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  • why is OOP hard for me?

    - by netrox
    I have trouble writing OOP in PHP... I understand the concept but I never create classes for my projects... mainly because it's often a small project and nothing complex. But when I read OOP, it seems more difficult to code than writing simple procedural statements. It also seems to take a lot of room as well with so many empty abstract classes and that can be easily lost in the land of objects... it's becoming like a junkyard to me. Also, I noticed that virtually all instructions on how to use OOP use "car" or "cat" or "dog" analogies. Hello... we're not dealing with animals or cars... we're dealing with windows or consoles. You can talk about analogies to death and I will never learn. What I want is see a code that's written to show how objects are created - not, "aCow-moo!" For example, I want to see a browser window object displaying say... three inputs. I want to see an "object" created to output a window with three inputs then I want to see how overriding works, like change the window object to display only two inputs instead of three inputs. I think that would make learning more easy, wouldn't it? Any recommended tutorials of that nature instead of quacks, moos, and woofs.

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  • EC2 persistence of machine

    - by Seagull
    I want to 'persist' my Amazon EC2 images. My scenario: I have a range of Windows and Linux machines Some machines are EBS backed, whereas others are S3 backed. I need to be able to persist a machine (put it to sleep), preferably keeping all settings active I had them when the machine was running. I need to be able to quickly wake up a machine from sleep [Ideally with an SLA of less than 2 min to turn-on, if such an SLA is available with Amazon]. Here's the stuff that confuses me: AWS allows me to put EBS backed machines to sleep, but not S3 backed. I believe I can put S3 machines into some sort of persistence mode. But this involves shutting down the machine, writing it to S3 storage and then recovering from there (not a real sleep mode, but at least I don't continue to get billed for CPU). S3 backing seems to take a long time to either writing a machine to disk, or to recover (turn on a machine). I can't tell immediately which machines are EBS backed and which are S3 backed? It seems like I can instantiate either type, but it's not immediately clear how Amazon decided whether a given machine should be EBS or S3 backed. Advice?

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  • Python and Unicode: How everything should be Unicode

    - by A A
    Forgive if this a long a question: I have been programming in Python for around six months. Self taught, starting with the Python tutorial and then SO and then just using Google for stuff. Here is the sad part: No one told me all strings should be Unicode. No, I am not lying or making this up, but where does the tutorial mention it? And most examples also I see just make use of byte strings, instead of Unicode strings. I was just browsing and came across this question on SO, which says how every string in Python should be a Unicode string. This pretty much made me cry! I read that every string in Python 3.0 is Unicode by default, so my questions are for 2.x: Should I do a: print u'Some text' or just print 'Text' ? Everything should be Unicode, does this mean, like say I have a tuple: t = ('First', 'Second'), it should be t = (u'First', u'Second')? I read that I can do a from __future__ import unicode_literals and then every string will be a Unicode string, but should I do this inside a container also? When reading/ writing to a file, I should use the codecs module. Right? Or should I just use the standard way or reading/ writing and encode or decode where required? If I get the string from say raw_input(), should I convert that to Unicode also? What is the common approach to handling all of the above issues in 2.x? The from __future__ import unicode_literals statement? Sorry for being a such a noob, but this changes what I have been doing for a long time and so clearly I am confused.

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  • .net IHTTPHandler Streaming SQL Binary Data

    - by Yisman
    Hello everybody I am trying to implement an ihttphandeler for streaming files. files may be tiny thumbnails or gigantic movies the binaries r stored in sql server i looked at a lot of code online but something does not make sense isnt streaming supposed to read the data piece by piece and move it over the line? most of the code seems to first read the whole field from mssql to memory and then use streaming for the output writing wouldnt it b more eficient to actually stream from disk directly to http byte by byte (or buffered chunks?) heres my code so far but cant figure out the correct combination of the sqlreader mode and the stream object and the writing system Public Sub ProcessRequest(ByVal context As HttpContext) Implements IHttpHandler.ProcessRequest context.Response.BufferOutput = False Dim FileField=safeparam(context.Request.QueryString("FileField")) Dim FileTable=safeparam(context.Request.QueryString("FileTable")) Dim KeyField=safeparam(context.Request.QueryString("KeyField")) Dim FileKey=safeparam(context.Request.QueryString("FileKey")) Using connection As New SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings("Main").ConnectionString) Using command As New SqlCommand("SELECT " & FileField & "Bytes," & FileField & "Type FROM " & FileTable & " WHERE " & KeyField & "=" & FileKey, connection) command.CommandType = Data.CommandType.Text enbd using end using end sub please be aware that this sql command also returns the file extension (pdf,jpg,doc...) in the second field of the query thank you all very much

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  • What languages should a microISV use to write commercial software?

    - by Wal
    I've been writing software in Java for many years now, but it was always for internal applications that would be deployed to a server. I'd like to get into writing desktop applications now but I don't know where to start. I've written a few Java/Swing applications but again they were for internal use. My understanding is that Java and other semi-compiled and interpreted languages are too easy to reverse engineer, making them unsuitable for commercial software. I am aware that there are compilers for Java and some other interpreted language, but I've also heard that they are pricey and/or unreliable. Assuming I start a microISV and wish to develop and sell applications to a broad audience, what's my best bet? I would prefer something that can be written close to once, and compiled for different operating systems but I am not opposed to .NET and a Windows-only audience if other languages would compromise the experience (installation ease & user experience) in Windows. My only issue there is that I don't have a large starting budget and paying out the wazoo for the required development tools is not really in the cards.

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  • Existing parsers in c# (BSD license or similar)

    - by Sylverdrag
    I am looking for parsers (in C#) for a bunch of formats. (PHP, ASP, some XML based formats, HTML,...pretty much anything I can get my hands on.) The purpose is to separate the text from the code and do some edits without messing up the code. I had a look at ANTLR, but while it seems like the "right tool", there is just too much prior knowledge assumed. I have an easier time writing a parser from scratch than understanding how to "easily" generate parsers from ANTLR. (I wrote a small parser for a specific type of RTF files within a couple days, so the task is probably within my reach, but as I have no formal knowledge of parsing/lexing, I am at loss with ANTLR) Then it occurred to me that there must existing parsers for many formats, so before I start writing yet another a brand new and potentially buggy version of the wheel, I figured I would check what parsers already exist and can be reused in a commercial product. I could use parsers for just about every format in existence, so this question would be a good place to make a list of all existing free parsers written in C#, if there are any. Thanks in advance for your suggestions

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  • wpf & validation application block > message localization > messageTemplateResource Name&Type

    - by Shaboboo
    I'm trying to write validation rules for my data objects in a WPF application. I'm writing them in the configuration file, and so far they are working fine. I'm stumped on how to localize the messages using messageTemplateResourceName and messageTemplateResourceType. What I know is that the strings can be writen in a resource file, given a name and referenced by that name. I get the idea, but i haven't been able to make this work. <ruleset name="Rule Set"> <properties> <property name="StringValue"> <validator lowerBound="0" lowerBoundType="Ignore" upperBound="25" upperBoundType="Inclusive" negated="false" messageTemplate="" messageTemplateResourceName="msg1" messageTemplateResourceType="Resources" tag="" type="Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Validation.Validators.StringLengthValidator, Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Validation" name="String Length Validator" /> </property> </properties> </ruleset> Where is the resource file and what value do I pass to messageTemplateResourceType? I have tried writing the messages in the shell project's resource file but no sucess trying to retrieve the value. I only get the default built-in message. I've tried messageTemplateResourceType="typeof(Resources)" messageTemplateResourceType="Resources" messageTemplateResourceType="Resources.resx" messageTemplateResourceType="typeof(Shell)" messageTemplateResourceType="Shell" messageTemplateResourceType="Shell, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null" I've also tried adding a new resource file in the shell project, and adding a resource file to the data object's library. I'm all out of ideas Does anyone have any suggestions? I'm not even married to the idea of resource files, so if there are other ways to localize these messages I'd love to know! thanks

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  • Overloading operator>> to a char buffer in C++ - can I tell the stream length?

    - by exscape
    I'm on a custom C++ crash course. I've known the basics for many years, but I'm currently trying to refresh my memory and learn more. To that end, as my second task (after writing a stack class based on linked lists), I'm writing my own string class. It's gone pretty smoothly until now; I want to overload operator that I can do stuff like cin my_string;. The problem is that I don't know how to read the istream properly (or perhaps the problem is that I don't know streams...). I tried a while (!stream.eof()) loop that .read()s 128 bytes at a time, but as one might expect, it stops only on EOF. I want it to read to a newline, like you get with cin to a std::string. My string class has an alloc(size_t new_size) function that (re)allocates memory, and an append(const char *) function that does that part, but I obviously need to know the amount of memory to allocate before I can write to the buffer. Any advice on how to implement this? I tried getting the istream length with seekg() and tellg(), to no avail (it returns -1), and as I said looping until EOF (doesn't stop reading at a newline) reading one chunk at a time.

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  • Why do bind1st and bind2nd require constant function objects?

    - by rlbond
    So, I was writing a C++ program which would allow me to take control of the entire world. I was all done writing the final translation unit, but I got an error: error C3848: expression having type 'const `anonymous-namespace'::ElementAccumulator<T,BinaryFunction>' would lose some const-volatile qualifiers in order to call 'void `anonymous-namespace'::ElementAccumulator<T,BinaryFunction>::operator ()(const point::Point &,const int &)' with [ T=SideCounter, BinaryFunction=std::plus<int> ] c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\functional(324) : while compiling class template member function 'void std::binder2nd<_Fn2>::operator ()(point::Point &) const' with [ _Fn2=`anonymous-namespace'::ElementAccumulator<SideCounter,std::plus<int>> ] c:\users\****\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\TAKE_OVER_THE_WORLD\grid_divider.cpp(361) : see reference to class template instantiation 'std::binder2nd<_Fn2>' being compiled with [ _Fn2=`anonymous-namespace'::ElementAccumulator<SideCounter,std::plus<int>> ] I looked in the specifications of binder2nd and there it was: it took a const AdaptibleBinaryFunction. So, not a big deal, I thought. I just used boost::bind instead, right? Wrong! Now my take-over-the-world program takes too long to compile (bind is used inside a template which is instantiated quite a lot)! At this rate, my nemesis is going to take over the world first! I can't let that happen -- he uses Java! So can someone tell me why this design decision was made? It seems like an odd decision. I guess I'll have to make some of the elements of my class mutable for now...

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  • How can I marshal JSON to/from a POJO for BlackBerry Java?

    - by sowbug
    I'm writing a RIM BlackBerry client app. BlackBerry uses a simplified version of Java (no generics, no annotations, limited collections support, etc.; roughly a Java 1.3 dialect). My client will be speaking JSON to a server. We have a bunch of JAXB-generated POJOs, but they're heavily annotated, and they use various classes that aren't available on this platform (ArrayList, BigDecimal, XMLGregorianCalendar). We also have the XSD used by the JAXB-XJC compiler to generate those source files. Being the lazy programmer that I am, I'd really rather not manually translate the existing source files to Java 1.3-compatible JSON-marshalling classes. I already tried JAXB 1.0.6 xjc. Unfortunately, it doesn't understand the XSD file well enough to emit proper classes. Do you know of a tool that will take JAXB 2.0 XSD files and emit Java 1.3 classes? And do you know of a JSON marshalling library that works with old Java? I think I am doomed because JSON arrived around 2006, and Java 5 was released in late 2004, meaning that people probably wouldn't be writing JSON-parsing code for old versions of Java. However, it seems that there must be good JSON libraries for J2ME, which is why I'm holding out hope.

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  • Which Stroustrup book should I use?

    - by Chris Simmons
    I'm a C# programmer that is looking to branch out. I'm bored of writing business software and want to start getting into graphics programming and games/simulators. So I figured, although writing that stuff isn't impossible in managed code, the "right" way to do that would be to look to C++, of course focussing on the language first, then getting into OpenGL or DirectX (or whatever). Way way back ('98? '99?) I had tried and failed to really grasp Stroustrup's The C++ Programming Language. I know that this book is often not recommended for the beginner. Anyway, I picked it back up (in a much more recent printing) and I'm actually getting it and enjoying it. I also have a copy of his textbook, Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++, which, as I understand it, is really geared toward teaching programming, not necessarily C++. I'm certainly not arrogant enough to claim I don't have anything more to learn about programming, data structures, algoriths, etc., however I'm not a novice there either. So my question is, with the goal of gaining the broader and more real-world-useful understanding of C++ and given my background, on which should I focus? The denser (as I perceive it) TCPPPL or the gentler Programming? EDIT: I thank everyone for the responses. However, I've got a personal choice here to make between these two books. Granted there are other very good books out there, but I'm already a good length into both of the books I mention and I'd like to finish one. So, can anyone respond on which would be the better and why? Time is not an issue; I'm not looking (at this point) at an "accelerated" read.

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  • jquery live and callbacks via wcf services

    - by vondip
    Hi all, I am writing a web app with asp.net, c# and jquery. Most of the time I'm writing dynamic html to the browser and using different web services to get the content needed. My call to the service: function WriteProducts(currentIndex, selectedCategoryId, callback) { var d = new Date(); MyAppServices.GetProducts(selectedCategoryId, currentIndex, 8, d.getTime().toString(), callback, function func() { alert('failure'); }); } The request usually gets translated to this (using firebug I monitored it): http://localhost:8080/MyApp/MyAppServices.svc/GetProducts?categoryId=0&fromIndex=0&toIndex=8&randomNumber=%221271800014441%22 The problem starts when part of the html controls dynamically rendered need to respond to click events. This is when I start using jquery's live method: $('.filter').live('click', function(event) { WriteProducts(0, selectedCategoryId, PopulateDivs); }); Now from some reason, the request passed to the server becomes this: http://localhost:8080/MyApp/MyAppServices.svc/GetProducts?categoryId=**%2217%22**&fromIndex=0&toIndex=8&randomNumber=%221271799783355%22 where did these %22 come from? If I take them out, the request passes successfully. I have no idea who inserted these %22, but they are causing havoc here! Guys, do you perhaps have a clue?

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  • PHP/MySQL - Working with two databases, one shared and one local to an instance of application

    - by Extrakun
    The situation: Using a off-the-shelf PHP application, I have to add in a new module for extra functionality. Today, it is made known that eventually four different instances of the application are to be deployed, but the data from the new functionality is to be shared among those 4 instances. Each instance should still have their own database for users, content and etc. So the data for the new functionality goes into a 'shared' database. The data for the application (user login, content, uploads) go into a 'local' database To make things more complex, the new module I am writing will fetch data from the local DB and the shared DB at the same time. A re-write of the base application will take too long. I only have control over the new module which I am writing. The ideal solution: Is there a way to encapsulate 2 databases into one name using MySQL? I do not wish to switch DB connections or specifically name the DB to query from inside my SQL statements. The application uses a DB wrapper, so I am able to change it somehow so I can invisibly attempt to read/write to two different DB. What is the best way to handle this problem?

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  • Rotate MapView in Android

    - by Matthew B.
    I am writing an Android app where one of the features is that the map will rotate according to the compass (i.e. if the phone is pointing east, the map will be oriented so that the east side of the map is on top). Previous answers that I have found suggested over writing the onDraw() method in mapView, however, the api changed the method to final so it cannot be overwritten. As a result I have tried to overwrite the dispatchDraw() method like so: Note: -compass is a boolean that if true, rotate the view -bearing is a float variable that has the degrees that the view should rotate protected void dispatchDraw(Canvas canvas) { canvas.save(); if (compass) { final float w = this.getWidth(); final float h = this.getHeight(); final float scaleFactor = (float)(Math.sqrt(h * h + w * w) / Math.min(w, h)); final float centerX = w / 2.0f; final float centerY = h / 2.0f; canvas.rotate(bearing, centerX, centerY); canvas.scale(scaleFactor, scaleFactor, centerX, centerY); } super.dispatchDraw(canvas); canvas.restore(); }

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  • What is the proper way to code a read-while loop in Scala?

    - by ARKBAN
    What is the "proper" of writing the standard read-while loop in Scala? By proper I mean written in a Scala-like way as opposed to a Java-like way. Here is the code I have in Java: MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance( "MD5" ); InputStream input = new FileInputStream( "file" ); byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int readLen; while( ( readLen = input.read( buffer ) ) != -1 ) md.update( buffer, 0, readLen ); return md.digest(); Here is the code I have in Scala: val md = MessageDigest.getInstance( hashInfo.algorithm ) val input = new FileInputStream( "file" ) val buffer = new Array[ Byte ]( 1024 ) var readLen = 0 while( readLen != -1 ) { readLen = input.read( buffer ) if( readLen != -1 ) md.update( buffer, 0, readLen ) } md.digest The Scala code is correct and works, but feels very un-Scala-ish. For one it is a literal translation of the Java code, taking advantage of none of the advantages of Scala. Further it is actually longer than the Java code! I really feel like I'm missing something, but I can't figure out what. I'm fairly new to Scala, and so I'm asking the question to avoid falling into the pitfall of writing Java-style code in Scala. I'm more interested in the Scala way to solve this kind of problem than in any specific helper method that might be provided by the Scala API to hash a file. (I apologize in advance for my ad hoc Scala adjectives throughout this question.)

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  • Generic InBetween Function.

    - by Luiscencio
    I am tired of writing x > min && x < max so i wawnt to write a simple function but I am not sure if I am doing it right... actually I am not cuz I get an error: bool inBetween<T>(T x, T min, T max) where T:IComparable { return (x > min && x < max); } errors: Operator '>' cannot be applied to operands of type 'T' and 'T' Operator '<' cannot be applied to operands of type 'T' and 'T' may I have a bad understanding of the where part in the function declaring note: for those who are going to tell me that I will be writing more code than before... think on readability =) any help will be appreciated EDIT deleted cuz it was resolved =) ANOTHER EDIT so after some headache I came out with this (ummm) thing following @Jay Idea of extreme readability: public static class test { public static comparision Between<T>(this T a,T b) where T : IComparable { var ttt = new comparision(); ttt.init(a); ttt.result = a.CompareTo(b) > 0; return ttt; } public static bool And<T>(this comparision state, T c) where T : IComparable { return state.a.CompareTo(c) < 0 && state.result; } public class comparision { public IComparable a; public bool result; public void init<T>(T ia) where T : IComparable { a = ia; } } } now you can compare anything with extreme readability =) what do you think.. I am no performance guru so any tweaks are welcome

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  • Is there a safe / standard way to manage unstructured memory in C++?

    - by andand
    I'm building a toy VM that requires a block of memory for storing and accessing data elements of different types and of different sizes. I've done this by writing a wrapper class around a uint8_t[] data block of the needed size. That class has some template methods to write / read typed data elements to / from arbitrary locations in the memory block, both of which check to make certain the bounds aren't violated. These methods use memmove in what I hope is a more or less safe manner. That said, while I am willing to press on in this direction, I've got to believe that other with more expertise have been here before and might be willing to share their wisdom. In particular: 1) Is there a class in one of the C++ standards (past, present, future) that has been defined to perform a function similar to what I have outlined above? 2) If not, is there a (preferably free as in beer) library out there that does? 3) Short of that, besides bounds checking and the inevitable issue of writing one type to a memory location and reading a different from that location, are there other issues I should be aware of? Thanks.-&&

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  • Android depth buffer issue: Advice for anyone experiencing problem

    - by Andrew Smith
    I've wasted around 30 hours this week writing and re-writing code, believing that I had misunderstood how the OpenGL depth buffer works. Everything I tried, failed. I have now resolved my problem by finding what may be an error in the Android implementation of OpenGL. See this API entry: http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glClearDepth.xml void glClearDepth(GLclampd depth); Specifies the depth value used when the depth buffer is cleared. The initial value is 1. Android's implementation has two versions of this command: glClearDepthx which takes an integer value, clamped 0-1 glClearDepthf which takes a floating point value, clamped 0-1 If you use glClearDepthf(1) then you get the results you would expect. If you use glClearDepthx(1), as I was doing then you get different results. (Note that 1 is the default value, but calling the command with the argument 1 produces different results than not calling it at all.) Quite what is happening I do not know, but the depth buffer was being cleared to a value different from what I had specified.

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  • How do I make JPA POJO classes + Netbeans forms play well together?

    - by Zak
    I started using netbeans to design forms to edit the instances of various classes I have made in a small app I am writing. Basically, the app starts, an initial set of objects is selected from the DB and presented in a list, then an item in the list can be selected for editing. When the editor comes up it has form fields for many of the data fields in the class. The problem I run into is that I have to create a controller that maps each of the data elements to the correct form element, and create an inordinate number of small conversion mapping lines of code to convert numbers into strings and set the correct element in a dropdown, then another inordinate amount of code to go back and update the underlying object with all the values from the form when the save button is clicked. My question is; is there a more directly way to make the editing of the form directly modify the contents of my class instance? I would like to be able to have a default mapping "controller" that I can configure, then override the getter/setter for a particular field if needed. Ideally, there would be standard field validation for things like phone numbers, integers, floats, zip codes, etc... I'm not averse to writing this myself, I would just like to see if it is already out there and use the right tool for the right job.

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  • Joining Tables Based on Foreign Keys

    - by maestrojed
    I have a table that has a lot of fields that are foreign keys referencing a related table. I am writing a script in PHP that will do the db queries. When I query this table for its data I need to know the values associated with these keys not the key. How do most people go about this? A 101 way to do this would be to query this table for its data including the foreign keys and then query the related tables to get each key's value. This could be a lot of queries (~10). Question 1: I think I could write 1 query with a bunch of joins. Would that be better? This approach also requires the querying script to know which table fields are foreign keys. Since I have many tables like this but all with different fields, this means writing nice generic functions is hard. MySQL InnoDB tables allow for foreign constraints. I know the database has these set up correctly. Question 2: What about the idea of querying the table and identifying what the constraints are and then matching them up using whatever process I decide on from Question 1. I like this idea but never see it being used in code. Makes me think its not a good idea for some reason. I would use something like SHOW CREATE TABLE tbl_name; to find what constraints/relationships exist for that table. Thank you for any suggestions or advice.

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  • Is CakePhp 'standards compliant' when generating HTML, Forms, etc?

    - by dtj
    So I've been reading a lot of "Designing with Web Standards" and really enjoying it. I'm a big CakePhp user, and as I look at the source for various form elements that Cake creates with its FormHelper, I see all sorts of extraneous In the book, he promotes semantic HTML, and writing your markup as simple / generic as possible. So my question is, am I better writing my own HTML in these situations? I really want to work in compliance with XHTML and CSS standards, and it seems I'd spend just as much time (if not more) cleaning up Cakes HTML, when I could just write my own thoughts? p.s. Here's an example in an out of the box form that CakePhp generates using the FormHelper <form id="CompanyAddForm" method="post" action="/omni_cake/companies/add" accept-charset="utf-8"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST" /></div> <div class="input text required"><label for="CompanyName">Name</label><input name="data[Company][name]" type="text" maxlength="50" id="CompanyName" /></div> <div class="input text required"><label for="CompanyWebsite">Website</label><input name="data[Company][website]" type="text" maxlength="50" id="CompanyWebsite" /></div> <div class="input textarea"><label for="CompanyNotes">Notes</label><textarea name="data[Company][notes]" cols="30" rows="6" id="CompanyNotes" ></textarea></div> <div class="submit"><input type="submit" value="Submit" /></div></form>

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  • How do you slow down the output from a DOS / windows command prompt

    - by JW
    I have lots of experience of writing php scripts that are run in the context of a webserver and almost no epxerience of writing php scripts for CLI or GUI output. I have used the command line for linux but do not have much expereince with DOS. Lets say I have php script that is: <?php echo('Hello world'); for ($idx = 0 ; $idx < 100 ; $idx++ ) { echo 'I am line '. $idx . PHP_EOL; } Then, I run it in my DOS Command prompt: # php helloworld.php Now this will spurt out the output quckly and i have to scroll the DOS command window up to see the output. I want to see the output one 'screen full' at a time. How do you do that from the perspective of a DOS user? Furthermore, although this is not my main main question, I would be also interested in knowing how to make the php script 'wait for input' from the command prompt.

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  • How Can I Find a List of All Exceptions That a Given Library Function Throws in Python?

    - by b14ck
    Sorry for the long title, but it seems most descriptive for my question. Basically, I'm having a difficult time finding exception information in the official python documentation. For example, in one program I'm currently writing, I'm using the shutil libary's move function: from shutil import move move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') That works fine, as long as I have write access to /tmp/, there is enough diskspace, and if all other requirements are satisfied. However, when writing generic code, it is often difficult to guarantee those factors, so one usually uses exceptions: from shutil import move try: move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') except: print 'Move failed for some reason.' I'd like to actually catch the appropriate exceptions thrown instead of just catching everything, but I simply can't find a list of exceptions thrown for most python modules. Is there a way for me to see which exceptions a given function can throw, and why? This way I can make appropriate cases for each exception, eg: from shutil import move try: move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') except PermissionDenied: print 'No permission.' except DestinationDoesNotExist: print "/tmp/ doesn't exist" except NoDiskSpace: print 'No diskspace available.' Answer points go to whoever can either link me to some relevant documentation that I've somehow overlooked in the official docs, or provide a sure-fire way to figure out exactly which exceptions are thrown by which functions, and why. Thanks!

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  • What can i use to journal writes to file system

    - by Dmitry
    Hello, all I need to track all writes to files in order to have synchronized version of files on different place (server or just other directory, not considerable). Let it: all files located in same directory feel free to create some system files (e.g. SomeFileName.Ext~temp-data) no one have concurrent access to synced directory; nobody spoil ours meta-files or change real-files before we do postponed writes (like a commits) do not to care recovering "local" changes in case of crash; system can just rolled back to state of "server" by simple copy from it significant to have it transparent to use (so programmer must just call ordinary fopen(), read(), write()) It must be guaranteed that copy of files which "server" have is consistent. That is whole files scope existed in some moment of time. They may be sufficiently outdated but it must be fair snapshot of all files at some time. As i understand i should overload writing logic to collect data in order sent changes to "server". For example writing to temporary File~tmp. And so i have to overload reads in order program could read actual data of file. It would be great if you suggest some existing library (java or c++, it is unimportant) or solution (VCS customizing?). Or give hints how should i write it by myself. edit: After some reading i have more precision requirements: I need COW (Copy-on-write) wrapper for fopen(),fwrite(),.. or interceptor (hook) WriteFile() and other FS api system calls. Log-structured file system in userspace would be a alternative too.

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  • Deal with undefined values in code or in the template?

    - by David
    I'm writing a web application (in Python, not that it matters). One of the features is that people can leave comments on things. I have a class for comments, basically like so: class Comment: user = ... # other stuff where user is an instance of another class, class User: name = ... # other stuff And of course in my template, I have <div>${comment.user.name}</div> Problem: Let's say I allow people to post comments anonymously. In that case comment.user is None (undefined), and of course accessing comment.user.name is going to raise an error. What's the best way to deal with that? I see three possibilities: Use a conditional in the template to test for that case and display something different. This is the most versatile solution, since I can change the way anonymous comments are displayed to, say, "Posted anonymously" (instead of "Posted by ..."), but I've often been told that templates should be mindless display machines and not include logic like that. Also, other people might wind up writing alternate templates for the same application, and I feel like I should be making things as easy as possible for the template writer. Implement an accessor method for the user property of a Comment that returns a dummy user object when the real user is undefined. This dummy object would have user.name = 'Anonymous' or something like that and so the template could access it and print its name with no error. Put an actual record in my database corresponding to a user with user.name = Anonymous (or something like that), and just assign that user to any comment posted when nobody's logged in. I know I've seen some real-world systems that operate this way. (phpBB?) Is there a prevailing wisdom among people who write these sorts of systems about which of these (or some other solution) is the best? Any pitfalls I should watch out for if I go one way vs. another? Whoever gives the best explanation gets the checkmark.

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