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• Problem installing Ubuntu 10.04 64 bit side by side with Vista by using a bootable USB drive. What n

  - by Adam Siddhi

  What happened I decided to install Ubuntu 10.04 64 bit side by side with Vista Home Premium (I guess on another partition) with a USB stick. I found instructions on how to do this here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromUSBStick To create the bootable USB drive I had to download a program called Unetbootin. That process was simple enough. All I had to do was just choose the disk image option, select the ubuntu-10.04-desktop-amd64.iso image, make sure it recognizes my USB drive and then press OK. It takes only like a few minutes to create a working bootable USB drive. Then I have to restart my computer, enter the BIOS, select my USB drive as the first boot drive, save options and continue with booting up. After this Ubuntu actually loads up. I think this is known as the Live version of Ubuntu so you can try it out before fully installing it. Any ways, on the Ubuntu 10.04 desktop I saw an installer. I click it and begin the installation process. Just so you know, I tried installing it 2 times. I will explain what happened each time: The first time I tried installing Ubuntu 10.04 I got stuck at step 4 of 7. I remember selecting the last option in the window which was Specify Partitions Manually (Advanced) I made my partition for Ubuntu like 52 gigs. I clicked forward and a little pop up window appeared saying Please Wait. So the installation process stalled on this window so I closed out of it and quit the installation process. So at this point I was worried because I had already selected the partition size and assumed it started making it. Since it stalled I had to quit out though. Anyways, once again I reached step 4 of 7 a decided to select the first option which is Install them side by side choosing between them each startup. I figured this was the safe way to go. I did that and the pop up window saying Please Wait popped up again but lasted only like 10 seconds. Then I got to I guess step 6 where it asks you to enter your desired name and password. Did that and clicked forward. The Ubuntu 10.04 installation load screen appeared and the loading bar at the bottom started filling up. So I got to 83% and stalled during the Importing other profile information (I think it was called this. I had the option to do this during I think step 6) process. So at this point I decided to get stop the installation process. I was getting very nervous. I tried to restart the computer but all that happened was that Ubuntu restarted. I finally got the computer to restart. I was pretty sure I had screwed something up big time by this point. As my computer was restarting I entered BIOS again and switched back to it booting from my main hard drive containing Vista. Saved it and continued the boot process. My worst fears were confirmed as Vista would not boot up. I mean I saw the little Microsoft Windows choppy animated green loading bar at the bottom of the screen and then boom! It decided to restart. When it restarted I had the option to run a memory test check to see if there was anything that needed to be repaired. That took like 20 minutes and at the end I saw that I did indeed have to repair something. I had to go through 2 repair processes. After each I had to restart the computer. The 2nd time it went through the repair process it said that it could not fully repair the damage. I was scared and restarted but Vista did load up. I got to my desktop and saw a message saying something like Repairs have been made, Please restart for changes to take effect I noticed that some Notification icons were missing and I could not hear volume in a video. Things were a bit funky. So I did restart and here I am. Now what?! So since I got back into Vista and thankfully have a working Internet connection I am trying to find answers to my problem (that is why I am writing this post). I am scared that I have partioned my hard drive 2 times after researching Installing Ubuntu 10.04 and seeing this post http://techie-buzz.com/foss/ubuntu-10-04-lts-installation-guide.html The author shows screen shots of installing Ubuntu 10.04. He shows the image of step 4 of 7 with a caption at the bottom. I will recreate it below: Select a partitioning option. Unless you want to format all the hard drive and install Ubuntu afresh, select the last option and proceed. Questions If I have indeed partitioned my HD 2 times (which I am sure it is), how do I get to a point where I can see all my bad, unfinished Ubuntu partitions and get rid of them? How do I clean this big mess up? & How can I ensure that this mess will not happen next time I try installing Ubuntu 10.04? Thank you Adam

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• Symbol exporting problem using __declspec(dllexport)

  - by Gayan

  I use __declspec(dllexport) with several methods in a library. But one of the symbols do not get exported properly. The value in question is called "restart". I've given the output from dumpbin.exe, below: 1 0 0002DB27 ev_err = @ILT+2850(_ev_err) 2 1 0002DADC m_foutput = @ILT+2775(_m_foutput) 3 2 0002D361 m_free = @ILT+860(_m_free) 4 3 0002D505 m_free_vars = @ILT+1280(_m_free_vars) 5 4 0002D055 m_get = @ILT+80(_m_get) 6 5 0002D95B m_ident = @ILT+2390(_m_ident) 7 6 0002D80C m_inverse = @ILT+2055(_m_inverse) 8 7 0002D0F5 m_mlt = @ILT+240(_m_mlt) 9 8 0002D339 m_ones = @ILT+820(_m_ones) 10 9 0002D43D m_rand = @ILT+1080(_m_rand) 11 A 0002DC3F m_resize = @ILT+3130(_m_resize) 12 B 0002D465 m_zero = @ILT+1120(_m_zero) 13 C 0002D3A7 px_foutput = @ILT+930(_px_foutput) 14 D 0002DA2D px_free = @ILT+2600(_px_free) 15 E 00092DE0 restart = _restart 16 F 0002DB45 set_err_flag = @ILT+2880(_set_err_flag) 17 10 0002D550 v_foutput = @ILT+1355(_v_foutput) 18 11 0002D839 v_free = @ILT+2100(_v_free) This seems to indicate that restart did not get exported properly but I can't figure out why. I use the following line to export the method: extern __declspec(dllexport) jmp_buf restart; What is the reason for this anomaly and how can I resolve it?

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• Subversion commands not being run by Ubuntu rc.local

  - by talentedmrjones

  Here is my rc.local for an autoscaling amazon ec2 instance based on ubuntu: (Note that user names, domains, and paths have been changed for security purposes) logger "Begin rc.local startup script:" logger "svn checkout" sudo -u nonRootUser /usr/bin/svn co svn+ssh://[email protected]/path/to/repo /var/www/html | logger logger "chown writeable folder" chown www-data /var/www/html/writeableFolder logger "restart apache" /etc/init.d/apache2 restart | logger exit 0 And here is the output of sudo tail -n 40 /var/log/syslog Mar 10 22:05:20 ubuntu logger: Begin rc.local startup script: Mar 10 22:05:20 ubuntu logger: svn checkout Mar 10 22:05:20 ubuntu logger: chown writeable folder Of course its not getting to apache2 restart because it error'd on the chown. I did find however that if I do a checkout beforehand, and set the rc.local svn command to an svn update, that it still does not run the svn command but does output apache2 restart successfully. These same svn commands work perfectly when I run them manually, tho it's strange that within rc.local they do not produce any output whatsoever to logger yet apache2 restart does. I've also tried running the svn co and svn update both with sudo -u and without. How do I get the svn command to run? Either a full checkout or an update. At this point either would be better than nothing!

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• Automatically restarting Erlang applications

  - by Nick

  I recently ran into a bug where an entire Erlang application died, yielding a log message that looked like this: =INFO REPORT==== 11-Jun-2010::11:07:25 === application: myapp exited: shutdown type: temporary I have no idea what triggered this shutdown, but the real problem I have is that it didn't restart itself. Instead, the now-empty Erlang VM just sat there doing nothing. Now, from the research I've done, it looks like there are other "start types" you can give an application: 'transient' and 'permanent'. If I start a Supervisor within an application, I can tell it to make a particular process transient or permanent, and it will automatically restart it for me. However, according to the documentation, if I make an application transient or permanent, it doesn't restart it when it dies, but rather it kills all the other applications as well. What I really want to do is somehow tell the Erlang VM that a particular application should always be running, and if it goes down, restart it. Is this possible to do? (I'm not talking about implementing a supervisor on top of my application, because then it's a catch 22: what if my supervisor process crashes? I'm looking for some sort of API or setting that I can use to have Erlang monitor and restart my application for me.) Thanks!

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• Page Fault Interrupt Problems

  - by Vikas

  This is a statement referring to problem caused by page fault:(from Silberschatz 7th ed P-310 last para) 'We cant simply restart instructions when instruction modifies several different location Ex:when a instruction moves 256 bytes from source to dest and either src or dest straddles on page boundary , then,after a partial move, if a page fault occurs, 'we can't simply restart the instructions' My question is Why not? Simply restart the instruction again do the same copy after page is in. Is there any problem in it?

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• Windows 7 remains powered on when restarting

  - by BombDefused

  I'm running windows 7 x64 on an MSI P67A-GD53 motherboard, in an Antec P280 Super Midi Towercase with a Corsair 650w PSU. I've just installed a second instance of windows 7 x64 on a separate disk (this is to keep my games separate from my work OS). The problem is that it appears now that I cannot restart from either instance of Windows 7. The shut down command, and sleep commands work as expected. When I try to restart, the shutdown happens but the system never reboots. Everything remains powered on, until I hold down the power button to force the power off. Ithink (but am not 100% sure) this has only started since I installed the second OS, and am assuming this has something to do with the motherboard needing to know which OS to run up again? Some other forums I've read suggest that the PSU has a major role in restart and could be at fault. Changing the boot order of the disks in the BIOS does not change anything. Any suggestions greatfully recieved! Update: I now have a reproduceable issue: I think the secondary OS install may have been a red herring. It was when windows tried to reboot during the install that I noticed the issue. After playing around with installing drivers, and rebooting many many times, I have found that it is the OC genie setting on the MSI motherboard that seems to trigger the problem. This makes sense as I only started using the OC genie feature a couple of weeks ago, and probably hadn't used restart in that time. However... simply turning off OC genie does not make the issue go away. I have to turn off OC genie, shutdown, start enter bios, go to the "Save and Exit" menu "Restore Defaults" yes to "Load optimized defaults", which will reset to clear the problem. Now when the PC boots into windows, I can restart as normal (and from the OS on either HDD). I only know how to control the issue, and don't still know the root cause. I'd like to be able to use the OC genie function if anyone can suggest a why I'm seeing this problem. Could it be that I'm drawing too much power when using OC feature?

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• Ubuntu Lucid: Erratic screen behaviour after boot

  - by fgysin

  In short: about 50% of the time I have a screwed up monitor setup after reboot. About 50% it is totally correct. Now the longer version: I updated my machine from 9.04 to 10.04 (via 9.10). At first I run into some monitor problems (I have a 3-monitor setup) because of the known bug in the new xserver driver for xinerama. This messes up behaviour if the mouse goes either left or above the screen number 0, i.e. I had to make my left-most monitor screen 0. Everything worked out fine finally, I got my 3-monitor setup back with xinerama enabled to get one big desktop streched over 3 screens. Now the fun part: Every time I start up my machine only one of the 3 monitors gets a signal and is woken up: it only recognizes the left-most monitor (screen 0) and crams all the desktop stuff into this one screen. If I go into nvidia settings I only see one physical device although all 3 are connected and have power. When I look into the xorg.conf I can still see my old setup with 3 devices, 3 screens, xinerama active etc... But I was totally unable to get 3 montitors to work. (I tried unplugging monitors, reconfiguring whole nvidia setup, ...) But it gets even better: When I restart my machine (i.e. choose the restart option from the Ubuntu menu) it shuts down and tries to restart. The restart then gets stuck after showing the Ubuntu splash screen with the 'loading bar' (the moving dots thingy) and I am forced to kill the machine by cutting power. But after the power cut the machine boots up normally and suddenly I get my 3 monitor setup back up working. That is until the next time I shut down and start up, where it all starts over again and I only have one monitor... (see above) I really have a hard time seeing where the error is. It must be that the restart boot somehow differs from the 'normal' boot. But the fact that it gets stuck and I need to cut power which then basically triggers a 'normal' boot does not really support this theory... My setup (please tell me if you need further info): 3 monitors as 3 screens as one desktop (with xinerama) 2 nvidia cards where screen 0 and 1 are on card 0 and screen 2 is on card 1 Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx (updated from 9.10, 9.04, ....) I would appreciate every idea on the subject, at the moment I really don't have any clue what to do...

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• Ubuntu Lucid: Erratic screen behaviour after boot

  - by fgysin

  In short: about 50% of the time I have a screwed up monitor setup after reboot. About 50% it is totally correct. Now the longer version: I updated my machine from 9.04 to 10.04 (via 9.10). At first I run into some monitor problems (I have a 3-monitor setup) because of the known bug in the new xserver driver for xinerama. This messes up behaviour if the mouse goes either left or above the screen number 0, i.e. I had to make my left-most monitor screen 0. Everything worked out fine finally, I got my 3-monitor setup back with xinerama enabled to get one big desktop streched over 3 screens. Now the fun part: Every time I start up my machine only one of the 3 monitors gets a signal and is woken up: it only recognizes the left-most monitor (screen 0) and crams all the desktop stuff into this one screen. If I go into nvidia settings I only see one physical device although all 3 are connected and have power. When I look into the xorg.conf I can still see my old setup with 3 devices, 3 screens, xinerama active etc... But I was totally unable to get 3 montitors to work. (I tried unplugging monitors, reconfiguring whole nvidia setup, ...) But it gets even better: When I restart my machine (i.e. choose the restart option from the Ubuntu menu) it shuts down and tries to restart. The restart then gets stuck after showing the Ubuntu splash screen with the 'loading bar' (the moving dots thingy) and I am forced to kill the machine by cutting power. But after the power cut the machine boots up normally and suddenly I get my 3 monitor setup back up working. That is until the next time I shut down and start up, where it all starts over again and I only have one monitor... (see above) I really have a hard time seeing where the error is. It must be that the restart boot somehow differs from the 'normal' boot. But the fact that it gets stuck and I need to cut power which then basically triggers a 'normal' boot does not really support this theory... My setup (please tell me if you need further info): 3 monitors as 3 screens as one desktop (with xinerama) 2 nvidia cards where screen 0 and 1 are on card 0 and screen 2 is on card 1 Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx (updated from 9.10, 9.04, ....) I would appreciate every idea on the subject, at the moment I really don't have any clue what to do...

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• Nagios core Event Handler not working

  - by sivashanmugam

  Nagios Event Handler is not triggering when the service is taking more time to response or down. My configuration in below nagios.cfg enable_event_handlers=1 localhost.cfg define service { use generic-service host_name Server service_description test-server servicegroups test-service check_command check-service is_volatile 0 check_period 24x7 max_check_attempts 4 normal_check_interval 2 retry_check_interval 2 contact_groups testcontacts notification_period 24x7 notification_options w,u,c,r notifications_enabled 1 event_handler_enabled 1 event_handler recheck-service } command.cfg define command{ command_name recheck-service command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/alert.sh $SERVICESTATE$ $SERVICESTATETYPE$ $SERVICEATTEMPT$ } alert.sh file !/bin/sh set -x case "$1" in OK) # The service just came back up, so don't do anything... ;; WARNING) # We don't really care about warning states, since the service is probably still running... ;; UNKNOWN) # We don't know what might be causing an unknown error, so don't do anything... ;; CRITICAL) Aha! The HTTP service appears to have a problem - perhaps we should restart the server... Is this a "soft" or a "hard" state? case "$2" in We're in a "soft" state, meaning that Nagios is in the middle of retrying the check before it turns into a "hard" state and contacts get notified... SOFT) # What check attempt are we on? We don't want to restart the web server on the first check, because it may just be a fluke! case "$3" in Wait until the check has been tried 3 times before restarting the web server. If the check fails on the 4th time (after we restart the web server), the state type will turn to "hard" and contacts will be notified of the problem. Hopefully this will restart the web server successfully, so the 4th check will result in a "soft" recovery. If that happens no one gets notified because we fixed the problem! 3) echo -n "Going To Ping the Virtual Machine (3rd soft critical state)..." # Call the init script to restart the HTTPD server myresult=`/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_http xyz.com -t 100 | grep 'time'| awk '{print $10}'` echo "Your Service Is taking the following time Delay" "$myresult Seconds" |mail -s "WARNING : Service Taken More Time To Response" [email protected] ;; esac ;; # The HTTP service somehow managed to turn into a hard error without getting fixed. # It should have been restarted by the code above, but for some reason it didn't. # Let's give it one last try, shall we? # Note: Contacts have already been notified of a problem with the service at this

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• System failure - need diagnostic recommendation

  - by Ladislav Mrnka

  I have big problem with my computer. Configuration is: Intel i7 + 6x2GB OCZ DDR3 Motheboard: Asus P6T Deluxe V2, HDD controller configured to AHCI Main drive: OCZ Vertex 2 (SSD) - contains all installed programs and system Second drive: Samsung SpinPoint - contains User profiles, ProgramData, virtual machines and databases Third drive: Samsung SpinPoint - data drive + backups OS: Windows 7 Ultimate x64 I have never had any problem with this computer until now. During weekend my computer completely crashed without any reason. Each time I tried to boot to Windows I got BSOD with message BAD_SYSTEM_CONFIG_INFO and automatic restart (I didn't install any new SW or HW). But after restart main OCZ drive was disconnected (not detected by BIOS). When I turned off and on computer, the drive was again connected. It also happend every single time I tried to repair installation somehow. It ended with some error and after restart drive was disconnected. The only thing which worked was format + fresh install. After installing almost everything I wanted to install Visual Studio 2010 Ultimate (complete installation without SQL Server Express). During installation of VS itself I always get BSOD - it is too fast so I'm not able to read description. After restart it searches for all disk drives for really long time and sometimes it changes boot drive so the system is not able to start - Bootmgr not found. After reconfiguring BIOS the system starts. There is no event describing the failure in Event viewer. Installing VS 2010 is absolutely necessary for me. I need help with diagnostic. I need to find where is the problem - I expect that the problem is in OCZ drive or in HDD controller on motherboard but I don't know how to find it. All components still have valid warranty. Can you recommend me some approach or tools to find the problem? Edit: I'm still looking for source of the problem. New information is that Windows are not able to perform check disk (Chkdsk) on the SSD system drive. After restarting it always starts checking drive and in part where files are checked it fails with BSOD - BAD_SYSTEM_CONFIG_INFO. After next restart and skipping check disk tests the system runs.

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• Adobe Flash Player fails

  - by David Cole

  Using UBUNTU 11.10 the FireFox error message says "A plugin is needed to display this content: Adobe Flash Player Installer" So I install it. Then it says "Installed - restart FireFox" I restart FireFox and the same error message appears. This problem doesn't happen with Windows 7 (IE, Chrome & Firefox are fine) or my previous version of Ubuntu. Problem occurs when I access CallOfRoma.com Thank You

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• DNS client configuration steps in Oracle Solaris 11

  - by Gurubalan

  This guide covers Quick how to configure DNS client on Solaris 11. DNS client configuration in Solaris 11 is based on SMF service rather than file based. When you configure a system as DNS client, you will be performing the following two configurations. I. DNS client setup II. Configure Name service switch to use DNS I. DNS client setup 1. Configure using SMF service network/dns/client # svccfg -s network/dns/clientsvc:/network/dns/client> setprop config/search = astring: ("test.com" "service.test.com")svc:/network/dns/client> setprop config/nameserver = net_address: (192.168.10.10 192.168.10.11)svc:/network/dns/client> exit 2.  Enable the DNS client service (when you configure it for the first time) #svccfg enable -r dns/client 3. Restart/Refresh DNS client service (It is done when there is any update to the configuration) #svccfg refresh dns/client #svccfg restart dns/client 4. Verify /etc/resolv.conf if it is updated with the changes. # more /etc/resolv.conf ## _AUTOGENERATED_FROM_SMF_V1_## WARNING: THIS FILE GENERATED FROM SMF DATA.#   DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE.  EDITS WILL BE LOST.# See resolv.conf(4) for details.search               test.com service.test.comnameserver      192.168.10.10nameserver      192.168.10.11 --- II.  Configuring Name service switch to use DNS 1. Configure using SMF service  system/name-service/switch # svccfg -s system/name-service/switchsvc:/system/name-service/switch> setprop config/host = astring: "files dns"svc:/system/name-service/switch>exit 2.  Restart/Refresh name-service/switch service #svccfg refresh name-service/switch #svccfg restart  name-service/switch 3. Verfiy host entry in /etc/nsswitch.conf  is updated with dns. # more /etc/nsswitch.conf## _AUTOGENERATED_FROM_SMF_V1_## WARNING: THIS FILE GENERATED FROM SMF DATA.#   DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE.  EDITS WILL BE LOST.# See nsswitch.conf(4) for details.passwd: filesgroup:  fileshosts:  files dnsipnodes:        files dns . --- PS: Thank you ollasi for your motivation behind the screen.

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• How to Share Files/Folders Between Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Fedora Linux

  - by Akshay Deep Lamba

  Getting started:   To get started, logon to Windows XP and click Start –> then right click ‘My Computer’ and select ‘Properties’.       Then select ‘Computer Name’ tab and click ‘Change’       Enter the Computer and Workgroup name and click OK. Make sure all systems use the same Workgroup name. You will have to restart your computer for the change to take effect.       After restarting, click Start –> Control Panel.       Select Security Center –> Windows Firewall.       When Windows Firewall opens, select ‘Exceptions’ tab and check the box to enable File and Printer Sharing. Close out when done.         Next, logon to Fedora and go to System –> Administration –> Add/Remove Software.       Then search for and install system-config-samba. Install all additional packages when prompted. Ensure that the Network Settings along with Correct Gateway is Mentioned so that your System can Access the Internet. system-config-samba     After installing, go to System –> Administration –> Samba.       Then select Preferences –> Server Settings.         Enter the Workgroup name here and click OK.       Select Preferences –> Samba Users.       Edit or Add User to samba database and click OK.       To create shares, click File –> Create Add Shares, then select the folder you wish to share and check: Writable Visible       Then select ‘Access’ tab and give users access to the shares, then click OK to save.       Next, go to System –> Administration –> Firewall.       Select ‘Samba’ under ‘Trusted Services’ and enable Samba.       Next, select ‘ICMP’ and enable ‘Echo Reply (pong) and Echo Request (ping)’      Also add the eth0 interface to the trusted interfaces.     After that go to Applications –> System Tools –> Terminal and run the command below:   su -c 'chkconfig smb on'     Restart your computer and if everything is setup correctly, you should be able to view shares from either system.           At the terminal: Quote: su setenforce 0 service smb restart service nmb restart exit   ENJOYYY....

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• Using Movemail with Thunderbird on Ubuntu

  - by rxt

  I'm trying to read local mail with Thunderbird on Ubuntu (with both 12.04 and 13.04). I've followed the instructions found here: How can I access system mail in /var/mail/ via thunderbird? I can read mail on the system using alpine or vim, so I know the mailbox is not empty. When I click the get-mail button, nothing happens. I see no Inbox (or any folder structure) for the specific account. I've set the rights for /var/mail to 1777. Settings server name: localhost username: john How can I get this working? Okay, considering the extra bounty, I would like to get this working like normal mail. The accepted answer from Qasim resulted in a much more usable situation than before - opening mail in Thunderbird with layout. I still face three problems though. When new mail is received in the mailbox, Thunderbird won't see this until after I restart Thunderbird. When Thunderbird is restarted, all mail is reset to unread and deleted mail is undone. This is probably because Thunderbird reads the mail from the /var/mail/www-data file, but doesn't update this file. So after restarting, it simply reads this file again, with the new mail and all old mail. This is probably a postfix issue: mail is sent out to existing mail addresses, but cannot be delivered because the receiving mailserver cannot be reached. This results in "Undelivered mail returned to sender". Only one mailserver can be reached: localhost. Because this is a test system, I don't want real customers to receive mail. I've blocked mail ports in UFW to be sure. When opening the returned mail, I can scroll down and then I see the original mail with proper layout. So I can read the mail, see if the proper images are included, and for me that's workable. Having to restart TB to read new mail - I know when new mail arrives, so I know when to restart. Having old mail restored after a restart - not big problem as well. I can delete the mail file if it gets too much. I know how it works, but it would be nice if it worked like normal.

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• Not attending the LUGM mini-meetup - 05. Oct 2013

  Not attending a meeting of the LUGM can be fun, too. It's getting a bit of a habit that Ish is organising small gatherings, aka mini-meetups, of the Linux User Group Mauritius/Meta (LUGM) almost every Saturday. There they mainly discuss and talk about various elements of using Linux as ones main operating systems and the possibilities you are going to have. On top of course, some tips & tricks about mastering the command line and initial steps in scripting or even writing HTML. In general, sounds like a good portion of fun and great spirit of community. Unfortunately, I'm usually quite busy with private and family matters during the weekend and so I already signalised that I wouldn't be around. Well, at least not physically... But this Saturday a couple of things worked out faster than expected and so I was hanging out on my machine. I made virtual contact with one of Pawan's messages over on Facebook... And somehow that kicked off some kind of an online game fun on basic configuration of Apache HTTPd 2.2.x, PHP 5.x and how to improve the overall performance of a newly installed blog based on WordPress. Default configuration files Nitin's website finally came alive and despite the dark theme and the hidden Apple 'fanboy' advertisement I was more interested in the technical situation. As with any new installation there is usually quite some adjustment to be done. And Nitin's page was no exception. Unfortunately, out of the box installations of Apache httpd and PHP are too verbose and expose too much information under the hood. You might think that this isn't really a problem at all, well, think about it again after completely reading this article. First, I checked the HTTP response headers - using either Chrome Developer Tools or Firefox Web Developer extension - of Nitin's page and based on that I advised him to lower the noise levels a little bit. It's not really necessary that detailed information about web server software and scripting language has to be published in every response made. Quite a number of script kiddies and exploits actually check for version specifics prior to an attack. So, removing at least version details hardens the system a little bit. In particular, I'm talking about these response values: Server X-Powered-By How to achieve that? By tweaking the configuration files... Namely, we are going to look into the following ones: apache2.conf httpd.conf .htaccess php.ini The above list contains some additional files, I'm talking about in the next paragraphs. Anyway, those are the ones involved. Tweaking Apache Open your favourite text editor and start to modify the apache2.conf. Eventually, you might like to have a quick peak at the file to see whether it is necessary to adjust it or not. Following is a handy combination of commands to get an overview of your active directives: # sudo grep -v '#' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf | grep -v '^$' | less There you keep an eye on those two Apache directives: ServerSignature Off ServerTokens Prod If that's not the case, change them as highlighted above. In order to activate your modifications you have to restart Apache httpd server. On Debian and Ubuntu you might use apache2ctl for that, on other distributions you might have to use service or run the init-scripts again: # sudo apache2ctl configtestSyntax OK# sudo apache2ctl restart Refresh your website and check the HTTP response header. Tweaking PHP5 (a little bit) Next, check your php.ini file with the following statement: # sudo grep -v ';' /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini | grep -v '^$' | less And check the value of expose_php = Off Again, if it's not as highlighted, change it... Some more Apache love Okay, back to Apache it might also be interesting to improve the situation about browser caching and removing more obsolete information. When you run your website against the usual performance checks like Google Page Speed and Yahoo YSlow you might see those check points with bad grades on a standard, default configuration. Well, this can be done easily. Configure entity tags (ETags) ETags are only interesting when you run your websites on a farm of multiple web servers. Removing this data for your static resources is very simple in Apache. As we are going to deal with the HTTP response header information you have to ensure that Apache is capable to manipulate them. First, check your enabled modules: # sudo ls -al /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ | grep headers And in case that the 'headers' module is not listed, you have to enable it from the available ones: # sudo a2enmod headers Second, check your httpd.conf file (in case it exists): # sudo grep -v '#' /etc/apache2/httpd.conf | grep -v '^$' | less In newer (better said fresh) installations you might have to create a new configuration file below your conf.d folder with your favourite text editor like so: # sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/headers.conf Then, in order to tweak your HTTP responses either check for those lines or add them: Header unset ETagFileETag None In case that your file doesn't exist or those lines are missing, feel free to create/add them. Afterwards, check your Apache configuration syntax and restart your running instances as already shown above: # sudo apache2ctl configtestSyntax OK# sudo apache2ctl restart Add Expires headers To improve the loading performance of your website, you should take some care into the proper configuration of how to leverage the browser's ability to cache certain resources and files. This is done by adding an Expires: value to the HTTP response header. Generally speaking it is advised that you specify a near-future, read: 1 week or a little bit more, for your static content like JavaScript files or Cascading Style Sheets. One solution to adjust this is to put some instructions into the .htaccess file in the root folder of your web site. Of course, this could also be placed into a more generic location of your Apache installation but honestly, I'd like to keep this at the web site level. Following some adjustments I'm currently using on this blog site: # Turn on Expires and set default to 0ExpiresActive OnExpiresDefault A0 # Set up caching on media files for 1 year (forever?)<FilesMatch "\.(flv|ico|pdf|avi|mov|ppt|doc|mp3|wmv|wav)$">ExpiresDefault A29030400Header append Cache-Control "public"</FilesMatch> # Set up caching on media files for 1 week<FilesMatch "\.(js|css)$">ExpiresDefault A604800Header append Cache-Control "public"</FilesMatch> # Set up caching on media files for 31 days<FilesMatch "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|swf)$">ExpiresDefault A2678400Header append Cache-Control "public"</FilesMatch> As we are editing the .htaccess files, it is not necessary to restart Apache. In case that your web site doesn't load anymore or you're experiencing an error while trying to restart your httpd, check that the 'expires' module is actually an enabled module: # ls -al /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ | grep expires# sudo a2enmod expires Of course, the instructions above a re not feature complete but I hope that they might provide a better default configuration for your LAMP stack. Resume of the day Within a couple of hours, and while being occupied with an eLearning course on SQL Server 2012, I had some good fun in helping and assisting other LUGM members while they were some kilometers away at Bagatelle. According to other blog articles it seems that Nitin had quite some moments of desperation. Just for the records: At no time it was my intention to either kick his butt or pull a leg on him. Simply, providing some input based on the lessons I've learned over the last couple of years configuring Apache HTTPd and PHP. Check out the other blogs, too: LUGM mini-meetup... Epic! Superb Saturday Linux Meetup And last but not least, the man himself: The end of a new beginning Cheers, and happy community'ing! Updates Due to our weekly Code & Coffee sessions in the MSCC community, I had a chance to talk to Nitin directly and he showed me the problems directly on his machine. This led to update this article hence the paragraphs on enabling the modules 'headers' and 'expires'.

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• Reboot without sudoer privileges?

  - by Lincoln

  Hi together, I've been trying to get my ubuntu restart without having to edit the sudoers. This has been possible before (in lucid I think) using a dbus command: dbus-send –system –print-reply –dest=org.freedesktop.ConsoleKit /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/Manager org.freedesktop.ConsoleKit.Manager.Restart But this gives me an error. Looks like things have changed. In KDE (which I don't use) one has something similar (see this answer) Could anyone show me an alternative way to make my machine reboot from a script (without adjusting rights)

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• Ubuntu 14.04 hangs at purple screen after it asks for my password

  - by user286030

  I have installed Ubuntu 14.04LTS onto a Toshiba Tecra M5. The install appears to have been successful but when it says "install complete restart your computer" the computer does not restart. It just sits there, then after a forced shut down Ubuntu appears to start, icons appear in the top right hand corner of the screen but after it asks for my password it just hangs up on the purple screen. Can anyone help ?

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• Compiz crashes after login

  - by T.Kijas

  after I log-in into Unity, compiz effects are disabled and it says compiz crashes. Restart of them usually works, but not every time. After restart of compiz, compiz works without problems, every effect is OK. I tried latest NVIDIA drivers from xorg-edgers, but situation is the same. I tried to delete folder with compiz settings, but it hasn't helped. I use two LCDs, but with only one enabled, the situation is the same. Thank you for suggestions.

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• How to recover from GNOME 3.2 freeze?

  - by Vivek

  I have Ubuntu 11.10 installed and am using GNOME 3.2. I am left with no other option than to restart gdm or to reboot the system, when GNOME freezes. GNOME freezes at times when resuming from suspend and every time I search in the dashboard, inspite of having GNOME 3.2 compatible theme installed. Is there any option to restart shell from tty? Or is there any other solution to recover from the freeze?

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• Cannot boot normally, without restarting lightdm (or gdm)

  - by leventov

  I had a problem precisely described here: http://www.webupd8.org/2013/01/ubuntu-lightdm-black-screen-when-using.html, black screen with blinking cursor instead of login screen. I've switched to gdm using sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm -- but faced the same problem, now loading process stops on "red-white Ubuntu dots" (without activity under this splash). And to login, I still need to restart display manager: Ctrl+Alt+F1 and sudo service gdm restart. How to make Ubuntu to boot normally?

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• I want to be able to load Ubuntu from the Windows Boot Loader using EasyBCD, but Ubuntu won't show up

  - by user1604288

  I am trying to create a dual-boot environment between Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04. I installed Ubuntu on a separate partition successfully, and I am following these instructions: Is it possible to boot Ubuntu using the Windows bootloader? However, when I restart my computer, Windows Bootloader still won't recognize Ubuntu. Does anyone know what could be wrong? EDIT: I can add an Ubuntu entry successfully using EasyBCD, but as soon as I restart my computer, the entry disappears.

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• How to run an application using sudo without a password?

  - by tutuca

  ... but still be required for applications that need admin privilegies? In order to allow the following: $ apache2ctl restart httpd not running, trying to start (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs $ sudo !! sudo apache2ctl restart #no password asked $ #works! For reference I've seen this setup on amazon's e3 instances Any idea?

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• network problem

  - by TimbooXD

  I was trying to make my IP static from my ubuntu 12.10 laptop but I made a mistake and after restarting with sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart Ubuntu crashed. So after restart my system it said that it couldn't use the network. Now I need to reconnect to the Internet and make my ip static. It is for a server and that isn't the problem, but how can I reconnect and make my ip static and which data I need to know?

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• How do I host node.js apps with pm2 without running them as root?

  - by jishi

  I have setup pm2 to run a node.js application, and I can successfully start it and it will resurrect upon reboot. However, the pm2 daemon is ran as root, which makes me think that all my node-scripts also runs as root? Even though I added them as a regular user in the system. The log files and stuff is created in the users home dir, /~/.pm2/logs, but the logs are owned by root. when I invoke pm2 startup (which handles the installation of the init.d script etc), it creates /etc/init.d/pm2-init.sh which looks like this: #!/bin/bash # chkconfig: 2345 98 02 # # description: PM2 next gen process manager for Node.js # processname: pm2 # ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: pm2 # Required-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Start: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 6 # Short-Description: PM2 init script # Description: PM2 is the next gen process manager for Node.js ### END INIT INFO NAME=pm2 PM2=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/pm2/bin/pm2 NODE=/usr/local/bin/node export HOME="/root" start() { echo "Starting $NAME" $NODE $PM2 stopAll $NODE $PM2 resurrect } stop() { $NODE $PM2 dump $NODE $PM2 stopAll } restart() { echo "Restarting $NAME" stop start } status() { echo "Status for $NAME:" $NODE $PM2 list RETVAL=$? } case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; status) status ;; restart) restart ;; *) echo "Usage: {start|stop|status|restart}" exit 1 ;; esac exit $RETVAL When I dump the processes (which is what it will use when resurrecting the processes), I see mentions of user "USER":"pi" but I don't think that it's actually run as user pi. Any thoughts?

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• Can't start Bind9 on Ubuntu 10.04 + Plesk 10.1 - "named: no process found"

  - by bradley.ayers

  I've installed a fresh version of Ubuntu 10.04 64bit, I didn't install bind when choosing what packages should be installed in the Ubuntu installer. I downloaded the auto installer for Plesk 10.1 and installed it successfully. When I logged into the Plesk control panel and tried to change the password, it failed because it couldn't restart bind. I SSH'd into the box and tried a sudo /etc/init.d/bind9 restart and get the following: brad@ws01:/root# sudo /etc/init.d/bind9 restart * Stopping domain name service... bind9 WARNING: key file (/etc/bind/rndc.key) exists, but using default configuration file (/etc/bind/rndc.conf) rndc: connect failed: 127.0.0.1#953: connection refused named: no process found [ OK ] * Starting domain name service... bind9 [fail] Looking at tail /var/log/messages reveals a whole bunch of: Feb 23 16:08:21 ws01 kernel: [ 3840.065851] type=1503 audit(1298441301.831:31): operation="open" pid=5565 parent=5563 profile="/usr/sbin/named" requested_mask="::r" denied_mask="::r" fsuid=108 ouid=0 name="/var/named/run-root/etc/named.conf" Edit: After following ooshro's advice, bind runs, however I still get the named: no process found error: brad@ws01:/etc/apparmor.d$ sudo /etc/init.d/bind9 restart * Stopping domain name service... bind9 WARNING: key file (/etc/bind/rndc.key) exists, but using default configuration file (/etc/bind/rndc.conf) named: no process found [ OK ] * Starting domain name service... bind9 [ OK ]

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