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• write-through RAM disk, or massive caching of file system?

  - by Will

  I have a program that is very heavily hitting the file system, reading and writing randomly to a set of working files. The files total several gigabytes in size, but I can spare the RAM to keep them all mostly in memory. The machines this program runs on are typically Ubuntu Linux boxes. Is there a way to configure the file system to have a very very large cache, and even to cache writes so they hit the disk later? I understand the issues with power loss or such, and am prepared to accept that. Crashing aside, in normal operation the writes should eventually reach the disk! Or is there a way to create a RAM disk that writes-through to real disk?

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• SQL like group by and sum for text files in command line?

  - by dnkb

  I have huge text files with two fields, the first is a string the second is an integer. The files are sorted by the first field. What I'd like to get in the output is one line per unique string and the sum of the numbers for the identical strings. Some strings appear only once while other appear multiple times. E.g. Given the sample data below, for the string glehnia I'd like to get 10+22=32 in the result. Any suggestions how to do this either with gnuwin32 command line tools or in linux shell? Thanks! glehnia 10 glehnia 22 glehniae 343 glehnii 923 glei 1171 glei 2283 glei 3466 gleib 914 gleiber 652 gleiberg 495 gleiberg 709

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• Double root folder vs single root folder

  - by Tomas

  On my Linux box, in bash, I have access to a "double root" folder denoted by two forward slashes: tomas:~ $ cd / tomas:/ $ ls bin/ cdrom@ ... tomas:/ $ cd // tomas:// $ ls bin/ cdrom@ ... The content of the folder and its subfolder is identical to the "normal" single slash root. The double slash does not go away when I access its subfolders. The annomaly does not repeat itself with three or more slashes; these are simple synonyms for the root: tomas:// $ cd home/tomas tomas://home/tomas $ cd /// tomas:/ $ cd //// tomas:/ $ What kindof place is it? Is it a bug? Can anyone explain the annomaly?

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• network configuration busted good

  - by jldupont

  On my Linux Ubuntu Karmic machine, when I try to net conf list I get: [2010/03/14 21:25:18, 0] registry/reg_init_basic.c:32(registry_init_common) Failed to initialize the registry: WERR_ACCESS_DENIED I think I may have busted my networking configuration good this time... I can't get Nautilus "networking" functions to work i.e. the "Places - Network" won't show my Windows workgroup anymore... Please help! note1: I have verified my SAMBA configuration and it isn't the problem. note2: I have uninstalled Winbind, Dnsmasq and Squid to get my configuration as simple as possible to debug.

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• How to switch users without entering password

  - by torbengb

  I'm a newbie running Ubuntu 9.10. I have two users (wife and me), and each user's screensaver is set to lock so that on wakeup, we get to choose which user's desktop to go to. However, Ubuntu requires a password, so this is pretty tedious. I'd like to switch users without entering any password. I know about this trick that works for the boot login, but it doesn't deal with multiple users. Is it possible to set empty passwords for users in Ubuntu, or skip the password in other ways? (I'm expecting real Linux users to suggest that passwordless users must not get any rights and there be an admin user with a strong password. Yes, you're right. But that's not what this question is about. Thanks.)

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• Unix users and permissions and how they interact with web files.

  - by Columbo

  Hello, When you issue the command ls in Linux you get this sort of thing: drwxr--r-- 1 fred editors 4096 drafts -rw-r--r-- 1 fred editors 30405 file1.php -r-xr-xr-x 1 fred fred 8460 file2.php I know that the rwxrwxrwx are the read, write and execute permissions for the current user. And I think I know that 'fred' is the user who owns the file. So I assume fred can write to file1 but no one else can. But what is the extra bit 'editors' and what is the difference between file1 and file2 with respect to one having an ownership of 'fred editors' and the other 'fred fred'? Also if a web user connects to one of the files, what is their user name and where is this decided? If the server decided that user connecting from the web was going to be fred, does this mean any web user could write to file1? Any information welcomed, I am resaerching this but just getting confused. Thanks

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• Creating hard drive backup images efficiently

  - by Arrieta

  We are in the process of pruning our directories to recuperate some disk space. The 'algorithm' for the pruning/backup process consists of a list of directories and, for each one of them, a set of rules, e.g. 'compress *.bin', 'move *.blah', 'delete *.crap', 'leave *.important'; these rules change from directory to directory but are well known. The compressed and moved files are stored in a temporary file system, burned onto a blue ray, tested within the blue ray, and, finally, deleted from their original locations. I am doing this in Python (basically a walk statement with a dictionary with the rules for each extension in each folder). Do you recommend a better methodology for pruning file systems? How do you do it? We run on Linux.

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• Ask a DNS server what sites it hosts - and how to possibly prevent misuse

  - by Exit

  I've got a server which I host my company website as well as some of my clients. I noticed a domain which I created, but never used, was being attacked by a poke and hope hacker. I imagine that the hacker collected the domain from either hitting my DNS server and requesting what domains are hosted. So, in the interest of prevention and better server management, how would I ask my own DNS server (Linux CentOS 4) what sites are being hosted on it? Also, is there a way to prevent these types of attacks by hiding this information? I would assume that DNS servers would need to keep some information public, but I'm not sure if there is something that most hosts do to help prevent these bandwidth wasting poke and hope attacks. Thanks in advance.

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• How to add LDAP user to existing local group in RHEL?

  - by Highway of Life

  I'm attempting to add some of our LDAP users to a locally defined group on our RHEL server, however I get an error stating that the LDAP user is not found in /etc/passwd. What would be the best way to allow LDAP users to be added to local groups? My feeling is that this must be done manually. I could edit: /etc/group and add the LDAP group to the list. Would that be ideal? [server]# id apache uid=409(apache) gid=409(apache) groups=409(apache) context=user_u:system_r:unconfined_t:s0 [server]# id john.doe uid=11389(john.doe) gid=6097(ABC_Corporate_US) groups=6097(ABC_Corporate_US) context=user_u:system_r:unconfined_t:s0 [server]# /usr/sbin/usermod -a -G apache john.doe usermod: john.doe not found in /etc/passwd OS: RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.3 (Tikanga)) Note: Updating the OS on this machine is not an option.

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• Correlating %RDY in esxtop to CPU Usage in Guest

  - by Joe

  We recently upgrade a number of our VmWare hosts from 4.1 to 5.5 and noticed many of the VMs saw a step-wise jump in CPU usage as shown by the guest VM. We have not yet upgraded vmwaretools on any of the guests, but after investigating a bit more we saw many of these guests with a high %RDY value (50%) when viewed under esxtop. Unfortunately Linux (the guest) just shows "high CPU usage" without any insight into what portion of that is coming from %RDY (VmWare saying, "your guest is waiting on CPU from the host"). Are there any tools, /proc entries, etc. that can shed light on that information?

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• Bash - Program is writing directly to terminal

  - by Salis

  Valve's dedicated server for the Source Engine (srcds_run) on Linux writes directly to the terminal, not stdout. I want to run it as an /etc/init.d daemon on Debian 6, and I'd like to redirect/capture the output to a file. How can I do that? And better yet, why would they output directly to the terminal, is there any benefit in doing that? I suppose I could start another bash instance just for srcds_run, but that seems like a dirty solution, and I still don't know how to redirect the output.

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• squidGuard hangs during setup

  - by richard

  I have a squid proxy on my Debian-Gnu-Linux-laptop configured to block some web sites. I can set a browser to use this proxy, but I can also configure it to not use it. As I an using it to block some sites. I do not wish and application to be able to bypass the proxy. Is it possible to to configure a fire wall to black outgoing traffic except if sent by the proxy application or user? I would like a simple configurator if possible.

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• How do I tar dot files but not dot directories

  - by bjackfly

  The following tar command will exclude all dot files and dot directories. tar -cvzf /media/bjackfly/bkup/bkup.gz --exclude '.*' --one-file-system /home/bjackfly In my case I want the dot files to be backed up in the home directory (.vimrc, .bashrc) etc. but not the dot directories /.config /.cache /.eclipse etc. Any Linux gurus with a command for this, or do I need to run a find into a tar or do two different tar commands which is non-ideal? One for dot files in the home directory and one for everything else?

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• How To Start NX/VNC Session At Ubuntu Boot Time?

  - by darkAsPitch

  I want an NX or VNC session to start automatically when an Ubuntu server boots up - without a monitor connected - loading a certain user's desktop and keeping it loaded and ready until I log in via NX or VNC. How would one accomplish that? This code works via my terminal when I am logged in as the NX user, but not via root, and not in the init.d folder. No idea why? /usr/NX/bin/nxclient --session /home/user/.nx/config/SavedSession.nxs Please provide somewhat simplified instructions! I am certified linux newb.

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• nc or socat: How to read data from remote:/dev/ttyACM0 ?

  - by AndreasT

  I have a device running at a remote computer on /dev/ttyACM0 Now I want to read that data on my computer. I can connect to it over ssh. Unfortunately I am a nc/socat rookie and no howto covered this. Semantically like this: cat remote:/dev/ttyACM0 The remote system has a limited linux on it, and I can't install packages. (socat is not available there, nc is) Super cool would be to have some forwarded device: local:/dev/ttySOCK0 pointing to remote:/dev/ttyACM0 Thanks for any help.

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• NAS disk - problem with accessing SAMBA

  - by dominolog

  Hello I have a NAS disk running on some version of Linux. The disk is located in local network (5 PC running XP or Vista, all connected to Linksys Router). I have problems accessing NAS resources through SAMBA. The 1st issue is that the NAS is not accessible through hostname (even if it is configured), 2nd point is that it is mostly not accessible through IP manner (\IP_OF_NAS). Rest of services (FTP, HTTP access) works flawlessly. I connected the NAS to my home network (only 1 WinXP and Linsys router) and the NAS is working fine - SAMBA access together with hostname recognition works perfectly. I wonder this is an issue with WINS? Could anybody help? Regards

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• Run shell script on a command

  - by LinuxPenseur

  Hi, I want to run a shell script when date -s <string> command is used. For example i want to log the command to the file /tmp/user.log by executing the following command in the shell script logger -p user.notice "date -s command executed" -f /tmp/user.log How can run a shell script when date -s <string> is executed on the shell? To make it more general, I want to run my shell script when someone else issues a particular linux command on my system. How to do this?

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• Open source CMS for a university department

  - by Greg Kuperberg

  I realize that this type of question gets asked over and over again. Nonetheless, I want to ask a more specific version. I'm in a university math department. Long ago our sysadmins (or just one at the time) switched to a web content management system. At the time, Zope looked like an informed choice. We have used Zope for years, but at least in my opinion, it has always been a controversial decision. At the time I didn't understand why it was so important to have a web CMS. Now I see that it certainly is important, but I don't know that it should be Zope. The good (even necessary) features of Zope for us are: It's free and Linux-based. It is a true CMS and not something else (e.g. wiki or blog) It lets you write HTML and scripts. What I really don't like about Zope is that the outcome of using it is all-or-nothing in a lot of ways. At least in convenient use, it ends up dividing the enterprise into superusers who can do everything, and lusers who can't do anything (except write their own home pages in plain HTML). It has a huge user manual, which end users won't have time to read. Somehow with the access permissions, the simple thing to do is to let a few admins access all of the source and data and that's it. Since this is a math department, the user base varies from real novices to people who understand computers reasonably well. But as it stands, any change that involves Zope has to go through the sysadmins. When the sysadmins are in a hurry, sometimes they will also just add plain HTML pages to the web site instead of using the Zope framework. It doesn't help matters that Zope is fairly disk-intensive and fairly hype-intensive. Not to dwell on Zope too much, but I am wondering what is the right web CMS for a mixed user base of terminal novices, quick studies, and experienced users. Some users might want intermediate permissions, e.g. read permission but not write permission, or permission to change some subset of the pages or see some subset of the database tables. Also it should be Linux-based and open source and a little bit scalable, and of course widely used and well-supported is a good idea. I might guess that the answer is Drupal just because that was the general answer before, but I don't know if it is the right type of CMS for this purpose. (But note that Python is a relatively popular language in a math department, among other reasons because Sage is based on Python.) I can see that I didn't completely define the question and that people are guessing what type of site it is. It is the UC Davis Math Department. The main structure of the site is not suitable for a wiki and it is also not the same thing as a course environment like Moodle. Rather, the site is mostly structured as a generic medium-small enterprise. Some components of the site could be a wiki, Moodle, LaTeX plugin, Request Tracker, etc. However, the main issue is not these components. The main issue is that it would be better to decentralize management of the site. Right now, everything that is in the Zope CMS has to go through the sysadmins. Every other user in the department either has to put in a request to them, or write their own web pages with no help from Zope. There are two main reasons for this: (1) Other people in the department don't have time to read the Zope manual. (2) It's a hassle to set up intermediate permissions in Zope. However, there are other people in the department who know how to write computer programs and use markup languages. I wouldn't want a solution that assumes that users either can't be trusted with much more than drag-and-drop, or that they are IT professionals who sleep with documentation manuals. I'm wondering if Plone/Zope still has this quality, since certainly Zope by itself does. But I also wonder sometimes if common-sense flexibility is unfashionable these days, and that things in general have be either mindlessly easy or incredibly powerful.

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• centos how to install systemtap

  - by Mingfei.hua

  I'm really new to sysmtemtap. just want to install and try systemtap on my lab server. My Linux release version is centos 6.3 and kernel version 2.6.32-279.5.2.el6.i686. I followed some doument, do yum install kernel-devel yum install kernel-debuginfo yum install systemtap all completed without error or warning. but when I try to test systemtap by stap -v -e 'probe vfs.read {printf("read performed\n"); exit()}' I got error Pass 1: parsed user script and 83 library script(s) using 25180virt/14088res/2684shr kb, in 120usr/10sys/161real ms. semantic error: missing i386 kernel/module debuginfo under '/lib/modules/2.6.32-279.5.2.el6.i686/build' while resolving probe point kernel.function("vfs_read")

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• 403 Forbidden when trying to download file that was uploaded using SSH

  - by Simon Hartcher

  I have FTP access to an Apache server on linux to upload files so that they can be downloadable from the web. I recently was granted SSH access for extra permissions and figured that it would be quicker to download the files directly to the server, instead of downloading them to my machine then FTPing to the server. When I downloaded a file using SSH to the server, and then placed it in the public_html directory, it was not visible from the web. The permissions (from SSH and the FTP client) were the same as all the other files that are visible, but it was not visible in the directory listing, and if I tried to type in the filename into my browser I would get a 403 error. Obviously, when I FTP a file to the server something else happens that makes it web visible, that I am not currently privy to. What am I missing that is causing the file to be invisible from the web?

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• fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

  - by Chris

  Hi I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks Thanks, Chris

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• How to recover a server from a tar file

  - by Mitch

  In moodle the LMS you can export courses, as a tar.gz, some one said they were going to give me such a thing. I was suprised by the 6 gb size. I was even more suprised when I extracted it, and found the root directory to be the root of the server. The person giving me the course instead of exporting must have just tarred the entire server!! How should I go about recovering this? Is there anyway to start this up in a virtual machine? I have a whole linux server, what to do? I could probably just hand pick the data files I need, but how to access a mysql database with out running mysql? I am so stumped!

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• How can I create an external SSL wrapper/tunnel page for an insecure webpage behind a firewall?

  - by Ross Rogers

  I have an security cam with a built-in webpage inside my home network. That camera is using basic HTTP authentication instead of SSL. I want to be able to access the camera's webpage from outside my network, but I don't want to open an unencrypted video stream to the outside world. Right now, I'm doing some cumbersome ssh tunneling where I bounce off an ssh server like: ssh -N -L 9090:CAMERA_IP:80 [email protected] and then I connect to my web page like: http://localhost:9090 But this is a pain. Now, gentle reader, I beseech you to tell me how I can use linux (Ubuntu) to get a fully encrypted SSL connection to my internal web page without the hassle of creating an ssh tunnel each time. I believe I can use stunnel, but I'm not sure of the command.

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• USB to USB CD ROM emulator

  - by JohnnyLambada

  I'm wondering if anyone knows of a CDROM emulator that runs on Linux. I want to emulate this configuration: [CDROM DRIVE]----USB CABLE----[COMPUTER UNDER TEST] Where [COMPUTER UNDER TEST] is a computer that boots from a physical CD inserted into the [CDROM DRIVE]. Only instead of the [CDROM DRIVE] I want the following configuration: [CD IMAGE BUILD MACHINE]-----USB CABLE-----[COMPUTER UNDER TEST]. I want to build an ISO image on the [CD IMAGE BUILD MACHINE] and have some sort of USB CDROM emulator running on it to serve up the ISO image to the [COMPUTER UNDER TEST] as though it was talking to the [CDROM DRIVE]. Does this exist? If it does, I can't find it. I want to do this so I can test out bootable CDs without burning a lot of coasters.

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• Force local IP traffic to an external interface

  - by calandoa

  I have a machine with several interfaces that I can configure as I want, for instance: eth1: 192.168.1.1 eth2: 192.168.2.2 I would like to be able to forward all the traffic to one of these local address trhough the other interface. For instance, all requests to an iperf, ftp, http server at 192.168.1.1 are not just routed internally, but forwarded through eth2 (and the external network will take care of re-routing the packet to eth1). I tried and looked at several commands, like iptables, ip route, etc... but nothing worked. The closest behavior I could get was done with: ip route change to 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth2 which send all 192.168.1.x on eth2, except for 192.168.1.1 which is still routed internally. The goal of this setup is to do interface driver testing without using two PCs. I am using Linux, but if you know how to do that with Windows, I'll buy it!

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