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  • Need help in filtering the data with various condition and filling in scroll window GP

    - by Rahul
    Hi all, I am filtering the data and displaying in scroll window. There are many combination to display this data by customer id, customer id and itemnumber, customer id, itemnumber, work and history condition. And from date and To date condition. My query is when I am selecting the customer id and work or history table it should display the corresponding data. Like select * from price history where customerid=’custid’ and name=’Work’. It should display in scroll only these values none other it the same way history condition should work. Work and History are in check box. In my case whatever range I am selecting whether Work and History always loading with entire data, so it’s not filtering properly. My second problem is if I select from date and keep empty to date …in this case all the data should display from selected from date to end of table data. But I am not getting….pls somebody help me here is my entire coding: if empty('Customer Number') then warning "Select Customer ID"; focus 'Customer Number'; abort script; end if; if '(L) RadioGroup4' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry'=1 then if empty(Date) then abort script; focus Date; end if; end if; if not empty('(L) Date') then if '(L) Date' {if not empty(Date) and empty('(L) Date') then warning"Please enter To Date"; focus field '(L) Date'; abort script; end if;} range clear table Display_Pricing_Temp; clear field 'Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing_Temp; range start table Display_Pricing_Temp; fill field 'Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing_Temp; range end table Display_Pricing_Temp; remove range table Display_Pricing_Temp; range clear table Display_Pricing; if '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and empty('Item Code' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') and str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')="0/0/0000" then {range clear table Display_Pricing;} range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and ("+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History' or "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work')"; {range clear table Display_Pricing;} end if; if '(L) Checkbox0' =true or '(L) Checkbox2'=true then {{Only Item No is there} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and str('(L) Date')="0/0/0000" then range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"'"; end if; } if empty('(L) Date') and not empty(Date) then {date work hist item} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and ("+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' or " +physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History')and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102)" ; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date work hist } if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and ("+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' or " +physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History')and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102)" ; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date,work,item code} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102)" ; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date history item code} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102)" ; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date,work} if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and not empty(Date) then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) "; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date history } if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102)" ; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; end if; if not empty('(L) Date') and not empty(Date) then {Only Item No is there and work} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and str(Date)="0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work'"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)="0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and ("+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' or " +physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History')"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date work hist item} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and ("+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' or " +physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History')and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) between convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str('(L) Date' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') +"'),102)"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date work hist } if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and ("+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' or " +physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History')and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) between convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str('(L) Date' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') +"'),102)"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date,work,item code} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) between convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str('(L) Date' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') +"'),102)"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date history item code} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) between convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str('(L) Date' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') +"'),102)"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date work} {date,work} if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and not empty(Date) then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) between convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str('(L) Date' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') +"'),102)"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {date history } if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)<"0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History' and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20)," +physicalname(Date of table Display_Pricing)+"),102) between convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str(Date of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry')+ "'),102) and convert(datetime,convert(varchar(20),'"+ str('(L) Date' of window Window1 of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry') +"'),102)"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; end if; {Only Item No is there and hist} if not empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)="0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname('Item Number' of table Display_Pricing)+ "='"+ str('Item Code')+"' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History'"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {for only work table } if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =true and '(L) Checkbox2'=false and str(Date)="0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='Work'"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; {for only hist table } if empty('Item Code') and '(L) Checkbox0' =false and '(L) Checkbox2'=true and str(Date)="0/0/0000" then range clear table Display_Pricing; range table Display_Pricing where physicalname('Customer Number' of table Display_Pricing) + "= '" + str('Customer Number' of window Window1) + "' and "+ physicalname(Name of table Display_Pricing)+ "='History'"; range clear table Display_Pricing; end if; get first table Display_Pricing; if err() = OKAY then repeat copy from table Display_Pricing to table Display_Pricing_Temp; save table Display_Pricing_Temp; get next table Display_Pricing; until err() = EOF; else clear window Price_Scroll of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry'; end if; else clear window Price_Scroll of form 'Customer Pricing Inquiry'; end if; fill window Price_Scroll table Display_Pricing_Temp by number 1;

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  • How to automatically remove Flash history/privacy trail? Or stop Flash from storing it?

    - by Arjan van Bentem
    Many people have heard about third-party cookies, and some browsers even block those by default. Some people may even be using Private Browsing modes. However, only few seem to realise that Adobe's Flash player also leaves a cross-browser trail on your local hard drive, and allows for sending cookie-like information back to the server, including third-party sites. And because it is a plugin, Flash does not take any of the browser's privacy settings into account. Sorry for the long post, but first some details about why using Flash raises a privacy concern, followed by the results of my tests: The Flash player keeps a cross-browser history of the domain names of the Flash-sites your computer has visited. Unlike your browser's history, this history is not limited to a certain number of days. History is also recorded while using so-called Private Browsing modes. It is stored on your hard drive (though, as described below, without going to Adobe's site you won't know what is stored). I am not sure if any date and time information is kept about each visit, but to see the domain names: right-click on some Flash content, open the settings dialog, and click the Help icon or click the Advanced button within the Privacy tab. This opens a browser to the help pages on Adobe.com, where one can click through to the Website Storage Settings panel. One can clear the existing list, but one cannot stop it from being recorded again. Flash allows for storing data on your local hard drive, using so-called Local Shared Objects (aka "Flash Cookies"). Just like HTTP cookies, this data can be sent back to the server, for tracking purposes. They are cross-browser, have no expiration date, and no user defined maximum lifetime can be set in the Flash preferences either. These not being HTTP cookies, they are (of course) not blocked by a browser's cookies preferences and are not removed when the normal HTTP cookies are deleted. Adobe has announced that version 10.1 will obey Private Browsing in most popular browsers, but unfortunately no word about also removing the data whenever normal cookies are deleted manually. And its implementation might be confusing: [..] if the browser is in normal browsing mode when the Flash Player instance is created, then that particular instance will forever be in normal browsing mode (private browsing is turned off). Accordingly, toggling private browsing on or off without refreshing the page or closing the private browsing window will not impact Flash Player. Local Shared Objects are not limited to the site you visit, and third-party storage is enabled by default. At the Global Storage Settings panel one can deselect the default Allow third-party Flash content to store data on your computer. Because of the cross-browser and expiration-less nature (and the fact that few people know about it), I feel that the cross-browser third-party Flash Cookies are more dangerous for visitor tracking than third-party normal HTTP cookies. They are even used to restore plain HTTP cookies that the user tried to delete: "All advertisers, websites and networks use cookies for targeted advertising, but cookies are under attack. According to current research they are being erased by 40% of users creating serious problems," says Mookie Tenembaum, founder of United Virtualities. "From simple frequency capping to the more sophisticated behavioral targeting, cookies are an essential part of any online ad campaign. PIE ["Persistent Identification Element"] will give publishers and third-party providers a persistent backup to cookies effectively rendering them unassailable", adds Tenembaum. [..] To justify this tracking mechanism, UV's Tenembaum said, "The user is not proficient enough in technology to know if the cookie is good or bad, or how it works." When selecting None (zero KB) for Specify the amount of disk space that website websites that you haven't yet visited can use to store information on your computer, and checking Never ask again then some sites do not work. However, the same site might work when setting it to None but without selecting Never ask again, and then choose Deny whenever prompted. Both options would result in zero KB of data being allowed, but the behaviour differs. The plugin also provides a Flash Player cache for Adobe-signed files. I guess these files are not an issue. So: how to automatically delete that information? On a Mac, one can find a settings.sol file and a folder for each visited Flash-website in: $HOME/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player/macromedia.com/support/flashplayer/sys/ Deleting the settings.sol file and all the folders in sys, removes the trail from the settings panels. However, the actual Local Shared Ojects are elsewhere (see Wikipedia for locations on other operating systems), in a randomly named subfolder of: $HOME/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player/#SharedObjects But then: how to remove this automatically? Simply removing the folders and the settings.sol file every now and then (like by using launchd or Windows' Task Scheduler) may interfere with active browsers. Or is it safe to assume that, given the cross-browser nature, the plugin would not care if things are removed while it is active? Only clearing during log-off may not work for those who hibernate all the time. Firefox users can install BetterPrivacy or Objection to delete the Local Shared Objects (for all others browsers as well). I don't know if that also deletes the trail of website domain names. Or: how to stop Flash from storing a history trail? Change of plans: I'm currently testing prohibiting Flash to write to its own sys and #SharedObjects folders. So far, Flash has not tried to restore permissions (though, when deleting the folders, Flash will of course recreate them). I've not encountered any problems but this may take some while to validate, using multiple browsers and sites. I've not yet found a log that reports errors. On a Mac: cd "$HOME/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player/macromedia.com/support/flashplayer" rm -r sys/* chmod u-w sys cd "$HOME/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player" # preserve the randomly named subfolders (only preserving the latest would suffice; see below) rm -r \#SharedObjects/*/* chmod -R u-w \#SharedObjects I guess the above chmods cannot be achieved on an old Windows system (I'm not sure about XP and Vista?). Though maybe on Windows one could replace the folders sys and #SharedObjects with dummy files with the same names? Anyone? Obviously, keeping Flash from storing those Local Shared Objects for all sites may cause problems. Some test results (Flash 10 on Mac OS X): When blocking the sys folder (even when leaving the #SharedObjects folder writable) then YouTube won't remember your volume settings while viewing multiple videos. Temporarily allowing write access to the blocked folders while visiting trusted sites (to only create folders for domains you like, maybe including references in settings.sol) solves that. This way, for YouTube, Flash could be allowed to write to sys/#s.ytimg.com and #SharedObjects/s.ytimg.com, while Flash could not create new folders for other domains. One may also need to make settings.sol read-only afterwards, or delete it again. When blocking both the sys and #SharedObjects folders, YouTube and Vimeo work fine (though they might not remember any settings). However, Bits on the Run refuses to even show the video player. This is solved by temporarily unblocking the #SharedObjects folder, to allow Flash to create a subfolder with some random name. Within this folder, it would create yet another folder for the current Flash website (content.bitsontherun.com). Removing that website-specific folder, and blocking both #SharedObjects and the randomly named subfolder, still seems to allow Bits on the Run to operate, even though it still cannot write anything to disk. So: the existence of the randomly named subfolder (even when write protected) is important for some sites. When I first found the #SharedObjects folder, it held many subfolders with random names, some created on the very same day. I wonder when Flash decides it wants a new folder, and how it determines (and remembers) that random name. For a moment I considered not blocking write access for sys and #SharedObjects, but explicitly creating read-only folders for well-known third-party tracking domains (like based on a list from, for example, AdBlock Plus). That way, any other domain could still create Local Shared Objects. But the list would be long, and the domains from AdBlock Plus are probably all third-party domains anyway, so disabling Allow third-party Flash content to store data on your computer might have the very same result. Any experience anyone? (Final notes: if the above links to the settings panels do not work in the future, then use the URL that is known to Flash player as a starting point: www.adobe.com/go/settingsmanager. See also "You Deleted Your Cookies? Think Again" at Wired.com -- which uses Flash cookies itself as well... For the very suspicious using Time Machine: you may want to exclude both folders, for each user, and remove the trace that is already on your backup.)

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  • Conceal packet loss in PCM stream

    - by ZeroDefect
    I am looking to use 'Packet Loss Concealment' to conceal lost PCM frames in an audio stream. Unfortunately, I cannot find a library that is accessible without all the licensing restrictions and code bloat (...up for some suggestions though). I have located some GPL code written by Steve Underwood for the Asterisk project which implements PLC. There are several limitations; although, as Steve suggests in his code, his algorithm can be applied to different streams with a bit of work. Currently, the code works with 8kHz 16-bit signed mono streams. Variations of the code can be found through a simple search of Google Code Search. My hope is that I can adapt the code to work with other streams. Initially, the goal is to adjust the algorithm for 8+ kHz, 16-bit signed, multichannel audio (all in a C++ environment). Eventually, I'm looking to make the code available under the GPL license in hopes that it could be of benefit to others... Attached is the code below with my efforts. The code includes a main function that will "drop" a number of frames with a given probability. Unfortunately, the code does not quite work as expected. I'm receiving EXC_BAD_ACCESS when running in gdb, but I don't get a trace from gdb when using 'bt' command. Clearly, I'm trampimg on memory some where but not sure exactly where. When I comment out the *amdf_pitch* function, the code runs without crashing... int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { std::ifstream fin("C:\\cc32kHz.pcm"); if(!fin.is_open()) { std::cout << "Failed to open input file" << std::endl; return 1; } std::ofstream fout_repaired("C:\\cc32kHz_repaired.pcm"); if(!fout_repaired.is_open()) { std::cout << "Failed to open output repaired file" << std::endl; return 1; } std::ofstream fout_lossy("C:\\cc32kHz_lossy.pcm"); if(!fout_lossy.is_open()) { std::cout << "Failed to open output repaired file" << std::endl; return 1; } audio::PcmConcealer Concealer; Concealer.Init(1, 16, 32000); //Generate random numbers; srand( time(NULL) ); int value = 0; int probability = 5; while(!fin.eof()) { char arr[2]; fin.read(arr, 2); //Generate's random number; value = rand() % 100 + 1; if(value <= probability) { char blank[2] = {0x00, 0x00}; fout_lossy.write(blank, 2); //Fill in data; Concealer.Fill((int16_t *)blank, 1); fout_repaired.write(blank, 2); } else { //Write data to file; fout_repaired.write(arr, 2); fout_lossy.write(arr, 2); Concealer.Receive((int16_t *)arr, 1); } } fin.close(); fout_repaired.close(); fout_lossy.close(); return 0; } PcmConcealer.hpp /* * Code adapted from Steve Underwood of the Asterisk Project. This code inherits * the same licensing restrictions as the Asterisk Project. */ #ifndef __PCMCONCEALER_HPP__ #define __PCMCONCEALER_HPP__ /** 1. What does it do? The packet loss concealment module provides a suitable synthetic fill-in signal, to minimise the audible effect of lost packets in VoIP applications. It is not tied to any particular codec, and could be used with almost any codec which does not specify its own procedure for packet loss concealment. Where a codec specific concealment procedure exists, the algorithm is usually built around knowledge of the characteristics of the particular codec. It will, therefore, generally give better results for that particular codec than this generic concealer will. 2. How does it work? While good packets are being received, the plc_rx() routine keeps a record of the trailing section of the known speech signal. If a packet is missed, plc_fillin() is called to produce a synthetic replacement for the real speech signal. The average mean difference function (AMDF) is applied to the last known good signal, to determine its effective pitch. Based on this, the last pitch period of signal is saved. Essentially, this cycle of speech will be repeated over and over until the real speech resumes. However, several refinements are needed to obtain smooth pleasant sounding results. - The two ends of the stored cycle of speech will not always fit together smoothly. This can cause roughness, or even clicks, at the joins between cycles. To soften this, the 1/4 pitch period of real speech preceeding the cycle to be repeated is blended with the last 1/4 pitch period of the cycle to be repeated, using an overlap-add (OLA) technique (i.e. in total, the last 5/4 pitch periods of real speech are used). - The start of the synthetic speech will not always fit together smoothly with the tail of real speech passed on before the erasure was identified. Ideally, we would like to modify the last 1/4 pitch period of the real speech, to blend it into the synthetic speech. However, it is too late for that. We could have delayed the real speech a little, but that would require more buffer manipulation, and hurt the efficiency of the no-lost-packets case (which we hope is the dominant case). Instead we use a degenerate form of OLA to modify the start of the synthetic data. The last 1/4 pitch period of real speech is time reversed, and OLA is used to blend it with the first 1/4 pitch period of synthetic speech. The result seems quite acceptable. - As we progress into the erasure, the chances of the synthetic signal being anything like correct steadily fall. Therefore, the volume of the synthesized signal is made to decay linearly, such that after 50ms of missing audio it is reduced to silence. - When real speech resumes, an extra 1/4 pitch period of sythetic speech is blended with the start of the real speech. If the erasure is small, this smoothes the transition. If the erasure is long, and the synthetic signal has faded to zero, the blending softens the start up of the real signal, avoiding a kind of "click" or "pop" effect that might occur with a sudden onset. 3. How do I use it? Before audio is processed, call plc_init() to create an instance of the packet loss concealer. For each received audio packet that is acceptable (i.e. not including those being dropped for being too late) call plc_rx() to record the content of the packet. Note this may modify the packet a little after a period of packet loss, to blend real synthetic data smoothly. When a real packet is not available in time, call plc_fillin() to create a sythetic substitute. That's it! */ /*! Minimum allowed pitch (66 Hz) */ #define PLC_PITCH_MIN(SAMPLE_RATE) ((double)(SAMPLE_RATE) / 66.6) /*! Maximum allowed pitch (200 Hz) */ #define PLC_PITCH_MAX(SAMPLE_RATE) ((SAMPLE_RATE) / 200) /*! Maximum pitch OLA window */ //#define PLC_PITCH_OVERLAP_MAX(SAMPLE_RATE) ((PLC_PITCH_MIN(SAMPLE_RATE)) >> 2) /*! The length over which the AMDF function looks for similarity (20 ms) */ #define CORRELATION_SPAN(SAMPLE_RATE) ((20 * (SAMPLE_RATE)) / 1000) /*! History buffer length. The buffer must also be at leat 1.25 times PLC_PITCH_MIN, but that is much smaller than the buffer needs to be for the pitch assessment. */ //#define PLC_HISTORY_LEN(SAMPLE_RATE) ((CORRELATION_SPAN(SAMPLE_RATE)) + (PLC_PITCH_MIN(SAMPLE_RATE))) namespace audio { typedef struct { /*! Consecutive erased samples */ int missing_samples; /*! Current offset into pitch period */ int pitch_offset; /*! Pitch estimate */ int pitch; /*! Buffer for a cycle of speech */ float *pitchbuf;//[PLC_PITCH_MIN]; /*! History buffer */ short *history;//[PLC_HISTORY_LEN]; /*! Current pointer into the history buffer */ int buf_ptr; } plc_state_t; class PcmConcealer { public: PcmConcealer(); ~PcmConcealer(); void Init(int channels, int bit_depth, int sample_rate); //Process a block of received audio samples. int Receive(short amp[], int frames); //Fill-in a block of missing audio samples. int Fill(short amp[], int frames); void Destroy(); private: int amdf_pitch(int min_pitch, int max_pitch, short amp[], int channel_index, int frames); void save_history(plc_state_t *s, short *buf, int channel_index, int frames); void normalise_history(plc_state_t *s); /** Holds the states of each of the channels **/ std::vector< plc_state_t * > ChannelStates; int plc_pitch_min; int plc_pitch_max; int plc_pitch_overlap_max; int correlation_span; int plc_history_len; int channel_count; int sample_rate; bool Initialized; }; } #endif PcmConcealer.cpp /* * Code adapted from Steve Underwood of the Asterisk Project. This code inherits * the same licensing restrictions as the Asterisk Project. */ #include "audio/PcmConcealer.hpp" /* We do a straight line fade to zero volume in 50ms when we are filling in for missing data. */ #define ATTENUATION_INCREMENT 0.0025 /* Attenuation per sample */ #if !defined(INT16_MAX) #define INT16_MAX (32767) #define INT16_MIN (-32767-1) #endif #ifdef WIN32 inline double rint(double x) { return floor(x + 0.5); } #endif inline short fsaturate(double damp) { if (damp > 32767.0) return INT16_MAX; if (damp < -32768.0) return INT16_MIN; return (short)rint(damp); } namespace audio { PcmConcealer::PcmConcealer() : Initialized(false) { } PcmConcealer::~PcmConcealer() { Destroy(); } void PcmConcealer::Init(int channels, int bit_depth, int sample_rate) { if(Initialized) return; if(channels <= 0 || bit_depth != 16) return; Initialized = true; channel_count = channels; this->sample_rate = sample_rate; ////////////// double min = PLC_PITCH_MIN(sample_rate); int imin = (int)min; double max = PLC_PITCH_MAX(sample_rate); int imax = (int)max; plc_pitch_min = imin; plc_pitch_max = imax; plc_pitch_overlap_max = (plc_pitch_min >> 2); correlation_span = CORRELATION_SPAN(sample_rate); plc_history_len = correlation_span + plc_pitch_min; ////////////// for(int i = 0; i < channel_count; i ++) { plc_state_t *t = new plc_state_t; memset(t, 0, sizeof(plc_state_t)); t->pitchbuf = new float[plc_pitch_min]; t->history = new short[plc_history_len]; ChannelStates.push_back(t); } } void PcmConcealer::Destroy() { if(!Initialized) return; while(ChannelStates.size()) { plc_state_t *s = ChannelStates.at(0); if(s) { if(s->history) delete s->history; if(s->pitchbuf) delete s->pitchbuf; memset(s, 0, sizeof(plc_state_t)); delete s; } ChannelStates.erase(ChannelStates.begin()); } ChannelStates.clear(); Initialized = false; } //Process a block of received audio samples. int PcmConcealer::Receive(short amp[], int frames) { if(!Initialized) return 0; int j = 0; for(int k = 0; k < ChannelStates.size(); k++) { int i; int overlap_len; int pitch_overlap; float old_step; float new_step; float old_weight; float new_weight; float gain; plc_state_t *s = ChannelStates.at(k); if (s->missing_samples) { /* Although we have a real signal, we need to smooth it to fit well with the synthetic signal we used for the previous block */ /* The start of the real data is overlapped with the next 1/4 cycle of the synthetic data. */ pitch_overlap = s->pitch >> 2; if (pitch_overlap > frames) pitch_overlap = frames; gain = 1.0 - s->missing_samples * ATTENUATION_INCREMENT; if (gain < 0.0) gain = 0.0; new_step = 1.0/pitch_overlap; old_step = new_step*gain; new_weight = new_step; old_weight = (1.0 - new_step)*gain; for (i = 0; i < pitch_overlap; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[index] = fsaturate(old_weight * s->pitchbuf[s->pitch_offset] + new_weight * amp[index]); if (++s->pitch_offset >= s->pitch) s->pitch_offset = 0; new_weight += new_step; old_weight -= old_step; if (old_weight < 0.0) old_weight = 0.0; } s->missing_samples = 0; } save_history(s, amp, j, frames); j++; } return frames; } //Fill-in a block of missing audio samples. int PcmConcealer::Fill(short amp[], int frames) { if(!Initialized) return 0; int j =0; for(int k = 0; k < ChannelStates.size(); k++) { short *tmp = new short[plc_pitch_overlap_max]; int i; int pitch_overlap; float old_step; float new_step; float old_weight; float new_weight; float gain; short *orig_amp; int orig_len; orig_amp = amp; orig_len = frames; plc_state_t *s = ChannelStates.at(k); if (s->missing_samples == 0) { // As the gap in real speech starts we need to assess the last known pitch, //and prepare the synthetic data we will use for fill-in normalise_history(s); s->pitch = amdf_pitch(plc_pitch_min, plc_pitch_max, s->history + plc_history_len - correlation_span - plc_pitch_min, j, correlation_span); // We overlap a 1/4 wavelength pitch_overlap = s->pitch >> 2; // Cook up a single cycle of pitch, using a single of the real signal with 1/4 //cycle OLA'ed to make the ends join up nicely // The first 3/4 of the cycle is a simple copy for (i = 0; i < s->pitch - pitch_overlap; i++) s->pitchbuf[i] = s->history[plc_history_len - s->pitch + i]; // The last 1/4 of the cycle is overlapped with the end of the previous cycle new_step = 1.0/pitch_overlap; new_weight = new_step; for ( ; i < s->pitch; i++) { s->pitchbuf[i] = s->history[plc_history_len - s->pitch + i]*(1.0 - new_weight) + s->history[plc_history_len - 2*s->pitch + i]*new_weight; new_weight += new_step; } // We should now be ready to fill in the gap with repeated, decaying cycles // of what is in pitchbuf // We need to OLA the first 1/4 wavelength of the synthetic data, to smooth // it into the previous real data. To avoid the need to introduce a delay // in the stream, reverse the last 1/4 wavelength, and OLA with that. gain = 1.0; new_step = 1.0/pitch_overlap; old_step = new_step; new_weight = new_step; old_weight = 1.0 - new_step; for (i = 0; i < pitch_overlap; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[index] = fsaturate(old_weight * s->history[plc_history_len - 1 - i] + new_weight * s->pitchbuf[i]); new_weight += new_step; old_weight -= old_step; if (old_weight < 0.0) old_weight = 0.0; } s->pitch_offset = i; } else { gain = 1.0 - s->missing_samples*ATTENUATION_INCREMENT; i = 0; } for ( ; gain > 0.0 && i < frames; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[index] = s->pitchbuf[s->pitch_offset]*gain; gain -= ATTENUATION_INCREMENT; if (++s->pitch_offset >= s->pitch) s->pitch_offset = 0; } for ( ; i < frames; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[i] = 0; } s->missing_samples += orig_len; save_history(s, amp, j, frames); delete [] tmp; j++; } return frames; } void PcmConcealer::save_history(plc_state_t *s, short *buf, int channel_index, int frames) { if (frames >= plc_history_len) { /* Just keep the last part of the new data, starting at the beginning of the buffer */ //memcpy(s->history, buf + len - plc_history_len, sizeof(short)*plc_history_len); int frames_to_copy = plc_history_len; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * (i + frames - plc_history_len)) + channel_index; s->history[i] = buf[index]; } s->buf_ptr = 0; return; } if (s->buf_ptr + frames > plc_history_len) { /* Wraps around - must break into two sections */ //memcpy(s->history + s->buf_ptr, buf, sizeof(short)*(plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr)); short *hist_ptr = s->history + s->buf_ptr; int frames_to_copy = plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * i) + channel_index; hist_ptr[i] = buf[index]; } frames -= (plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr); //memcpy(s->history, buf + (plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr), sizeof(short)*len); frames_to_copy = frames; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * (i + (plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr))) + channel_index; s->history[i] = buf[index]; } s->buf_ptr = frames; return; } /* Can use just one section */ //memcpy(s->history + s->buf_ptr, buf, sizeof(short)*len); short *hist_ptr = s->history + s->buf_ptr; int frames_to_copy = frames; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * i) + channel_index; hist_ptr[i] = buf[index]; } s->buf_ptr += frames; } void PcmConcealer::normalise_history(plc_state_t *s) { short *tmp = new short[plc_history_len]; if (s->buf_ptr == 0) return; memcpy(tmp, s->history, sizeof(short)*s->buf_ptr); memcpy(s->history, s->history + s->buf_ptr, sizeof(short)*(plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr)); memcpy(s->history + plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr, tmp, sizeof(short)*s->buf_ptr); s->buf_ptr = 0; delete [] tmp; } int PcmConcealer::amdf_pitch(int min_pitch, int max_pitch, short amp[], int channel_index, int frames) { int i; int j; int acc; int min_acc; int pitch; pitch = min_pitch; min_acc = INT_MAX; for (i = max_pitch; i <= min_pitch; i++) { acc = 0; for (j = 0; j < frames; j++) { int index1 = (channel_count * (i+j)) + channel_index; int index2 = (channel_count * j) + channel_index; //std::cout << "Index 1: " << index1 << ", Index 2: " << index2 << std::endl; acc += abs(amp[index1] - amp[index2]); } if (acc < min_acc) { min_acc = acc; pitch = i; } } std::cout << "Pitch: " << pitch << std::endl; return pitch; } } P.S. - I must confess that digital audio is not my forte...

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  • How can I perform a normal postback on an ASP.NET page with AJAX history enabled?

    - by Nick
    I have an ASP.NET 3.5 page with an update panel and history enabled. It works fine when I perform async postbacks but I get problems when I want to perform a normal postback. The page load happens fine for the normal postback but then I get asynchronous page loads from the script manager which load the ajax history in. If I could have the ajax history not loading for the times I want to perform a normal postback then everything would be fine. Is there anyway to do this?

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  • How to keep history of record updates in MySQL?

    - by Proxium
    I have to create a code in PHP that will allow me to keep the history of record updates in MySQL database so I can find by date an old revision. Here is the example of what I actualy want to achive: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunisia&action=history The data are mostly Numbers that we record about the company for generating reports and to extract indices. I plan to use codeigniter for it's simplicity and I'm looking for idea about a framework or an opensource project that use the same approche to keep history of modifications in the database.

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  • What is the fastest way to reload history commands begin with certain characters in linux?

    - by gerry
    In Dos we can input the first several characters to filter command history and find proper one rapidly. But how to do the same thing in Linux ? for example when I am testing a local server: cd sudo /etc/init.d/vsftpd start wget ... ls emacs ... sudo /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart sudo /etc/init.d/vsftpd stop ... In Dos you can easily type sudo and switch among the three commands beginning with it using arrow keys. But in Linux, is below command the best we can do ? historty | grep sudo I don't like it, because history can easily become a mess, and it also need mouse action.

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  • How to track history of db tables that include many-to-many mapping tables?

    - by chacmool
    I have seen several questions here on tracking db history, but can't seem to find one that matches our situation. We need to track the history of several tables, some of which are many-to-many linking tables. Eg say we have this schema: EntityA id name EntityB id name ABLink A_id B_id So, tracking changes to EntityA or EntityB seems pretty straightforward. We can keep a log table with the same columns plus a date stamp and user. But what about the links? How do we maintain the set of links that are valid for a given version of the data? We need to be able to recreate a history of the data showing changes in chronological order. So if a link added or deleted, we indicate that. Etc.

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  • goo.gl Api: How to know if URL was added to user's history?

    - by Manuel
    I'm using the goo.gl API as described here. It's easy to use and it works with or without authantication (I'm using OAuth). So, if I provide the OAuth token / secret, the shortened URL is added to the users history. My problem is, that I would like to show to the user that the shortened URL was added to his goo.gl history. The respone you get from the shortening request, however, is always the same, whether you use authorization or not: { "kind": "urlshortener#url", "id": "http://goo.gl/fbsS", "longUrl": "http://www.google.com/" } So, does anyone know a way to find out, if the shortened URL was successfully added to the user's history? Is there a parameter you can add to the request URL that leads to a more detailed result string?

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  • Any web interface to show deployments history with mcollective?

    - by Jason
    I'm using mcollective & puppet for deployments. I would like to know if there is any user interface which allows me to choose a specific package/version and deploy and any user interface i can already use which allows me to show the deployments history and their status. (I saw that glu has a nice user interface i'm looking for something like it, http://linkedin.github.com/glu/docs/latest/html/tutorial.html ) I wondered if i could use glu (so that i can get their deployment history gui if they have a good one...) with mcollective but from what i understand they are parallel frameworks.

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  • LinkQ Exception

    - by Ravi
    Hi, I write Linq query for keep on fetching data from database. First loop table don't have record , so throwing exception. After first loop i have record in the database, my query is working properly. Below i specified my query give some suggestion first loop(no records in table) i have to modify query or query have to change. Ex: forloop(History history in historyList) { History history1 = (from p in context.History where p.TransferCode == history.TransferCode select p).First<History>() as History; if(history1 == null) { SaveToDataBase(history); } else { UpdateToDataBase(history1); } } Thinks

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  • How do I change bash history completion to complete what's already on the line?

    - by blokkie
    I found a command a couple of months ago that made my bash history auto-complete on what's already on the line when pressing the up arrow: $ vim fi Press ? $ vim file.py I'd like to set this up on my new computer, because it saves a lot of time when keeping a big history. The problem is that I can't for the life of me remember where it was mentioned and reading through endless bash references and tutorials unfortunately didn't help either. Does anybody know the command?

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  • Internet Explorer stores working data under %TEMP% instead of normal locations

    - by SWB
    Internet Explorer normally stores its working data in various special locations. For example: Cookies - %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\Cookies History - %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\History Cache - %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files However, for some reason, Internet Explorer occasionally stops using the normal locations and instead creates new folders under %TEMP% and/or %TEMP%\Low for this data. For example: Cookies - %TEMP%\Cookies %TEMP%\Low\Cookies History - %TEMP%\History %TEMP%\Low\History Cache - %TEMP%\Temporary Internet Files %TEMP%\Low\Temporary Internet Files Why does Internet Explorer do this, and how can make it use the normal locations again?

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  • Mac OS X - Time Machine backup fails verification - What can I do to save the history?

    - by usermac75
    Hi, How do I make Time Machine to make a new complete backup without losing older versions of backed up files? Verbose: I am using the Time Machine backup on my OS X (Snow Leopard) to backup the whole computer to an external drive. I especially like the "history", i.e. the feature that allows you to restore the older version of a file. Problem: I had some data corruption on my external backup drive, I repaired it with the System Tool for doing that, it found some faults. I had the disk tool repair the external drive. After that, the external drive was OK and I could use Time Machine again. I let Time Machine do one more backup. Now I made a verification according to http://superuser.com/questions/47628/verifying-time-machine-backups, namely along sudo diff -qr . $HOME/Desktop 2>&1 | tee $HOME/timemachine-diff.log However: After doing the command above, several differences and missing files were reported, approx. 200 files in sum. Whereas some of the missing files were cache or excluded directories, the differences do bother me, especially as some important documents from me are listed as differing. How can I make sure that the data on the external drive is synced correctly? Is it possible to have Time Machine to do a complete new backup without losing the history? Or to have Time Machine compare all files for differences and re-write all files that are different? Or can I set some flags on the files that do not match to have them copied again? (like the archive-flag in Windows/Dos). I'd rather not touch the files because I would like to keep the date of last change/date of creation) Thank you for your thoughts!

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  • Mac OS X - Time Machine backup fails verification - What can I do to save the history?

    - by usermac75
    Hi, How do I make Time Machine to make a new complete backup without losing older versions of backed up files? Verbose: I am using the Time Machine backup on my OS X (Snow Leopard) to backup the whole computer to an external drive. I especially like the "history", i.e. the feature that allows you to restore the older version of a file. Problem: I had some data corruption on my external backup drive, I repaired it with the System Tool for doing that, it found some faults. I had the disk tool repair the external drive. After that, the external drive was OK and I could use Time Machine again. I let Time Machine do one more backup. Now I made a verification according to http://superuser.com/questions/47628/verifying-time-machine-backups, namely along sudo diff -qr . $HOME/Desktop 2>&1 | tee $HOME/timemachine-diff.log However: After doing the command above, several differences and missing files were reported, approx. 200 files in sum. Whereas some of the missing files were cache or excluded directories, the differences do bother me, especially as some important documents from me are listed as differing. How can I make sure that the data on the external drive is synced correctly? Is it possible to have Time Machine to do a complete new backup without losing the history? Or to have Time Machine compare all files for differences and re-write all files that are different? Or can I set some flags on the files that do not match to have them copied again? (like the archive-flag in Windows/Dos). I'd rather not touch the files because I would like to keep the date of last change/date of creation) Thank you for your thoughts!

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  • Is Google tracking our web history even when we do not visit Google or if affiliate websites?

    - by Anoyon-12
    I have recently updated to Google Chrome 29.0.1547.76. And when I click a the new tab button there is a new homepage now. Ok. My current settings forbid from third party cookies being set. And I clear all of my browsing data every time I close or well if its been too long browsing. Ok so there is this help dialog that appears first time you open the new tab page. What I did was Cleared all my browsing settings (From Beginning of time) and then again I went to the new tab, the Help dialog appears. And for the third time I did the same and the Same thing Happened. So For the fourth time I cleared all my Browsing data. Clicked open new tab and then. navigate myself to chrome://settings/cookies. and there were So does this mean google is tracking our web History just for using Chrome. I know Its not Illegal because these cookies only appear when you click the new tab Google Chrome 29.0.1547.76. maybe that was the reason google redesigned the entire New:tab page. From this Google is forcing us to allow them track us. I don't want to set another page as my new:tab page. I just want the old one. Google has a long History of invading Privacy without users consent. There was that Safari incident. I am sure you people remember. So can anyone tell me about this issue? I maybe wrong. So please explain.

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  • How do I create a new project in TFS from an existing project (breaking history)?

    - by Lindsay
    My team is taking over a project from a previous team. We use a different TFS server than the original team, and we are also not interested in keeping the history of the project because we are accepting the latest version of the code as the beginning of our history with the project. Branching is not an option since we want to start our history from the current version of the code. We just want a fresh project with the existing code. I have not been able to create the new project from the old code successfully. I keep getting an error: "Source control cannot add the solution: Solution would span multiple workspaces" My process for attempting the new project creation: Create a workspace for the previous team's version of the code. Get latest version of that code into local mapped workspace directory Open the solution. Unbind all projects and solution. Close solution. Create a workspace for the new version of the code on our TFS server. Copy the unbound code on my local box to the new local workspace mapped folder. Open the solution from the new directory. "Add to source control" from the new solution. Then I get the error. I have tried removing the TFS security files out of the code directories in the unbound version and tried changing source control instead of adding to source control (but it just binds back to the original instead of letting me bind to the new). Is there any other way to do this besides recreating the solution/projects and adding back all the files and references? It doesn't seem like it should be this difficult... Any advice much appreciated!

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  • Why doesn't AJAX History work in IE7 as it does in IE8 and every other browser?

    - by Nick
    I have two ASP.NET pages, say page1 and page2. Page1 contains an update panel and I use AJAX History to allow browser back/forward button support. Users can navigate to page2 via page1 - I do a response.redirect server-side so that I can store in a session what options were on page1 when they left. On page2, a user can click the back button and return to page1 with it displaying what was there prior to navigating to page2. You can click the back button again on page1 to go back to other selectively chosen history states. This all works great in IE8, Firefox, Safari, and Chrome. However, in IE7 it doesn't. The user can get back to page1 from page2, but when they click the back button again it doesn't show the previous states of page1 - it displays the original page load content. The history data looks to still be encoded in the url when using ie7 but is not working for some reason. Does anyone know why this is happening in IE7 and how I can get around this? It really needs to work in IE7 as most of our users are on IE7. Please help.

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  • How do I view my clipboard history on OS X?

    - by joshhunt
    I am often copying and pasting various tidbits of information, and then forgetting to save it. I would copy something else and lose what I had in the clipboard before. Is there some sort of built-in way to view the history of the clipboard, or do I have to install a program? If so, what program?

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