify() print 'For more results, see %s' % data['cursor']['moreResultsUrl'] showsome('sachin') What is the wrong in this code ? Note all the 4 links that I am getting out of the search , I am feeding it back to extract the contents out of it , and then use BeautifulSoup to parse it . How should I go about it ?

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  • How can I set Invitee in Google Calendar through Python?

    - by Dhaval dave
    I am Setting Google Calendar via python command like this def _InsertQuickAddEvent(self, content="Tennis with dddddd on 5/19/2010 4am-5:30am"): """Creates an event with the quick_add property set to true so the content is processed as quick add content instead of as an event description.""" event = gdata.calendar.CalendarEventEntry() who = whois("[email protected]") event.content = atom.Content(text=content) event.quick_add = gdata.calendar.QuickAdd(value='true'); new_event = self.cal_client.InsertEvent(event, '/calendar/feeds/default/private/full') return new_event this code is given by Google API Can any one suggest what to do to add invitee in this? Important links for that http://code.google.com/apis/calendar/data/1.0/developers_guide_python.html

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  • Can I add custom methods/attributes to built-in Python types?

    - by sfjedi
    For example—say I want to add a helloWorld() method to Python's dict type. Can I do this? JavaScript has a prototype object that behaves this way. Maybe it's bad design and I should subclass the dict object, but then it only works on the subclasses and I want it to work on any and all future dictionaries. Here's how it would go down in JavaScript: String.prototype.hello = function() { alert("Hello, " + this + "!"); } "Jed".hello() //alerts "Hello, Jed!" Here's a useful link with more examples— http://www.javascriptkit.com/javatutors/proto3.shtml

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  • Python: How do I pass a variable by reference?

    - by David Sykes
    The Python documentation seems unclear about whether parameters are passed by reference or value, and the following code produces the unchanged value 'Original' class PassByReference: def __init__(self): self.variable = 'Original' self.Change(self.variable) print self.variable def Change(self, var): var = 'Changed' Is there something I can do to pass the variable by actual reference? Update: I am coming to the conclusion that while Andrea answered my actual question (Can you... No but you can...), on the subject of pass by reference Blair Conrad is more technically correct. As I understand it the crux is that a copy of a reference is being passed. If you assign that copy, as in my example, then you lose the reference to the original and it remains unchanged. If, however, you 'use' that reference, for example append on a passed list, then the original is changed. I will see how the comments and votes go before choosing the answer people think is the best

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  • How to display a PostScript file in a Python GUI application.

    - by Mike Graham
    I would like to build a cross-platform GUI application in Python that displays PostScript files I generate, among some other stuff. What is the best way to accomplish this? Ideally I would be able to do things like zoom and pan the displayed graphic. Do any/some/all of the GUI toolkits have something I can drop in to do this, and if so what are they called and how do they work? If necessary, I can convert the postscript file to PDF or a raster format behind the scenes, but I'd rather not do the latter.

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  • Email notifications of exceptions happening in a Python app?

    - by ming yeow
    Hi folks, I want to set up email notifications when there is an error happening in my application. In ruby, there is a very elegant solution called ExceptionNotifier, which wraps around the exception handler and uses the built-in mailer to send an email. What is the best way of doing this in Python? I know that this is a very common issue, so would love for any tips that you folks can share! PS: Code samples, pointers to modules would be AWESOME! Thanks!

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  • How do I read user input in python thread?

    - by Sid H
    I'm trying to read from a thread in python as follows import threading, time, random var = True class MyThread(threading.Thread): def set_name(self, name): self.name = name def run(self): global var while var == True: print "In mythread " + self.name time.sleep(random.randint(2,5)) class MyReader(threading.Thread): def run(self): global var while var == True: input = raw_input("Quit?") if input == "q": var = False t1 = MyThread() t1.set_name("One") t2 = MyReader() t1.start() t2.start() However, if I enter 'q', I see the following error. In mythread One Quit?q Exception in thread Thread-2: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.6/threading.py", line 522, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "test.py", line 20, in run input = raw_input("Quit?") EOFError In mythread One In mythread One How does on get user input from a thread?

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  • Python Desktop Application with the Browser as an interface?

    - by Eli
    I want to create an application that runs on the users computer, a stand-alone application, with installation and what-not, but I want the interface to be a browser, either internal and displayed as an OS window or external accessible using the browser (i.e. some http server). The reason would be because I know a little about Python, but I think I can manage as long as I have some basic roots that I can use and manipulate, and those would be HTML, CSS, and Javascript. I've yet to find a good GUI tool which I can use, and always abandon the idea after trying to mess around and eventually not getting anything.

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  • FOSS HTML to PDF in Python, .Net or command line?

    - by jle
    I have google as much as I possible, checked stackoverflow several times, and yet I can not find a good html to pdf converter that can handle css. Is there a free and open source solution (even for commercial usage)? There are many solutions, with huge variety of price ranges, but I was looking for something open source and free. I have tried PISA for Python and it works fairly well, but is not free for commercial usage. Is there anything for .Net? I have not had success with iTextSharp.

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  • Is str.replace(..).replace(..) ad nauseam a standard idiom in Python?

    - by meeselet
    For instance, say I wanted a function to escape a string for use in HTML (as in Django's escape filter): def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ return string.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;').replace("'", '&#39;').replace('"', '&quot;') This works, but it gets ugly quickly and appears to have poor algorithmic performance (in this example, the string is repeatedly traversed 5 times). What would be better is something like this: def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ # Note that ampersands must be escaped first; the rest can be escaped in # any order. return replace_multi(string.replace('&', '&amp;'), {'<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', "'": '&#39;', '"': '&quot;'}) Does such a function exist, or is the standard Python idiom to use what I wrote before?

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  • How to generate graphs and statistics from SQLAlchemy tables [Python]?

    - by Az
    Hi all, After running a bunch of simulations I'm going to be outputting the results into a table created using SQLAlchemy. I plan to use this data to generatw statistics - mean and variance being key. These, in turn, will be used to generate some graphs - histograms/line graphs, pie-charts and box-and-whisker plots specifically. I'm aware of the Python graphing libraries like matplotlib. The thing is, I'm not sure how to have this integrate with the information contained within the database tables. Any suggestions on how to make these two play with each other? The main problem is that I'm not sure how to supply the information as "data sets" to the graphing library. Thanks in advance.

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  • Long running, polling, queueing process for Python. What's the best stuff to use?

    - by Bialecki
    Feel free to close and/or redirect if this has been asked, but here's my situation: I've got an application that will require doing a bunch of small units of work (polling a web service until something is done, then parsing about 1MB worth of XML and putting it in a database). I want to have a simple async queueing mechanism that'll poll for work to do in a queue, execute the units of work that need to be done, and have the flexibility to allow for spawning multiple worker processes so these units of work can be done in parallel. (Bonus if there's some kind of event framework that would also me to listen for when work is complete.) I'm sure there is stuff to do this. Am I describing Twisted? I poked through the documentation, I'm just not sure exactly how my problems maps onto their framework, but I haven't spent much time with it. Should I just look at the multiprocess libraries in Python? Something else?

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  • How do I change the default format of log messages in python app engine?

    - by dazed-n-confused
    I would like to log the module and classname by default in log messages from my request handlers. The usual way to do this seems to be to set a custom format string by calling logging.basicConfig, but this can only be called once and has already been called by the time my code runs. Another method is to create a new log Handler which can be passed a new log Formatter, but this doesn't seem right as I want to use the existing log handler that App Engine has installed. What is the right way to have extra information added to all log messages in python App Engine, but otherwise use the existing log format and sink?

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