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  • switching dns server providers

    - by Yoav Aner
    I'm trying to wrap my head around something that I thought I kinda understood, but clearly there's some piece missing. We're currently using Zerigo as our primary dns, with slave dns running on linode. This works quite well. However, recent DDOS attacks on zerigo meant that whilst dns queries were still resolved, we were unable to make any dns changes. Since we rely on dns changes on our own infrastructure, I'm looking to improve this somehow. I'd rather not ditch zerigo completely, and realise that this or similar problems can happen with ANY primary dns hosting provider. It might not be DDOS, but a bug on their server, or something that means we can no longer issue updates. For this I want to have some fallback option: a completely independent (primary) dns provider (maybe AWS), which we will keep in-sync manually. We will switch-over to it when there's a problem. This brings me to my question: How do I make sure we can switch those providers quickly enough? specifically, on our registrar, there's a list of name servers, but no settings like TTL etc. How do dns clients know to use the newly updated name server records? Is this configured in the SOA? However, the SOA itself is hosted with the dns provider and we might not be able to update it... This is not a question about a one-time move, which can be planned and scheduled and tested, but rather to be able to do so when things are half-broken.

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  • Processing-time billing in Amazon EC2

    - by Rafael Almeida
    Hi all! I think my question is fairly basic, but I would like a clarification: in the Pricing part of AWS we can see that Amazon charges people around .10 by the 'instance computing hour'. I've seen in a blog post somewhere (can't remember where exactly, and even if I did I think it was in Portuguese anyway) that this way your minimum monthly payment would be $72 (= .10 $s/hour x 24 hours x 30 days). Is this correct? (I don't think it is!) In my understanding is that this 'virtual computing time' is only used when your machine is actually doing something (serving pages, serving the admin via ssh, whatever), so real billable usage would be less than 720 hours/month in most webserver scenarios. Is my view correct? If it is, then it leads me to another question: is it economically interesting to buy access to one of these instances for testing? I mean, would I have the 'freedom' to 'forget' about it for a month and receive a very-close-to-zero (as in, a few cents) bill? Do you do it/know of anybody who does? Any thoughts on the matter (as in, "yes, it's a good idea", or "yes, but there's this 'gotcha': ...", or "no, nobody does it because of...")? PS: sorry for the loong question text. I highlighted the main questions for easy view. Also, I'm not sure if this question is actually more than one and if it's desirable for the community, so, sorry if it is too! Thanks in advance!

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  • Vagrant doesn't detect chef-solo unless re-installed

    - by nightowl
    I am using Vagrant to test my Chef recipes in Amazon AWS, and I am encountering an irritating issue: I initially assumed that Vagrant would install chef itself (as it does when using Virtual Box as the provider) but it seems that this needs to be done using the cloud-init script. However, even after I successfully installed the chef gem via cloud-init I was still getting the following error: The chef binary (eitherchef-soloorchef-client) was not found A quick google of this error suggested three probable causes: Chef had failed to install It had installed, but the directory was not in the $PATH environment variable It had installed and in the $PATH but with incorrect permissions I logged in and double checked; chef-solo and chef-client were installed; The path variable for the user, sudo and root all included /usr/local/bin and permissions were all fine. I managed to solve this problem by uninstalling and reinstalling the gem using sudo gem install chef. I don't understand why this should resolve the issue and it is a bit of a problem if I have to ssh into a test box and manually install the gem every time. Does anyone have any suggestions why this might be happening?

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  • EC2 instance is blocking all outbound connections, how to diagnose/fix?

    - by Fraggle
    My EC2 instance is blocking all outbound connections. wget http://www.google.com ==> Hangs ping google.com ==>hangs ssh user@anyserver ==>hangs I ran : sudo iptables -F to eliminate all rules to no avail AWS Management console shows Security Group for that instance has Inbound rule allowing ssh and port 80. Can't find anything about Outbound rules there. Rebooted instance, no change. If anyone knows how to diagnose or fix, please help. Adding info: [ec2-user@ip-10-112-62-73 ~]$ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:31:3D:06:31:BB inet addr:10.112.62.73 Bcast:10.112.63.255 Mask:255.255.254.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1031:3dff:fe06:31bb/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1933 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1764 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:164075 (160.2 KiB) TX bytes:343256 (335.2 KiB) Interrupt:9 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:672 (672.0 b) TX bytes:672 (672.0 b) [ec2-user@ip-10-112-62-73 ~]$ ip route show 10.112.62.0/23 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.112.62.73 default via 10.112.62.1 dev eth0

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  • Running docker in VPC and accessing container from another VPC machine

    - by Bogdan Gaza
    I'm having issues while running docker in AWS VPC. Here is my setup: I've got two machines running in VPC: 10.0.100.150 10.0.100.151 both having an elastic IPs assigned to them, both running in the same internet enabled subnet. Let's say I'm running a web server that serves static files in a container on the 10.0.100.150 machine the container: IP: 172.17.0.2 port 8111 is forwarded on the 8111 port on the machine. I'm trying to access the static files from my local machine (or another non-VPC machine also tried an EC2 instance not running in the VPC) and it work flawlessly. If I try to access the files from the other machine (10.0.100.151) it hangs. I'm using wget to pull the files. Tried to debug it with tcpdump and ngrep and that I have seen is that the request reaches the container. If I ngrep on the host machine I see the requests going in but no response going back. If I ngrep on the container I see the requests going in and the response going back. I've tried multiple iptables setups (with postrouting enabled, with manually forwarding ports etc) but no success. Help in any way - even debugging directions would be much appreciated. Thanks!

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  • SSH attack CentOS Amazon EC2

    - by user37143
    Hi, I run a few Rightscale CentOS AMI based instances on Amazon EC2. Two months back I found that our SSHD security is compromised( I had added host.allow and host.deny for ssh). So I created new instances and done an IP based ssh that allows only our IPs through AWS Firewall(ec2-authorize) and chnaged the ssh 22 default port to some other port but two days back I found I was not able to login to the server and when I tried on 22 port the ssh got connected and I found that sshd_conf was changed and when I tried to edit sshd_config I found root had no write permission on the file. So I tried a chmod and it said access denied for 'root' user. This is very strange. I checked secure log and history and found nothing informative. I have PHP, Ruby On Rails, Java, Wordpress apps running on these server. This time I did a chkrootkit scan and found nothing. I renamed the /etc/ssh folder and reinstalled openssh through yum. I had faced this on 3 instances on CentOS(5.2, 5.4) I have instances on Debian as well those working fine. Is this a CentOS/Rightscale issue. Guys, what security measures I should take to prevent this. Please support me this is very critical. Thanks

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  • Amazon EC2 instance missing Network Interface

    - by Sergiks
    I am running Linux on a t1.micro instance at Amazon EC2. Once I noticed bruteforce ssh login attemtps from a certain IP, after litle Googling I issued the two following commands (other ip): iptables -A INPUT -s 202.54.20.22 -j DROP iptables -A OUTPUT -d 202.54.20.22 -j DROP Either this, or maybe some other actions like yum upgrade perhaps, caused the follwing fiasco: after rebooting the server, it came up without the Network Interface! I only can connect to it through AWS Management Console JAVA ssh client - via local 10.x.x.x address. Console's Attach Network Interface as well as Detach.. are greyed out for this instance. Network Interfaces item at the left does not offer any Subnets to choose from, to create a new N.I. Please advice, how can I recreate a Network Interface for the instance? Upd. The instance is not accessible from outside: cannot be pinged, SSH'ed or connected by HTTP on port 80. Here's the ifconfig output: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:31:39:0A:5E:06 inet addr:10.211.93.240 Bcast:10.211.93.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1031:39ff:fe0a:5e06/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1426 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1371 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:152085 (148.5 KiB) TX bytes:208852 (203.9 KiB) Interrupt:25 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) What is also unusual: a new micro instance I created from scratch, with no relation to the troubled one, was not pingable too.

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  • Can't authorize a server for Amazon RDS

    - by Parris
    We are attempting to slowly migrate a website over to AWS among other things. We decided the first thing to move was the database. We have some dedicated server with a different hosting provider. We only have one IP. I am having trouble authorizing the ip so that the old server can connect to RDS. It simply hangs for a while while using the mysql cli, then responds: ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on 'db.address.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com' (110) It did work on my laptop though. I am not quite sure what is wrong. I have a feeling I don't quite understand CIDR/IP. I simply took the ip address and tacked on /32 at the end. Then I gleaned some information that it also has to do with subnet mask? ifconfig reports: 255.255.255.0 I found a calculator and the IP changed a bit and had /24 at the end. That still didn't work. One other note... perhaps i dont know enough about the differences between OS. The hosting provider is using centOS, while our development machines are all ubuntu. Any insight would be extremely helpful! THANKS :)

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  • Why cache static files with Varnish, why not pass

    - by Saif Bechan
    I have a system runnning nginx / php-fpm / varnish / wordpress and amazon s3. Now I have looked at a lot of configuration files while setting up the system, and in all of them I found something like this: /* If the request is for pictures, javascript, css, etc */ if (req.url ~ "\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|css|js)$") { /* Remove the cookie and make the request static */ unset req.http.cookie; return (lookup); } I do not understand why this is done. Most of the examples also run NginX as a webserver. Now the question is, why would you use the varnish cache to cache these static files. It makes much more sense to me to only cache the dynamic files so that php-fpm / mysql don't get hit that much. Am I correct or am I missing something here? UPDATE I want to add some info to the question based on the answer given. If you have a dynamic website, where the content actually changes a lot, chaching does not make sense. But if you use WordPress for a static website for example, this can be cached for long periods of time. That said, more important to me is static conent. I have found a link with some test and benchmarks on different cache apps and webserver apps. http://nbonvin.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/apache-vs-nginx-vs-varnish-vs-gwan/ NginX is actually faster in getting your static content, so it makes more sense to just let it pass. NginX works great with static files. -- Apart from that, most of the time static content is not even in the webserver itself. Most of the time this content is stores on a CDN somewhere, maybe AWS S3, something like that. I think the varnish cache is the last place where you want to have you static content stored.

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  • Google bots are severely affecting site performance

    - by Lynn
    I have an aggregate site on a linux server that pulls in feeds from a universe of about 2,000 blogs. It's in Wordpress 3.4.2 and I have a cron job that is staggered to run five times an hour on another server to pull in the stories and then publish them to the front page of this site. This is so I didn't put too much pressure all on one server. However, the Google bots, which visit a few times every hour bring the server to its knees in the morning and evenings when there is an increase in traffic on the site. The bots have something like 30,000 links to follow at this point. How do I throttle the bots to simply grab the new stories off the front page and stop there? EDIT- Details of my server configuration: The way we have this set up is the server that handles all the publishing is an unmanaged instance via AWS. It mounts the NFS server and connects to the RDS to update content, etc. You get to this publishing instance via a plugin that detects the wp-admin link and then redirects you into there. The front end app server also mounts the NFS and requests data from the RDS. It is the only one that has the WP Super Cache on it.... The OS is Ubuntu on the App server and the NFS runs CentOs. The front end is Nginx and the publishing server is Apache.

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  • SSH tunnel for socks5 proxy is slow with concurrent load

    - by RawwrBag
    I ssh to a remote AWS server using Ubuntu. I use ssh's port forwarding capabilities to do this. I have tried forwarding a dynamic port (ssh -D) or a single port (ssh -L with dante running as a remote socks server). Both are equally slow. I also tried different ciphers (ssh -c). Concurrent TCP connections pretty much do not work. For example, I can go to speedtest.net and start a test (which is fairly fast, probably maxes out my line speed) and if I try and do anything (i.e. load google.com) while the test is still running, all the additional connections seem to hang until the speed test is over. I realize OpenSSH is single-threaded. Is this the problem? It doesn't even show up on my top. Same goes for sshd on the remote server -- no processor hit. Is there anyway to bump ssh performance or should I step up to OpenVPN or something better suited for this?

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  • Which AMI to to use for Java/Tomcat/MySQL in Amazon EC2?

    - by Justin
    I originally posted this on stackoverflow.com and it was suggested serverfault.com might be a better place to ask this question. So here goes: I'm trying to determine which Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to use as my Virtual Server in Amazon's EC2. For now, I'll need to choose an AMI that complies with the AWS Free Usage Tier. I want to deploy a Java app that I've been developing using Eclipse on Windows XP, Tomcat 7 and MySQL 5.5. I'm aware that I can choose the Basic 32-bit Amazon Linux AMI. Then I'd manually install Tomcat and MySQL (does MySQL get installed on the image or separately on an Elastic Block Store (EBS)?). Here's the rub, I'm a bit of a Linux noob. I can start Tomcat and tail the logs and such on Linux but I'm not familiar with the install process for Tomcat and MySQL on Linux and commands like sudo and chmod. I'm happy to get more hands on with Linux but I'm short on time right now. Are there AMI's that already have Tomcat and MySQL bundled? The Request Instance Wizard shows 805 Community AMI's that are Free Tier Eligible. 51 of the Free Tier Eligible AMI's have "Tomcat" in their name. I'm willing to consider using Elastic Beanstalk but my research thus far hasn't found any discussion of using MySQL with Beanstalk. The discussions all seem to use Amazon's SimpleDB. Any advice is greatly appreciated.

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  • Performance data collection for short-running, ephemeral servers

    - by ErikA
    We're building a medical image processing software stack, currently hosted on various AWS resources. As part of this application, we have a handful of long-running servers (database, load balancers, web application, etc.). Collecting performance data on those servers is quite simple - my go-to- recipe of Nagios (for monitoring/notifications) and Munin (for collection of performance data and displaying trends) will work just fine. However - as part of this application, we are constantly starting up and terminating compute instances on EC2. In typical usage, these compute instances start up, configure themselves, receive a job from a message queue, and then get to work processing that job, which takes anywhere from 15 minutes to over 8 hours. After job completion, these instances get terminated, never to be heard from again. What is a decent strategy for collecting performance data on these short-lived instances? I don't necessarily need monitoring on them - if they fail for whatever reason, our application will detect this and handle re-starting the job on another instance or raising the flag so an administrator can take a look at things. However, it still would be useful to collect information like CPU (user, idle, iowait, etc.), memory usage, network traffic, disk read/write data, etc. In our internal database, we track the instance ID of the machine that runs each job, and it would be quite helpful to be able to look up performance data for a specific instance ID for troubleshooting and profiling. Munin doesn't seem like a great candidate, as it requires maintaining a list of munin nodes in a text file - far from ideal for an environment with a high amount of churn, and for the short amount of time each node will be running, I'd rather keep the full-resolution data indefinitely than have RRD water down the data over time. In the end, my guess is that this will require a monitoring engine that: uses a database (MySQL, SQLite, etc.) for configuration and data storage exposes an API for adding/removing hosts and services Are there other things I should be thinking about when evaluating options? Perhaps I'm over-thinking this, though, and just ought to run sar at 1-minute intervals on these short-lived instances and collect the sar db files prior to termination.

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  • should i and how do i backup my database for a webapp that is hosted on amazon ec2 server?

    - by user8184
    I set up an amazon ec2 instance using ubuntu server edition. I install LAMP stack on it. I did up a php web app running on mysql. I have not officially launched, but I need to know this before launching. Should I backup my database data? If so, how should I do it as cost effective as possible? Previously for another web app, i wrote a perl or bash script (cannot remember) that will be executed by cron on a daily basis. The script will then backup the database into a single .sql file and send as email attachment to my gmail account. That web app was on shared hosting hence, I was quite sure i needed to do backup of my database. My files are on git repo so I am not worried about that. Please advise. I am totally unfamiliar with AWS. Only know as much as setting up an account. That is all. Thank you.

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  • How to keep subtree removal (`rm -rf`) from starving other processes for Disk I/O?

    - by David Eyk
    We have a very large (multi-GB) Nginx cache directory for a busy site, which we occasionally need to clear all at once. I've solved this in the past by moving the cache folder to a new path, making a new cache folder at the old path, and then rm -rfing the old cache folder. Lately, however, when I need to clear the cache on a busy morning, the I/O from rm -rf is starving my server processes of disk access, as both Nginx and the server it fronts for are read-intensive. I can watch the load average climb while the CPUs sit idle and rm -rf takes 98-99% of Disk IO in iotop. I've tried ionice -c 3 when invoking rm, but it seems to have no appreciable effect on the observed behavior. Is there any way to tame rm -rf to share the disk more? Do I need to use a different technique that will take its cues from ionice? Update: The filesystem in question is an AWS EC2 instance store (the primary disk is EBS). The /etc/fstab entry looks like this: /dev/xvdb /mnt auto defaults,nobootwait,comment=cloudconfig 0 2

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  • EC2 AMI won't boot after edit

    - by Eric Lars0n
    I did something stupid, I got a new laptop and copied everything over to the new one, then wiped the old one clean. Then I realized that I forgot to copy the private key out of .ssh that I use to connect to my AWS EBS backed instance. So I can't log in to my custom AMI. So I created a new Volume from the Snapshot of the AMI, then started up a public instance and attached the Volume to it, edit the sshd_config to allow for password log in. Unmounted the volume, detached it, made a snapshot of it, then made a new AMI from the snapshot. The new AMI launches, but never passes the Status Checks and is not reachable. What am I doing wrong? Or alternatively how can I fix my problem? Edit: Adding some of the console output Linux version 2.6.16-xenU ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.0.1 20050727 (Red Hat 4.0.1-5)) #1 SMP Mon May 28 03:41:49 SAST 2007 BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Xen: 0000000000000000 - 000000006a400000 (usable) 980MB HIGHMEM available. 727MB LOWMEM available. NX (Execute Disable) protection: active IRQ lockup detection disabled RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize NET: Registered protocol family 2 Registering block device major 8 XENBUS: Timeout connecting to devices! Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,0)

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  • OpenVPN bridge network from routed clients

    - by gphilip
    I have the following setup: subnet 1 - 10.0.1.0/24 with a machine used as NAT and also running an OpenVPN client subnet 2 - 192.168.1/24 with an OpenVPN server (the server in subnet 1 connect here) subnet 3 - 10.0.2.0/24 that uses the NAT machine (subnet 1) to access the internet, so all non-local traffic is routed there to the eth0 interface The OpenVPN client creates the tun0 interface and appropriate routing so that I can access machines from 192.168.1/24 [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# telnet 192.168.1.186 8081 Trying 192.168.1.186... Connected to 192.168.1.186. Escape character is '^]'. [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 10.0.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.5 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 169.254.169.254 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 However, when I try the same from subnet 3, it can't reach that machine. [root@ip-10-0-2-61 ~]# telnet 192.168.1.186 8081 Trying 192.168.1.186... I suspect that it's because subnet 3 is routed to eth0 on the NAT machine in subnet 1 and it cannot jump to tun0. What's the easiest way to resolve it? I don't want to use iptables. I can't change the routing from machines in subnet 1 because it's done in AWS and so it works only with specific interfaces. Also, the NAT machine gets its IP with DHCP and so bridging is a bit complicated. IP forwarding is set on the NAT machine [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 1 Thank you!

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  • Are ZFS snapshots + S3 a viable backup system for several VMs and general fileserver storage?

    - by AllanA
    I've been tasked with setting up a backup system for my small office (around 12 people). Most of our production stuff is on the AWS cloud, so what I need to back up are some small office/development files (under 100G right now), plus our operational VMs and development, which round out to a bit under 1T. I just need something reliable, convenient, and straightforward. I'm comfortable with Linux, FreeBSD, and to some extent Solaris 10, so I'm leaning toward a full server rather than an appliance system ala Openfiler or FreeNAS. What I'm contemplating is a small fileserver for general storage and nightly backups of the virtual machines, followed up by an offsite backup to Amazon's S3 storage service. It'd be the usual incremental backups nightly and full backup weekly. My question is if using ZFS snapshots, both locally and dumped to S3 via 'zfs send [-i]', is a viable backup tool? Or should I stick to using Duplicity, or some other method entirely? ZFS snapshots on the internal fileserver/backup machine sound like a perfect way to provide quick and convenient data recovery, so I'm likely to go with that for local redundancy. (If you folks see scenarios where relying on ZFS snapshots would be worse than a more traditional archiving backup, feel free to convince me.) But are snapshots flexible enough to lean on for recovery from the loss of my backup server? Or am I better off with something more traditional? (feel free to recommend free or commercial backup solutions you favor.)

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  • SSH attcack CentOS Amazon EC2

    - by user37143
    Hi, I run a few Rightscale CentOS AMI based instances on Amazon EC2. Two months back I found that our SSHD security is compromised( I had added host.allow and host.deny for ssh). So I created new instances and done an IP based ssh that allows only our IPs through AWS Firewall(ec2-authorize) and chnaged the ssh 22 default port to some other port but two days back I found I was not able to login to the server and when I tried on 22 port the ssh got connected and I found that sshd_conf was changed and when I tried to edit sshd_config I found root had no write permission on the file. So I tried a chmod and it said access denied for 'root' user. This is very strange. I checked secure log and history and found nothing informative. I have PHP, Ruby On Rails, Java, Wordpress apps running on these server. This time I did a chkrootkit scan and found nothing. I renamed the /etc/ssh folder and reinstalled openssh through yum. I had faced this on 3 instances on CentOS(5.2, 5.4) I have instances on Debian as well those working fine. Is this a CentOS/Rightscale issue. Guys, what security measures I should take to prevent this. Please support me this is very critical. Thanks

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  • Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

    - by nathanjosiah
    I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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  • Remote Desktop Services Licensing - Does server have to have a RDS role?

    - by transistor1
    I recently set up a "micro" size Windows 2008 Datacenter server on Amazon AWS. My small group needs several concurrent RDS users to be able to access the machine. Without installing the "Remote Desktop Server" role, it allows 2 concurrent connections. I read on MS' website that in order to set up multiple users, we needed to install the RDS role. I did so, but now the application we are trying to share is running much slower than it was before. Prior to the role installation, it was taking about 5 seconds to open; now it is taking a few minutes to open -- without any other users logged on except me. My assumption is that the RDS role may be too much for this micro instance to handle, and currently, changing to another size instance is not an option (it may be possible later if we were to receive enough funding). This leads me to the following questions: 1) Is it a sensible assessment to assume that it is the RDS role is slowing things down, or are there other things that I could look at to speed it up? We are talking about a machine with ~600MB of memory. 2) If I revert back to the pre-RDS role, is there any legitimate way (in terms of purchasing RDS licenses) to get more than 2 concurrent desktops? I did read this, and am not questioning that the answerer is knowlegeable; but someone else may have some other experience. I am also making it clear that we want to do this in a legitimate way. Thanks in advance for any assistance that can be provided! EDIT: if it is helpful in answering the question, the application in question is a Lotus Approach database. Also, I am asking this from a technical perspective: not a legal one. I want to know if it is possible to install valid licenses without the RDS role.

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  • Web service for checking out / leasing a token

    - by JP Slavinsky
    I run a web site on AWS that has a number of web servers (say 4 of them) running behind a load balancer. For this particular web site, I have one license key of New Relic for doing instrumentation. At any one time, I only want one of the 4 web servers to be using the key. If that server goes offline, I want one of the remaining web servers to be able to begin using the license key. Does anyone know of a service that would let me manage this process? The service would not particularly need to store the key itself but rather just manage the fact that only one web server can lease out the right to use the key at any time. Something where the web servers would have to come back every few minutes and renew their lease, and if they don't it becomes available to someone else. I just realized I could maybe accomplish a hacked version of this using a file on S3, but that doesn't prevent race conditions / etc and is definitely hackish. Any thoughts welcome. FWIW, this site is built on Ruby on Rails. Thanks! JP

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  • ec2 spot instance for daily processing task

    - by chaft
    I don't have much experience as a sysadmin or with amazon aws, so I hope someone can explain in simple terms or refer me to a good guide on how to achieve the below. I have a system running on ec2 and amazon rds getting data in and saving it to the db. I need to run a script once a day (at the end of the day) to process all that data and prepare a daily report. This process will take approximately an hour to run. It needs to run on a high memory instance.. From what i've read so far, I guess the best way to do it is to have a high memory spot instance run every day, set it up to execute the script on startup and and shut down when done. Is that the right way to do it? If so, how to do it? how to tell the spot instance to run every day? through a cron job on the other server or is there a better way? How to set it up to run the script on startup? through cloudinit? Any help would be appreciated. One last thing, the job is not very time sensitive as long as it runs every day.. thanks

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  • Rspec2, Rails3, Authlogic: Can't run specs

    - by Sam
    When I do rspec spec in my rails project, I get No examples were matched. Perhaps {:if=>#<Proc:0x0000010126e998@/Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:50 (lambda)>, :unless=>#<Proc:0x0000010126e970@/Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:51 (lambda)>} is excluding everything? Finished in 0.00004 seconds 0 examples, 0 failures Now, this seems like maybe if I wrote a spec it would work, but as soon as I write a spec (and I do include spec_helper) /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/backward_compatibility.rb:20:in `const_missing': uninitialized constant Authlogic (NameError) from /{myapp}/app/models/user_session.rb:1:in `<top (required)>' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/engine.rb:138:in `block (2 levels) in eager_load!' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/engine.rb:137:in `each' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/engine.rb:137:in `block in eager_load!' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/engine.rb:135:in `each' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/engine.rb:135:in `eager_load!' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/application.rb:108:in `eager_load!' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb:41:in `block in <module:Finisher>' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/initializable.rb:25:in `instance_exec' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/initializable.rb:25:in `run' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/initializable.rb:50:in `block in run_initializers' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/initializable.rb:49:in `each' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/initializable.rb:49:in `run_initializers' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/application.rb:134:in `initialize!' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/railties-3.0.3/lib/rails/application.rb:77:in `method_missing' from /{myapp}/config/environment.rb:5:in `<top (required)>' from <internal:lib/rubygems/custom_require>:29:in `require' from <internal:lib/rubygems/custom_require>:29:in `require' from /{myapp}/spec/spec_helper.rb:3:in `<top (required)>' from <internal:lib/rubygems/custom_require>:29:in `require' from <internal:lib/rubygems/custom_require>:29:in `require' from /{myapp}/spec/controllers/pages_controller_spec.rb:1:in `<top (required)>' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:388:in `load' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:388:in `block in load_spec_files' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:388:in `map' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:388:in `load_spec_files' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/command_line.rb:18:in `run' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:55:in `run_in_process' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:46:in `run' from /Users/samliu/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p0@rails3/gems/rspec-core-2.3.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:10:in `block in autorun' The important line here seems to be /core/backward_compatibility.rb:20:in `const_missing': uninitialized constant Authlogic (NameError) Now if this were rails 2.3.8, I'd simply put config.gem "authlogic" into the environment.rb, in the initialization code block. However, the rails 3 environment.rb looks way different (there is no config code block, so putting it in arbitrarily causes an error where config is not defined). So my questions are 1) Do I actually have to put the gem config anywhere? I looked at https://github.com/trevmex/authlogic_rails3_example/ and it seems he didn't put it anywhere. 2) Does anyone know what I'm doing wrong in terms of rspec? My gem list is *** LOCAL GEMS *** abstract (1.0.0) actionmailer (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2, 2.3.4) actionpack (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2, 2.3.4) activemodel (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2) activerecord (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2, 2.3.4) activeresource (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2, 2.3.4) activesupport (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2, 2.3.4) arel (2.0.6, 1.0.1) asdf (0.5.0) authlogic (2.1.6, 2.1.3) autotest (4.4.6, 4.4.1) autotest-fsevent (0.2.4) autotest-growl (0.2.9) autotest-rails (4.1.0) autotest-rails-pure (4.1.2) bluecloth (2.0.9) builder (2.1.2) bundler (1.0.7, 1.0.2) cgi_multipart_eof_fix (2.5.0) commonwatir (1.6.2) couchrest (0.33) cri (1.0.1) cucumber (0.4.4, 0.4.3, 0.3.11) daemons (1.1.0, 1.0.10) dependencies (0.0.7) diff-lcs (1.1.2) erubis (2.6.6) fastercsv (1.5.0) fastthread (1.0.7) firewatir (1.6.2) flay (1.4.0) flog (2.2.0) funfx (0.2.2) gem_plugin (0.2.3) gemsonrails (0.7.2) giraffesoft-resource_controller (0.6.5) haml (2.2.14) hoe (2.3.3) i18n (0.4.1) jscruggs-metric_fu (1.1.5) json_pure (1.1.9) kramdown (0.12.0) mail (2.2.13, 2.2.6.1) memcache-client (1.8.5) mime-types (1.16) mojombo-chronic (0.3.0) mongrel (1.1.5) monk (0.0.7) nanoc (3.1.5) nanoc3 (3.1.5) nokogiri (1.4.3.1, 1.4.0) open4 (0.9.6) polyglot (0.3.1, 0.2.9) rack (1.2.1, 1.0.1) rack-mount (0.6.13) rack-test (0.5.6) rails (3.0.0, 2.3.4) rails3-generators (0.17.0, 0.14.0) railties (3.0.3, 3.0.1, 3.0.0, 3.0.0.rc2) rake (0.8.7) relevance-rcov (0.9.2.1) rest-client (1.0.3) rspec (2.3.0, 2.0.0.rc, 1.2.9) rspec-core (2.3.1, 2.0.0.rc) rspec-expectations (2.3.0, 2.0.0.rc) rspec-mocks (2.3.0, 2.0.0.rc) rspec-rails (2.3.1, 2.0.0.rc, 1.2.9) ruby_parser (2.0.4) rubyforge (2.0.3) rubygems-update (1.3.6, 1.3.5) rvm (1.0.13) s4t-utils (1.0.4) safariwatir (0.3.7) sexp_processor (3.0.3) spork (0.7.3) sqlite3-ruby (1.3.1, 1.2.5) sys-uname (0.8.5) term-ansicolor (1.0.4) text-format (1.0.0) text-hyphen (1.0.0) thor (0.14.6, 0.14.3, 0.12.0) treetop (1.4.8, 1.4.2) tzinfo (0.3.23) user-choices (1.1.6) vlad (2.0.0) vlad-git (2.1.0) webrat (0.7.1, 0.6.0, 0.5.3) xml-simple (1.0.12) ZenTest (4.4.2) I am using ruby 1.9.2 and rails 3.0.3 installed using RVM on OSX 10.6 Snow Leopard. I just want to be able to run my specs like I used to. As a separate issue, autotest yields an error about an include for autotest/growl but I installed autotest-growl. Maybe this is a gem issue? I tried doing the same things and get the same error when it comes to using my ubuntu 10.04 server machine though. Gemfile source 'http://rubygems.org' gem 'rails', '3.0.3' # Bundle edge Rails instead: # gem 'rails', :git => 'git://github.com/rails/rails.git' gem 'sqlite3-ruby', :require => 'sqlite3' group :couch do gem 'couchrest' end group :user_auth do gem 'authlogic' gem "rails3-generators" gem 'facebooker' end group :markup do gem 'haml' gem 'sass' end group :testing do gem 'rspec-rails' gem 'rspec' gem 'webrat' gem 'cucumber' gem 'capybara' gem 'factory_girl' gem 'shoulda' gem 'autotest' end group :server do gem 'unicorn' end # Use unicorn as the web server # gem 'unicorn' # Deploy with Capistrano # gem 'capistrano' # To use debugger # gem 'ruby-debug' # Bundle the extra gems: # gem 'bj' # gem 'nokogiri' # gem 'sqlite3-ruby', :require => 'sqlite3' # gem 'aws-s3', :require => 'aws/s3' # Bundle gems for the local environment. Make sure to # put test-only gems in this group so their generators # and rake tasks are available in development mode: # group :development, :test do # gem 'webrat' # end Gemfile.lock GEM remote: http://rubygems.org/ specs: ZenTest (4.4.2) abstract (1.0.0) actionmailer (3.0.3) actionpack (= 3.0.3) mail (~> 2.2.9) actionpack (3.0.3) activemodel (= 3.0.3) activesupport (= 3.0.3) builder (~> 2.1.2) erubis (~> 2.6.6) i18n (~> 0.4) rack (~> 1.2.1) rack-mount (~> 0.6.13) rack-test (~> 0.5.6) tzinfo (~> 0.3.23) activemodel (3.0.3) activesupport (= 3.0.3) builder (~> 2.1.2) i18n (~> 0.4) activerecord (3.0.3) activemodel (= 3.0.3) activesupport (= 3.0.3) arel (~> 2.0.2) tzinfo (~> 0.3.23) activeresource (3.0.3) activemodel (= 3.0.3) activesupport (= 3.0.3) activesupport (3.0.3) arel (2.0.6) authlogic (2.1.6) activesupport autotest (4.4.6) ZenTest (>= 4.4.1) builder (2.1.2) capybara (0.4.0) celerity (>= 0.7.9) culerity (>= 0.2.4) mime-types (>= 1.16) nokogiri (>= 1.3.3) rack (>= 1.0.0) rack-test (>= 0.5.4) selenium-webdriver (>= 0.0.27) xpath (~> 0.1.2) celerity (0.8.6) childprocess (0.1.6) ffi (~> 0.6.3) couchrest (1.0.1) json (>= 1.4.6) mime-types (>= 1.15) rest-client (>= 1.5.1) cucumber (0.10.0) builder (>= 2.1.2) diff-lcs (~> 1.1.2) gherkin (~> 2.3.2) json (~> 1.4.6) term-ansicolor (~> 1.0.5) culerity (0.2.13) diff-lcs (1.1.2) erubis (2.6.6) abstract (>= 1.0.0) facebooker (1.0.75) json_pure (>= 1.0.0) factory_girl (1.3.2) ffi (0.6.3) rake (>= 0.8.7) gherkin (2.3.2) json (~> 1.4.6) term-ansicolor (~> 1.0.5) haml (3.0.25) i18n (0.5.0) json (1.4.6) json_pure (1.4.6) kgio (2.0.0) mail (2.2.13) activesupport (>= 2.3.6) i18n (>= 0.4.0) mime-types (~> 1.16) treetop (~> 1.4.8) mime-types (1.16) nokogiri (1.4.4) polyglot (0.3.1) rack (1.2.1) rack-mount (0.6.13) rack (>= 1.0.0) rack-test (0.5.6) rack (>= 1.0) rails (3.0.3) actionmailer (= 3.0.3) actionpack (= 3.0.3) activerecord (= 3.0.3) activeresource (= 3.0.3) activesupport (= 3.0.3) bundler (~> 1.0) railties (= 3.0.3) rails3-generators (0.17.0) railties (>= 3.0.0) railties (3.0.3) actionpack (= 3.0.3) activesupport (= 3.0.3) rake (>= 0.8.7) thor (~> 0.14.4) rake (0.8.7) rest-client (1.6.1) mime-types (>= 1.16) rspec (2.3.0) rspec-core (~> 2.3.0) rspec-expectations (~> 2.3.0) rspec-mocks (~> 2.3.0) rspec-core (2.3.1) rspec-expectations (2.3.0) diff-lcs (~> 1.1.2) rspec-mocks (2.3.0) rspec-rails (2.3.1) actionpack (~> 3.0) activesupport (~> 3.0) railties (~> 3.0) rspec (~> 2.3.0) rubyzip (0.9.4) sass (3.1.0.alpha.206) selenium-webdriver (0.1.2) childprocess (~> 0.1.5) ffi (~> 0.6.3) json_pure rubyzip shoulda (2.11.3) sqlite3-ruby (1.3.2) term-ansicolor (1.0.5) thor (0.14.6) treetop (1.4.9) polyglot (>= 0.3.1) tzinfo (0.3.23) unicorn (3.1.0) kgio (~> 2.0.0) rack webrat (0.7.2) nokogiri (>= 1.2.0) rack (>= 1.0) rack-test (>= 0.5.3) xpath (0.1.2) nokogiri (~> 1.3) PLATFORMS ruby DEPENDENCIES authlogic autotest capybara couchrest cucumber facebooker factory_girl haml rails (= 3.0.3) rails3-generators rspec rspec-rails sass shoulda sqlite3-ruby unicorn webrat

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  • How to encrypt Amazon CloudFront signature for private content access using canned policy

    - by Chet
    Has anyone using .net actually worked out how to successfully sign a signature to use with CloudFront private content? After a couple of days of attempts all I can get is Access Denied. I have been working with variations of the following code and also tried using OpenSSL.Net and AWSSDK but that does not have a sign method for RSA-SHA1 yet. The signature (data) looks like this {"Statement":[{"Resource":"http://xxxx.cloudfront.net/xxxx.jpg","Condition":?{"DateLessThan":?{"AWS:EpochTime":1266922799}}}]} This method attempts to sign the signature for use in the canned url. So of the variations have included chanding the padding used in the has and also reversing the byte[] before signing as apprently OpenSSL do it this way. public string Sign(string data) { using (SHA1Managed SHA1 = new SHA1Managed()) { RSACryptoServiceProvider provider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(); RSACryptoServiceProvider.UseMachineKeyStore = false; // Amazon PEM converted to XML using OpenSslKey provider.FromXmlString("<RSAKeyValue><Modulus>....."); byte[] plainbytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data); byte[] hash = SHA1.ComputeHash(plainbytes); //Array.Reverse(sig); // I have see some examples that reverse the hash byte[] sig = provider.SignHash(hash, "SHA1"); return Convert.ToBase64String(sig); } } Its useful to note that I have verified the content is setup correctly in S3 and CloudFront by generating a CloudFront canned policy url using my CloudBerry Explorer. How do they do it? Any ideas would be much appreciated. Thanks

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