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• Why is there no service-oriented language?

  - by Wolfgang

  Edit: To avoid further confusion: I am not talking about web services and such. I am talking about structuring applications internally, it's not about how computers communicate. It's about programming languages, compilers and how the imperative programming paradigm is extended. Original: In the imperative programming field, we saw two paradigms in the past 20 years (or more): object-oriented (OO), and service-oriented (SO) aka. component-based (CB). Both paradigms extend the imperative programming paradigm by introducing their own notion of modules. OO calls them objects (and classes) and lets them encapsulates both data (fields) and procedures (methods) together. SO, in contrast, separates data (records, beans, ...) from code (components, services). However, only OO has programming languages which natively support its paradigm: Smalltalk, C++, Java and all other JVM-compatibles, C# and all other .NET-compatibles, Python etc. SO has no such native language. It only comes into existence on top of procedural languages or OO languages: COM/DCOM (binary, C, C++), CORBA, EJB, Spring, Guice (all Java), ... These SO frameworks clearly suffer from the missing native language support of their concepts. They start using OO classes to represent services and records. This leads to designs where there is a clear distinction between classes that have methods only (services) and those that have fields only (records). Inheritance between services or records is then simulated by inheritance of classes. Technically, its not kept so strictly but in general programmers are adviced to make classes to play only one of the two roles. They use additional, external languages to represent the missing parts: IDL's, XML configurations, Annotations in Java code, or even embedded DSL like in Guice. This is especially needed, but not limited to, since the composition of services is not part of the service code itself. In OO, objects create other objects so there is no need for such facilities but for SO there is because services don't instantiate or configure other services. They establish an inner-platform effect on top of OO (early EJB, CORBA) where the programmer has to write all the code that is needed to "drive" SO. Classes represent only a part of the nature of a service and lots of classes have to be written to form a service together. All that boiler plate is necessary because there is no SO compiler which would do it for the programmer. This is just like some people did it in C for OO when there was no C++. You just pass the record which holds the data of the object as a first parameter to the procedure which is the method. In a OO language this parameter is implicit and the compiler produces all the code that we need for virtual functions etc. For SO, this is clearly missing. Especially the newer frameworks extensively use AOP or introspection to add the missing parts to a OO language. This doesn't bring the necessary language expressiveness but avoids the boiler platform code described in the previous point. Some frameworks use code generation to produce the boiler plate code. Configuration files in XML or annotations in OO code is the source of information for this. Not all of the phenomena that I mentioned above can be attributed to SO but I hope it clearly shows that there is a need for a SO language. Since this paradigm is so popular: why isn't there one? Or maybe there are some academic ones but at least the industry doesn't use one.

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• A Reusable Builder Class for .NET testing

  - by Liam McLennan

  When writing tests, other than end-to-end integration tests, we often need to construct test data objects. Of course this can be done using the class’s constructor and manually configuring the object, but to get many objects into a valid state soon becomes a large percentage of the testing effort. After many years of painstakingly creating builders for each of my domain objects I have finally become lazy enough to bother to write a generic, reusable builder class for .NET. To use it you instantiate a instance of the builder and configuring it with a builder method for each class you wish it to be able to build. The builder method should require no parameters and should return a new instance of the type in a default, valid state. In other words the builder method should be a Func<TypeToBeBuilt>. The best way to make this clear is with an example. In my application I have the following domain classes that I want to be able to use in my tests: public class Person { public string Name { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public bool IsAndroid { get; set; } } public class Building { public string Street { get; set; } public Person Manager { get; set; } } The builder for this domain is created like so: build = new Builder(); build.Configure(new Dictionary<Type, Func<object>> { {typeof(Building), () => new Building {Street = "Queen St", Manager = build.A<Person>()}}, {typeof(Person), () => new Person {Name = "Eugene", Age = 21}} }); Note how Building depends on Person, even though the person builder method is not defined yet. Now in a test I can retrieve a valid object from the builder: var person = build.A<Person>(); If I need a class in a customised state I can supply an Action<TypeToBeBuilt> to mutate the object post construction: var person = build.A<Person>(p => p.Age = 99); The power and efficiency of this approach becomes apparent when your tests require larger and more complex objects than Person and Building. When I get some time I intend to implement the same functionality in Javascript and Ruby. Here is the full source of the Builder class: public class Builder { private Dictionary<Type, Func<object>> defaults; public void Configure(Dictionary<Type, Func<object>> defaults) { this.defaults = defaults; } public T A<T>() { if (!defaults.ContainsKey(typeof(T))) throw new ArgumentException("No object of type " + typeof(T).Name + " has been configured with the builder."); T o = (T)defaults[typeof(T)](); return o; } public T A<T>(Action<T> customisation) { T o = A<T>(); customisation(o); return o; } }

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• How should I plan the inheritance structure for my game?

  - by Eric Thoma

  I am trying to write a platform shooter in C++ with a really good class structure for robustness. The game itself is secondary; it is the learning process of writing it that is primary. I am implementing an inheritance tree for all of the objects in my game, but I find myself unsure on some decisions. One specific issue that it bugging me is this: I have an Actor that is simply defined as anything in the game world. Under Actor is Character. Both of these classes are abstract. Under Character is the Philosopher, who is the main character that the user commands. Also under Character is NPC, which uses an AI module with stock routines for friendly, enemy and (maybe) neutral alignments. So under NPC I want to have three subclasses: FriendlyNPC, EnemyNPC and NeutralNPC. These classes are not abstract, and will often be subclassed in order to make different types of NPC's, like Engineer, Scientist and the most evil Programmer. Still, if I want to implement a generic NPC named Kevin, it would nice to be able to put him in without making a new class for him. I could just instantiate a FriendlyNPC and pass some values for the AI machine and for the dialogue; that would be ideal. But what if Kevin is the one benevolent Programmer in the whole world? Now we must make a class for him (but what should it be called?). Now we have a character that should inherit from Programmer (as Kevin has all the same abilities but just uses the friendly AI functions) but also should inherit from FriendlyNPC. Programmer and FriendlyNPC branched away from each other on the inheritance tree, so inheriting from both of them would have conflicts, because some of the same functions have been implemented in different ways on the two of them. 1) Is there a better way to order these classes to avoid these conflicts? Having three subclasses; Friendly, Enemy and Neutral; from each type of NPC; Engineer, Scientist, and Programmer; would amount to a huge number of classes. I would share specific implementation details, but I am writing the game slowly, piece by piece, and so I haven't implemented past Character yet. 2) Is there a place where I can learn these programming paradigms? I am already trying to take advantage of some good design patterns, like MVC architecture and Mediator objects. The whole point of this project is to write something in good style. It is difficult to tell what should become a subclass and what should become a state (i.e. Friendly boolean v. Friendly class). Having many states slows down code with if statements and makes classes long and unwieldy. On the other hand, having a class for everything isn't practical. 3) Are there good rules of thumb or resources to learn more about this? 4) Finally, where does templating come in to this? How should I coordinate templates into my class structure? I have never actually taken advantage of templating honestly, but I hear that it increases modularity, which means good code.

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• Welcome To The Nashorn Blog

  - by jlaskey

  Welcome to all.  Time to break the ice and instantiate The Nashorn Blog.  I hope to contribute routinely, but we are very busy, at this point, preparing for the next development milestone and, of course, getting ready for open source. So, if there are long gaps between postings please forgive. We're just coming back from JavaOne and are stoked by the positive response to all the Nashorn sessions. It was great for the team to have the front and centre slide from Georges Saab early in the keynote. It seems we have support coming from all directions. Most of the session videos are posted. Check out the links. Nashorn: Optimizing JavaScript and Dynamic Language Execution on the JVM. Unfortunately, Marcus - the code generation juggernaut,  got saddled with the first session of the first day. Still, he had a decent turnout. The talk focused on issues relating to optimizations we did to get good performance from the JVM. Much yet to be done but looking good. Nashorn: JavaScript on the JVM. This was the main talk about Nashorn. I delivered the little bit of this and a little bit of that session with an overview, a follow up on the open source announcement, a run through a few of the Nashorn features and some demos. The room was SRO, about 250±. High points: Sam Pullara, from Twitter, came forward to describe how painless it was to get Mustache.js up and running (20x over Rhino), and,  John Ceccarelli, from NetBeans came forward to describe how Nashorn has become an integral part of Netbeans. A healthy Q & A at the end was very encouraging. Meet the Nashorn JavaScript Team. Michel, Attila, Marcus and myself hosted a Q & A. There was only a handful of people in the room (we assume it was because of a conflicting session ;-) .) Most of the questions centred around Node.jar, which leads me to believe, Nashorn + Node.jar is what has the most interest. Akhil, Mr. Node.jar, sitting in the audience, fielded the Node.jar questions. Nashorn, Node, and Java Persistence. Doug Clarke, Akhil and myself, discussed the title topics, followed by a lengthy Q & A (security had to hustle us out.) 80 or so in the room. Lots of questions about Node.jar. It was great to see Doug's use of Nashorn + JPA. Nashorn in action, with such elegance and grace. Putting the Metaobject Protocol to Work: Nashorn’s Java Bindings. Attila discussed how he applied Dynalink to Nashorn. Good turn out for this session as well. I have a feeling that once people discover and embrace this hidden gem, great things will happen for all languages running on the JVM. Finally, there were quite a few JavaOne sessions that focused on non-Java languages and their impact on the JVM. I've always believed that one's tool belt should carry a variety of programming languages, not just for domain/task applicability, but also to enhance your thinking and approaches to problem solving. For the most part, future blog entries will focus on 'how to' in Nashorn, but if you have any suggestions for topics you want discussed, please drop a line.  Cheers. 

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• 3 Incredibly Useful Projects to jump-start your Kinect Development.

  - by mbcrump

  I’ve been playing with the Kinect SDK Beta for the past few days and have noticed a few projects on CodePlex worth checking out. I decided to blog about them to help spread awareness. If you want to learn more about Kinect SDK then you check out my”Busy Developer’s Guide to the Kinect SDK Beta”. Let’s get started:   KinectContrib is a set of VS2010 Templates that will help you get started building a Kinect project very quickly. Once you have it installed you will have the option to select the following Templates: KinectDepth KinectSkeleton KinectVideo Please note that KinectContrib requires the Kinect for Windows SDK beta to be installed. Kinect Templates after installing the Template Pack. The reference to Microsoft.Research.Kinect is added automatically.  Here is a sample of the code for the MainWindow.xaml in the “Video” template: <Window x:Class="KinectVideoApplication1.MainWindow" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" Title="MainWindow" Height="480" Width="640"> <Grid> <Image Name="videoImage"/> </Grid> </Window> and MainWindow.xaml.cs using System; using System.Windows; using System.Windows.Media; using System.Windows.Media.Imaging; using Microsoft.Research.Kinect.Nui; namespace KinectVideoApplication1 { public partial class MainWindow : Window { //Instantiate the Kinect runtime. Required to initialize the device. //IMPORTANT NOTE: You can pass the device ID here, in case more than one Kinect device is connected. Runtime runtime = new Runtime(); public MainWindow() { InitializeComponent(); //Runtime initialization is handled when the window is opened. When the window //is closed, the runtime MUST be unitialized. this.Loaded += new RoutedEventHandler(MainWindow_Loaded); this.Unloaded += new RoutedEventHandler(MainWindow_Unloaded); //Handle the content obtained from the video camera, once received. runtime.VideoFrameReady += new EventHandler<Microsoft.Research.Kinect.Nui.ImageFrameReadyEventArgs>(runtime_VideoFrameReady); } void MainWindow_Unloaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { runtime.Uninitialize(); } void MainWindow_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { //Since only a color video stream is needed, RuntimeOptions.UseColor is used. runtime.Initialize(Microsoft.Research.Kinect.Nui.RuntimeOptions.UseColor); //You can adjust the resolution here. runtime.VideoStream.Open(ImageStreamType.Video, 2, ImageResolution.Resolution640x480, ImageType.Color); } void runtime_VideoFrameReady(object sender, Microsoft.Research.Kinect.Nui.ImageFrameReadyEventArgs e) { PlanarImage image = e.ImageFrame.Image; BitmapSource source = BitmapSource.Create(image.Width, image.Height, 96, 96, PixelFormats.Bgr32, null, image.Bits, image.Width * image.BytesPerPixel); videoImage.Source = source; } } } You will find this template pack is very handy especially for those new to Kinect Development.   Next up is The Coding4Fun Kinect Toolkit which contains extension methods and a WPF control to help you develop with the Kinect SDK. After downloading the package simply add a reference to the .dll using either the WPF or WinForms version. Now you will have access to several methods that can help you save an image: (for example) For a full list of extension methods and properties, please visit the site at http://c4fkinect.codeplex.com/. Kinductor – This is a great application for just learning how to use the Kinect SDK. The project uses MVVM Light and is a great start for those looking how to structure their first Kinect Application. Conclusion: Things are already getting easier for those working with the Kinect SDK. I imagine that after a few more months we will see the SDK go out of beta and allow commercial applications to run using it. I am very excited and hope that you continue reading my blog for more Kinect, WPF and Silverlight news.  Subscribe to my feed

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• Parameterized StreamInsight Queries

  - by Roman Schindlauer

  The changes in our APIs enable a set of scenarios that were either not possible before or could only be achieved through workarounds. One such use case that people ask about frequently is the ability to parameterize a query and instantiate it with different values instead of re-deploying the entire statement. I’ll demonstrate how to do this in StreamInsight 2.1 and combine it with a method of using subjects for dynamic query composition in a mini-series of (at least) two blog articles. Let’s start with something really simple: I want to deploy a windowed aggregate to a StreamInsight server, and later use it with different window sizes. The LINQ statement for such an aggregate is very straightforward and familiar: var result = from win in stream.TumblingWindow(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5))               select win.Avg(e => e.Value); Obviously, we had to use an existing input stream object as well as a concrete TimeSpan value. If we want to be able to re-use this construct, we can define it as a IQStreamable: var avg = myApp     .DefineStreamable((IQStreamable<SourcePayload> s, TimeSpan w) =>         from win in s.TumblingWindow(w)         select win.Avg(e => e.Value)); The DefineStreamable API lets us define a function, in our case from a IQStreamable (the input stream) and a TimeSpan (the window length) to an IQStreamable (the result). We can then use it like a function, with the input stream and the window length as parameters: var result = avg(stream, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)); Nice, but you might ask: what does this save me, except from writing my own extension method? Well, in addition to defining the IQStreamable function, you can actually deploy it to the server, to make it re-usable by another process! When we deploy an artifact in V2.1, we give it a name: var avg = myApp     .DefineStreamable((IQStreamable<SourcePayload> s, TimeSpan w) =>         from win in s.TumblingWindow(w)         select win.Avg(e => e.Value))     .Deploy("AverageQuery"); When connected to the same server, we can now use that name to retrieve the IQStreamable and use it with our own parameters: var averageQuery = myApp     .GetStreamable<IQStreamable<SourcePayload>, TimeSpan, double>("AverageQuery"); var result = averageQuery(stream, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)); Convenient, isn’t it? Keep in mind that, even though the function “AverageQuery” is deployed to the server, its logic will still be instantiated into each process when the process is created. The advantage here is being able to deploy that function, so another client who wants to use it doesn’t need to ask the author for the code or assembly, but just needs to know the name of deployed entity. A few words on the function signature of GetStreamable: the last type parameter (here: double) is the payload type of the result, not the actual result stream’s type itself. The returned object is a function from IQStreamable<SourcePayload> and TimeSpan to IQStreamable<double>. In the next article we will integrate this usage of IQStreamables with Subjects in StreamInsight, so stay tuned! Regards, The StreamInsight Team

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• Is this over-abstraction? (And is there a name for it?)

  - by mwhite

  I work on a large Django application that uses CouchDB as a database and couchdbkit for mapping CouchDB documents to objects in Python, similar to Django's default ORM. It has dozens of model classes and a hundred or two CouchDB views. The application allows users to register a "domain", which gives them a unique URL containing the domain name that gives them access to a project whose data has no overlap with the data of other domains. Each document that is part of a domain has its domain property set to that domain's name. As far as relationships between the documents go, all domains are effectively mutually exclusive subsets of the data, except for a few edge cases (some users can be members of more than one domain, and there are some administrative reports that include all domains, etc.). The code is full of explicit references to the domain name, and I'm wondering if it would be worth the added complexity to abstract this out. I'd also like to know if there's a name for the sort of bound property approach I'm taking here. Basically, I have something like this in mind: Before in models.py class User(Document): domain = StringProperty() class Group(Document): domain = StringProperty() name = StringProperty() user_ids = StringListProperty() # method that returns related document set def users(self): return [User.get(id) for id in self.user_ids] # method that queries a couch view optimized for a specific lookup @classmethod def by_name(cls, domain, name): # the view method is provided by couchdbkit and handles # wrapping json CouchDB results as Python objects, and # can take various parameters modifying behavior return cls.view('groups/by_name', key=[domain, name]) # method that creates a related document def get_new_user(self): user = User(domain=self.domain) user.save() self.user_ids.append(user._id) return user in views.py: from models import User, Group # there are tons of views like this, (request, domain, ...) def create_new_user_in_group(request, domain, group_name): group = Group.by_name(domain, group_name)[0] user = User(domain=domain) user.save() group.user_ids.append(user._id) group.save() in group/by_name/map.js: function (doc) { if (doc.doc_type == "Group") { emit([doc.domain, doc.name], null); } } After models.py class DomainDocument(Document): domain = StringProperty() @classmethod def domain_view(cls, *args, **kwargs): kwargs['key'] = [cls.domain.default] + kwargs['key'] return super(DomainDocument, cls).view(*args, **kwargs) @classmethod def get(cls, *args, **kwargs, validate_domain=True): ret = super(DomainDocument, cls).get(*args, **kwargs) if validate_domain and ret.domain != cls.domain.default: raise Exception() return ret def models(self): # a mapping of all models in the application. accessing one returns the equivalent of class BoundUser(User): domain = StringProperty(default=self.domain) class User(DomainDocument): pass class Group(DomainDocument): name = StringProperty() user_ids = StringListProperty() def users(self): return [self.models.User.get(id) for id in self.user_ids] @classmethod def by_name(cls, name): return cls.domain_view('groups/by_name', key=[name]) def get_new_user(self): user = self.models.User() user.save() views.py @domain_view # decorator that sets request.models to the same sort of object that is returned by DomainDocument.models and removes the domain argument from the URL router def create_new_user_in_group(request, group_name): group = request.models.Group.by_name(group_name) user = request.models.User() user.save() group.user_ids.append(user._id) group.save() (Might be better to leave the abstraction leaky here in order to avoid having to deal with a couchapp-style //! include of a wrapper for emit that prepends doc.domain to the key or some other similar solution.) function (doc) { if (doc.doc_type == "Group") { emit([doc.name], null); } } Pros and Cons So what are the pros and cons of this? Pros: DRYer prevents you from creating related documents but forgetting to set the domain. prevents you from accidentally writing a django view - couch view execution path that leads to a security breach doesn't prevent you from accessing underlying self.domain and normal Document.view() method potentially gets rid of the need for a lot of sanity checks verifying whether two documents whose domains we expect to be equal are. Cons: adds some complexity hides what's really happening requires no model modules to have classes with the same name, or you would need to add sub-attributes to self.models for modules. However, requiring project-wide unique class names for models should actually be fine because they correspond to the doc_type property couchdbkit uses to decide which class to instantiate them as, which should be unique. removes explicit dependency documentation (from group.models import Group)

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• Writing a method to 'transform' an immutable object: how should I approach this?

  - by Prog

  (While this question has to do with a concrete coding dilemma, it's mostly about what's the best way to design a function.) I'm writing a method that should take two Color objects, and gradually transform the first Color into the second one, creating an animation. The method will be in a utility class. My problem is that Color is an immutable object. That means that I can't do color.setRGB or color.setBlue inside a loop in the method. What I can do, is instantiate a new Color and return it from the method. But then I won't be able to gradually change the color. So I thought of three possible solutions: 1- The client code includes the method call inside a loop. For example: int duration = 1500; // duration of the animation in milliseconds int steps = 20; // how many 'cycles' the animation will take for(int i=0; i<steps; i++) color = transformColor(color, targetColor, duration, steps); And the method would look like this: Color transformColor(Color original, Color target, int duration, int steps){ int redDiff = target.getRed() - original.getRed(); int redAddition = redDiff / steps; int newRed = original.getRed() + redAddition; // same for green and blue .. Thread.sleep(duration / STEPS); // exception handling omitted return new Color(newRed, newGreen, newBlue); } The disadvantage of this approach is that the client code has to "do part of the method's job" and include a for loop. The method doesn't do it's work entirely on it's own, which I don't like. 2- Make a mutable Color subclass with methods such as setRed, and pass objects of this class into transformColor. Then it could look something like this: void transformColor(MutableColor original, Color target, int duration){ final int STEPS = 20; int redDiff = target.getRed() - original.getRed(); int redAddition = redDiff / steps; int newRed = original.getRed() + redAddition; // same for green and blue .. for(int i=0; i<STEPS; i++){ original.setRed(original.getRed() + redAddition); // same for green and blue .. Thread.sleep(duration / STEPS); // exception handling omitted } } Then the calling code would usually look something like this: // The method will usually transform colors of JComponents JComponent someComponent = ... ; // setting the Color in JComponent to be a MutableColor Color mutableColor = new MutableColor(someComponent.getForeground()); someComponent.setForeground(mutableColor); // later, transforming the Color in the JComponent transformColor((MutableColor)someComponent.getForeground(), new Color(200,100,150), 2000); The disadvantage is - the need to create a new class MutableColor, and also the need to do casting. 3- Pass into the method the actual mutable object that holds the color. Then the method could do object.setColor or similar every iteration of the loop. Two disadvantages: A- Not so elegant. Passing in the object that holds the color just to transform the color feels unnatural. B- While most of the time this method will be used to transform colors inside JComponent objects, other kinds of objects may have colors too. So the method would need to be overloaded to receive other types, or receive Objects and have instanceof checks inside.. Not optimal. Right now I think I like solution #2 the most, than solution #1 and solution #3 the least. However I'd like to hear your opinions and suggestions regarding this.

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• Customize baseUrl and baseDir in CKFinder

  - by Nick Petrie

  We use CKEditor and CKFinder for Coldfusion in many of our CMS applications. These apps point to different sites on our server, so we want CKFinder setup to upload files to directories specific to each app. But we one want one shared location for the CKEditor and CKFinder files on the server. In the config.cfm file, we have setup the default baseURL and baseDir like this: config.baseUrl = "http://www.oursite.com/_files/site1/ckfinder_uploads/"; config.baseDir = '\\ourserver01\_files\site1\ckfinder_uploads\'; In the header file for each app, we include the following to instantiate CKEditor and CKFinder (including the jQuery adapter): <script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/ckeditor/ckeditor.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/ckeditor/adapters/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/shared/ckfinder/ckfinder.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ CKFinder.setupCKEditor( null, '/shared/ckfinder/' ); }); </script> When I open a CKFinder window in one of the apps, it correctly opens to the default baseURL/baseDir. However, how can I override those defaults? I tried changing the CKFinder setupCKEditor function to this following with no luck: CKFinder.setupCKEditor( null, { basePath:'/shared/ckfinder/', baseUrl:"http://www.oursite.com/_files/NEWSITE/ckfinder_uploads/", baseDir:"\\\\ourserver01\\_files\\NEWSITE\\ckfinder_uploads\\" } ); It just ignored this and used the defaults. Thoughts? Thanks!!

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• iPhone: how to use performSelector:onThread:withObject:waitUntilDone: method?

  - by Michael Kessler

  Hi all, I am trying to use a separate thread for working with some API. The problem is that I am not able to use performSelector:onThread:withObject:waitUntilDone: method with a thread that I' instantiated for this. My code: @interface MyObject : NSObject { NSThread *_myThread; } @property(nonatomic, retain) NSThread *myThread; @end @implementation MyObject @synthesize myThread = _myThread; - (NSThread *)myThread { if (_myThread == nil) { NSThread *myThreadTemp = [[NSThread alloc] init]; [myThreadTemp start]; self. myThread = myThreadTemp; [myThreadTemp release]; } return _myThread; } - (id)init { if (self = [super init]) { [self performSelector:@selector(privateInit:) onThread:[self myThread] withObject:nil waitUntilDone:NO]; } return self; } - (void)privateInit:(id)object { NSLog(@"MyObject - privateInit start"); } - (void)dealloc { [_myThread release]; _myThread = nil; [super dealloc]; } @end "MyObject - privateInit start" is never printed. What am I missing? I tried to instantiate the thread with target and selector, tried to wait for method execution completion (waitUntilDone:YES). Nothing helps. UPDATE: I don't need this multithreading for separating costly operations to another thread. In this case I could use the performSelectorInBackground as mentioned in few answers. The main reason for this separate thread is the need to perform all the actions in the API (TTS by Loquendo) from one single thread. Meaning that I have to create an instance of the TTS object and call methods on that object from the same thread all the time.

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• java.lang.ClassCastException: org.apache.xerces.jaxp.DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl while starting the w

  - by venkat

  Hi, As part of our application we are using apache's xerces jaxp parser. When we deploy the application on weblogic9.2, we are getting the following error. org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'org.apache.cxf.wsdl.WSDLManager' defined in class path resource [META-INF/cxf/cxf.xml]: Instantiation of bean failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Could not instantiate bean class [org.apache.cxf.wsdl11.WSDLManagerImpl]: Constructor threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.ClassCastException: org.apache.xerces.jaxp.DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl As per our analysis, i)The weblogic is trying to to load its own DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl which is present in weblogic.jar instead of apache's xerces. We tried the following to force the weblogic to load DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl from xerces i)we have added the following tag into weblogic.xml true ii)we have put latest versions of xalan in jre/lib/endorced folder. this didnt resolve our problem. ii) we have added entries in weblogic-application.xml webapp.encoding.default UTF-8 javax.jws. org.apache.xerces. org.apache.xerces.jaxp.* ii)Added the following entry in weblogic-application.xml <parser-factory> <saxparser-factory>org.apache.xerces.jaxp.SAXParserFactoryImpl</saxparser-factory> <document-builder-factory>org.apache.xerces.jaxp.DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl </document-builder-factory> org.apache.xalan.processor.TransformerFactoryImpl iii)Added jaxp.properties to load DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl from xerces to the jre/lib and started the server.In this case, the weblogic didnt start. iv)Then we started the server first and then copied the jaxp.properties file during the run time when server starts.But no success None of the above worked for us. Any help is highly appreciated. Thanks in advance, Venkat.

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• Hidden Features of C#?

  - by Serhat Özgel

  This came to my mind after I learned the following from this question: where T : struct We, C# developers, all know the basics of C#. I mean declarations, conditionals, loops, operators, etc. Some of us even mastered the stuff like Generics, anonymous types, lambdas, linq, ... But what are the most hidden features or tricks of C# that even C# fans, addicts, experts barely know? Here are the revealed features so far: Keywords yield by Michael Stum var by Michael Stum using() statement by kokos readonly by kokos as by Mike Stone as / is by Ed Swangren as / is (improved) by Rocketpants default by deathofrats global:: by pzycoman using() blocks by AlexCuse volatile by Jakub Šturc extern alias by Jakub Šturc Attributes DefaultValueAttribute by Michael Stum ObsoleteAttribute by DannySmurf DebuggerDisplayAttribute by Stu DebuggerBrowsable and DebuggerStepThrough by bdukes ThreadStaticAttribute by marxidad FlagsAttribute by Martin Clarke ConditionalAttribute by AndrewBurns Syntax ?? operator by kokos number flaggings by Nick Berardi where T:new by Lars Mæhlum implicit generics by Keith one-parameter lambdas by Keith auto properties by Keith namespace aliases by Keith verbatim string literals with @ by Patrick enum values by lfoust @variablenames by marxidad event operators by marxidad format string brackets by Portman property accessor accessibility modifiers by xanadont ternary operator (?:) by JasonS checked and unchecked operators by Binoj Antony implicit and explicit operators by Flory Language Features Nullable types by Brad Barker Currying by Brian Leahy anonymous types by Keith __makeref __reftype __refvalue by Judah Himango object initializers by lomaxx format strings by David in Dakota Extension Methods by marxidad partial methods by Jon Erickson preprocessor directives by John Asbeck DEBUG pre-processor directive by Robert Durgin operator overloading by SefBkn type inferrence by chakrit boolean operators taken to next level by Rob Gough pass value-type variable as interface without boxing by Roman Boiko programmatically determine declared variable type by Roman Boiko Static Constructors by Chris Easier-on-the-eyes / condensed ORM-mapping using LINQ by roosteronacid Visual Studio Features select block of text in editor by Himadri snippets by DannySmurf Framework TransactionScope by KiwiBastard DependantTransaction by KiwiBastard Nullable<T> by IainMH Mutex by Diago System.IO.Path by ageektrapped WeakReference by Juan Manuel Methods and Properties String.IsNullOrEmpty() method by KiwiBastard List.ForEach() method by KiwiBastard BeginInvoke(), EndInvoke() methods by Will Dean Nullable<T>.HasValue and Nullable<T>.Value properties by Rismo GetValueOrDefault method by John Sheehan Tips & Tricks nice method for event handlers by Andreas H.R. Nilsson uppercase comparisons by John access anonymous types without reflection by dp a quick way to lazily instantiate collection properties by Will JavaScript-like anonymous inline-functions by roosteronacid Other netmodules by kokos LINQBridge by Duncan Smart Parallel Extensions by Joel Coehoorn

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• Building Dynamic Classes in Objective C

  - by kjell_

  I'm a somewhat competent ruby programmer. Yesterday I decided to finally try my hand with Apple's Cocoa frameworks. Help me see things the ObjC way? I'm trying to get my head around objc_allocateClassPair and objc_registerClassPair. My goal is to dynamically generate a few classes and then be able to use them as I would any other class. Does this work in Obj C? Having allocated and registered class A, I get a compile error when calling [[A alloc] init]; (it says 'A' Undeclared). I can only instantiate A using runtime's objc_getClass method. Is there any way to tell the compiler about A and pass it messages like I would NSString? A compiler flag or something? I have 10 or so other classes (B, C, …), all with the same superclass. I want to message them directly in code ([A classMethod], [B classMethod], …) without needing objc_getClass. Am I trying to be too dynamic here or just botching my implementation? It looks something like this… NSString *name = @"test"; Class newClass = objc_allocateClassPair([NSString class], [name UTF8String], 0); objc_registerClassPair(newClass); id a = [[objc_getClass("A") alloc] init]; NSLog(@"new class: %@ superclass: %@", a, [a superclass]); //[[A alloc] init]; blows up.

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• ASP.NET 4.0 UpdatePanel and UserControl with PlaceHolder

  - by Chris

  I don't know if this is ASP.NET 4.0 specific but I don't recall having this problem in previous versions. I have very simple user control called "TestModal" that contains a PlaceHolder control which I use to instantiate a template in. When I put an UpdatePanel inside this UserControl on the page the updatepanel only does full postbacks and not partial postbacks. What gives? USER CONTROL MARKUP: <%@ Control Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="TestModal.ascx.cs" Inherits="MyProject.UserControls.TestModal" %> <div id="<%= this.ClientID %>"> <asp:PlaceHolder ID="plchContentTemplate" runat="server"></asp:PlaceHolder> </div> USER CONTROL CODE BEHIND: public partial class TestModal : System.Web.UI.UserControl { private ITemplate _contentTemplate; [TemplateInstance(TemplateInstance.Single)] [PersistenceMode(PersistenceMode.InnerProperty), TemplateContainer(typeof(TemplateControl))] public ITemplate ContentTemplate { get { return _contentTemplate; } set { _contentTemplate = value; } } protected override void OnInit(EventArgs e) { base.OnInit(e); if (_contentTemplate != null) _contentTemplate.InstantiateIn(plchContentTemplate); } } ASPX PAGE MARKUP: <ajaxToolkit:ToolkitScriptManager ID="scriptManager" EnablePartialRendering="true" AllowCustomErrorsRedirect="true" CombineScripts="true" EnablePageMethods="true" ScriptMode="Release" AsyncPostBackTimeout="180" runat="server"></ajaxToolkit:ToolkitScriptManager> <uc1:TestModal ID="testModal" ClientIDMode="Static" runat="server"> <ContentTemplate> <asp:UpdatePanel ID="upAttachments" UpdateMode="Conditional" ChildrenAsTriggers="true" runat="server"> <ContentTemplate> <asp:LinkButton ID="lnkRemoveAttachment" runat="server"><img src="/images/icons/trashcan.png" style="border: none;" /></asp:LinkButton> </ContentTemplate> </asp:UpdatePanel> </ContentTemplate> </uc1:TestModal>

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• LINQ To SQL ignore unique constraint exception and continue

  - by Martin

  I have a single table in a database called Users Users ------ ID (PK, Identity) Username (Unique Index) I have setup a unique index on the Username table to prevent duplicates. I am then enumerating through a collection and creating a new user in the database for each item. What I want to do is just insert a new user and ignore the exception if the unique key constraint is violated (as it's clearly a duplicate record in that case). This is to avoid having to craft where not exists kind of queries. First off, is this going to be any more efficient or should my insert code be checking for duplicates instead? I'm drawn more to the database having that logic as this prevents any other type of client from inserting duplicate data. My other issue is related to LINQ To SQL. I have the following code: public class TestRepo { DatabaseDataContext database = new DatabaseDataContext(); public void Add(string username) { database.Users.InsertOnSubmit(new User() { Username = username }); } public void Save() { database.SubmitChanges(); } } And then I iterate over a collection and insert new users, ignoring any exceptions: TestRepo repo = new TestRepo(); foreach (var name in new string[] { "Tim", "Bob", "John" }) { try { repo.Add(name); repo.Save(); } catch { } } The first time this is run, great I have three users in the table. If I remove the second one and run this code again, nothing is inserted. I expected the first insert to fail with the exception, the second to succeed (as I just removed that item from the DB) and the third to then fail. What seems to be happening is that once the SqlException is thrown (even though the loop continues to iterate) all of the next inserts fail - even when there isn't a row in the table that would cause a unique violation. Can anyone explain this? P.S. The only workaround I could find was to instantiate the repo each time before the insert, then it worked exactly as excepted - indicating that it's something to do with the LINQ To SQL DataContext. Thanks.

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• Problem hosting WebBrowser control in an ATL app.

  - by Andrew Bucknell

  I have a legacy atl app that hosts a webbrowser control in an ATL window. I create an instance of the client to host the browser using the following sequence CComPtr<IOleObject> spOleObject; HRESULT hr = CoCreateInstance(CLSID_WebBrowser, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC, ID_IOleObject,(void**)&spOleObject); spOleObject->SetClientSite(this); GetClientRect(&rcClient); hr = spOleObject->DoVerb(OLEIVERB_INPLACEACTIVATE, &msg, this, 0, m_hWnd, &rcClient); hr = AtlAdvise(m_spWebBrowser, GetUnknown(), DIID_DWebBrowserEvents2, &m_dwCookie); CComVariant navvar(navurl); m_spWebBrowser->Navigate2(&navvar, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL); This sequence works fine to create the initial browse window. The call to navigate2 works and if I look at the window via spy++ I have Shell Embedding - Shell DocObject View - Internet Explorer_Server. When a popup occurs (detected through NewWindow3) I launch a new window and execute the same code sequence for the new window. In the popup window the navigate2 doesnt work, and when I look at this new window in spy++ I just have Shell Embedding. I get the same problem even if I instantiate the popup window on startup, so its not related to NewWindow3 at all - it seems the second instance of the web control isnt instantiating even though all the calls return S_OK. This sequence worked fine under IE7 but now I am using IE8 and the popup window isnt working. There is clearly something I am missing but I cant guess what it may be. Any suggestions would be incredibly helpful.

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• problems with scrolling a java TextArea

  - by Jonathan

  All, I am running into an issue using JTextArea and JScrollPane. For some reason the scroll pane appears to not recognize the last line in the document, and will only scroll down to the line before it. The scroll bar does not even change to a state where I can slide it until the lines in the document are two greater than the number of lines the textArea shows (it should happen as soon as it is one greater). Has anyone run into this before? What would be a good solution (I want to avoid having to add an extra 'blank' line to the end of the document, which I would have to remove every time I add a new line)? Here is how I instantiate the TextArea and ScrollPane: JFrame frame = new JFrame("Java Chat Program"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); Container pane = frame.getContentPane(); if (!(pane.getLayout() instanceof BorderLayout)) { System.err.println("Error: UI Container does not implement BorderLayout."); System.exit(-1); } textArea = new JTextArea(); textArea.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(500, 100)); textArea.setEditable(false); textArea.setLineWrap(true); textArea.setWrapStyleWord(true); JScrollPane scroller = new JScrollPane(textArea); scroller.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(ScrollPaneConstants.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS); pane.add(scroller, BorderLayout.CENTER); Here is the method I use to add a new line to textArea: public void println(String a) { textArea.append(" "+a+"\n"); textArea.setCaretPosition(textArea.getDocument().getLength()); } Thanks for your help, Jonathan EDIT: Also, as a side note, with the current code I have to manually scroll down. I assumed that setCaretPosition(doc.getLength()) in the println(line) method would automatically set the page to the bottom after a line is entered... Should that be the case, or do I need to do something differently?

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• How to dispose a Writeable Bitmap? (WPF)

  - by Mario

  Some time ago i posted a question related to a WriteableBitmap memory leak, and though I received wonderful tips related to the problem, I still think there is a serious bug / (mistake made by me) / (Confusion) / (some other thing) here. So, here is my problem again: Suppose we have a WPF application with an Image and a button. The image's source is a really big bitmap (3600 * 4800 px), when it's shown at runtime the applicaton consumes ~90 MB. Now suppose i wish to instantiate a WriteableBitmap from the source of the image (the really big Image), when this happens the applications consumes ~220 MB. Now comes the tricky part, when the modifications to the image (through the WriteableBitmap) end, and all the references to the WriteableBitmap (at least those that I'm aware of) are destroyed (at the end of a method or by setting them to null) the memory used by the writeableBitmap should be freed and the application consumption should return to ~90 MB. The problem is that sometimes it returns, sometimes it does not. Here is a sample code: // The Image's source whas set previous to this event private void buttonTest_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { if (image.Source != null) { WriteableBitmap bitmap = new WriteableBitmap((BitmapSource)image.Source); bitmap.Lock(); bitmap.Unlock(); //image.Source = null; bitmap = null; } } As you can see the reference is local and the memory should be released at the end of the method (Or when the Garbage collector decides to do so). However, the app could consume ~224 MB until the end of the universe. Any help would be great.

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• FileNotFoundException, altough the XML file should be deployed

  - by Bernhard V

  Hi, I've got problems starting my WAR application on a local JBoss. After two other EARs are deployed and the TomcatDeployer begins deploying the WAR, I'm getting the following error message: 2010-04-28 10:01:56,605 ERROR [org.jboss.ejb.plugins.LogInterceptor] [] [main] EJBException in method: public abstract at.sozvers.stp.zpv.ejb.lea.rwsuc.EJBLeaRegelwerkSuchenRemote at.sozvers.stp.zpv.ejb.lea.rwsuc.EJBLeaRegelwerkSuchenHome.create() throws javax.ejb.CreateException,java.rmi.RemoteException, causedBy: javax.ejb.EJBException: org.springframework.beans.factory.access.BootstrapException: Unable to initialize group definition. Group resource name [classpath*:applicationContext.xml], factory key [contextService]; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'contextService' defined in URL [jar:file:/C:/ta30/nutzb/jboss-4.2.3.GA.ZPV/server/default/deploy/deploy.last/zpv-app-web-frontend-1.0-SNAPSHOT.war/WEB-INF/lib/zpv-comp-ejb-modules-1.0-SNAPSHOT-client.jar!/applicationContext.xml]: Instantiation of bean failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Could not instantiate bean class [org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext]: Constructor threw exception; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanDefinitionStoreException: IOException parsing XML document from class path resource [at/sozvers/stp/zpv/dao/ContextBasic.xml]; nested exception is java.io.FileNotFoundException: class path resource [at/sozvers/stp/zpv/dao/ContextBasic.xml] cannot be opened because it does not exist The sad thing is that the resource at/sozvers/stp/zpv/dao/ContextBasic.xml actually is placed in a JAR in one of my EAR files which should be deployed before the WAR. And at least I get a message that the deployment of the EAR has been successful. I also looked into the JAR with my file archiver and the ContextBasic.xml is indeed there at the right place. Is there a way for me to get sure that the JAR, not the EAR as a whole, is really deployed to the JBoss? I'm already starting to lose my head about this issue. Thank you. Bernhard

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• iPhone: Override UIButton buttonWithType to return subclass

  - by Amagrammer

  I want to be able to create a UIButton with an oversized responsive area. I know that one way to do that is to override the hitTest method in a subclass, but how do I instantiate my custom button object in the first place? [OversizedButton buttonWithType: UIButtonTypeDetailDisclosure]; doesn't work out of the box because buttonWithType returns a UIButton, not an OversizedButton. So it seems like I need to override the buttonWithType method as well. Does anyone know how to do this? @implementation OversizedButton + (id)buttonWithType:(UIButtonType)buttonType { // Construct and return an OversizedButton rather than a UIButton // Needs to handle special types such as UIButtonTypeDetailDisclosure // I NEED TO KNOW HOW TO DO THIS PART } - (UIView *)hitTest:(CGPoint)point withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { // Return results if touch event was in oversized region // I ALREADY KNOW HOW TO DO THIS PART } @end Alternatively, maybe I could create the button using alloc/initWithFrame. But the buttonType property is readonly, so how do you create the custom button types? Note: I know there are other ways to do this, such as having an invisible button behind the visible one. I don't care for that approach and would prefer to avoid it. Any help on the approach described above would be very helpful. Thanks

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• RuntimeException from xmlbeans - can't find compiled schema

  - by findango

  I'm getting a RuntimeException while executing some code that depends on generated xmlbeans classes. I can't figure out if this is: me missing something during code-generation or packaging a runtime dependency missing a misleading error message, and I should be looking elsewhere. The xbean.jar version is the same in the build and execution environment. Anyone seen this before or have any ideas? Thanks. ...snip... Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Could not instantiate SchemaTypeSystemImpl (java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException): is the version of xbean.jar correct? at schemaorg_apache_xmlbeans.system.s2B8331230CBD98F4933B0B025B6BF726.TypeSystemHolder.loadTypeSystem(Unknown Source) at schemaorg_apache_xmlbeans.system.s2B8331230CBD98F4933B0B025B6BF726.TypeSystemHolder.(Unknown Source) ... 38 more Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:494) ... 40 more Caused by: org.apache.xmlbeans.SchemaTypeLoaderException: XML-BEANS compiled schema: Could not locate compiled schema resource schemaorg_apache_xmlbeans/system/s2B8331230CBD98F4933B0B025B6BF726/index.xsb (schemaorg_apache_xmlbeans.system.s2B8331230CBD98F4933B0B025B6BF726.index) - code 0 at org.apache.xmlbeans.impl.schema.SchemaTypeSystemImpl$XsbReader.(SchemaTypeSystemImpl.java:1504) at org.apache.xmlbeans.impl.schema.SchemaTypeSystemImpl.initFromHeader(SchemaTypeSystemImpl.java:260) at org.apache.xmlbeans.impl.schema.SchemaTypeSystemImpl.(SchemaTypeSystemImpl.java:183) ... 44 more ...snip...

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• JQuery ajax request returns error and status 0

  - by Kucebe

  I use this pseudo-class to make ajax request to server: function RequestManager(url, params, success, error){ //save this ajax configuration this._ajaxCall = null; this._url= url; this._type = params.type; this._timer = params.timer || 0; this._success = function(){ alert("ok"); }; this._error = function(){ alert("ko"); }; } RequestManager.prototype = { require : function(tag){//here there will be a tag object in array format if(this.timer>0){ //wait this.timer } if(this.ajaxCall != null ){ this.ajaxCall.abort(); this.ajaxCall = null; } var self = this; this.ajaxCall = $.ajax({ url: this._url, type: this._type, data: tag, success: function(xmlResponse){ var responseArray = []; var response = _extractElements(xmlResponse, arrayResponse); self._success(response); }, error: self._error, complete : function(xhr, statusText){ alert(xhr.status); return null; } }); } When i instantiate a new object, and i use it to load a request, it always return to me error, and status code is 0. Server correctly generates an xml document. Why i can't get a correct 200 code back?

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• Getting a new session key after Facebook offline_access permission

  - by Richard

  I have a mobile application that I'm using with Facebook connect. I'm having trouble getting an offline_access session key after a user has granted extended permissions. Here's the user flow: User goes to my site for the first time I send them to m.facebook.com/tos.php? and pass my api key and secret The user logs in using Facebook connect Facebook returns them to a page in my site, mysite/login-success.php with an auth_token in the query string On mysite/login-success.php I instantiate the FB api client and check to see if I already have an offline_access session key for them: $facebook = new Facebook($appapikey, $appsecret); If they haven't already provided offline_access FB gives me a temporary session key I need to get offline_access permission from the user so I forward them on to www.facebook.com/connect/prompt_permissions.php? and pass offline_access in the querystring. The user authorizes offline_access and get forwarded to mysite/permissions-success.php The problem I'm having is that after instantiating the API client on permissions-success.php the session key I have is still the temporary session key, not a new offline_access session key. The only way I've found to get the offline_access key is to delete all cookies for the user and then have them login again using Facebook connect. A fairly poor user experience. Can anyone shed some light on how to use the Facebook api to generate a new session key even if one already exists (in my case a temporary session key)?

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• iOS5: Confusion with loadview and init and instance variables

  - by user743550

  I'm new to iOS5 and storyboarding. I noticed that if I declare an instance variables inside my viewcontroller .h file and set the values inside my init of .m file of my viewcontroller, whe the view of the viewcontroller is displayed, my instance variables show null inside viewDidLoad. In order for me to get myvariables, I'd need to do [self init] inside viewDidLoad. My questions are: @interface tableViewController : UITableViewController { NSMutableArray *myvariable; } @end @implementation tableViewController -(id)init { myvariable = [[NSMutableArray alloc]initWithObjects:@"Hi2",@"Yo2",@"whatsup2", nil]; } - (void)viewDidLoad { NSLog(@"%@",myvariable); // DISPLAYS NULL [super viewDidLoad]; } Why isn't my variables available in viewdidLoad when I declared and implemented in my .h and .m files? If that's the case, is viewDidLoad or viewWillAppear the common places to load the data for the viewcontroller? It looks like even if you instantiate a viewcontroller, the init function gets called but the viewDidLoad doesn't necessarily have the variables to be displayed. Where's the right place/methods to load the model(data) for my viewcontroller? Thanks in advance

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• NSFILEMANAGER CRASHING IN APP DELEGATE

  - by theiphoneguy

  I have this code in a method called from applicationDidFinishLaunching. It works in the simulator, but crashes on the iPhone. There are about 1,600 2KB mp3 files being copied in this operation. If I try to instantiate the app multiple times, it will eventually copy more each time until the app eventually will start without crashing. I am releasing everything I allocate. I have about 20GB disk space free on the iPhone. If I progressively comment out code and run it on the iPhone, the copyItemAtPath seems to be the suspect. (void)createCopyOfAudioFiles:(BOOL)force { @try { NSError *error; NSString *component; NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0]; NSFileManager *fileManager = [[NSFileManager alloc] init]; NSEnumerator *enumerator = [[[NSBundle mainBundle]pathsForResourcesOfType:@"mp3" inDirectory:nil] objectEnumerator]; while ((component = [enumerator nextObject]) != nil) { NSArray *temp = [component componentsSeparatedByString:@".app/"]; NSString *file = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", [temp objectAtIndex:1]]; NSString *writableAudioPath = [documentsDirectory stringByAppendingPathComponent:file]; BOOL success = [fileManager fileExistsAtPath:writableAudioPath]; if (success &amp;&amp; !force) { continue; } else if (success &amp;&amp; force) { success = [fileManager removeItemAtPath:writableAudioPath error:&amp;error]; } success = [fileManager copyItemAtPath:component toPath:writableAudioPath error:&amp;error]; if (!success) { @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:[error localizedDescription] reason:[error localizedFailureReason] userInfo:nil]; } } [fileManager release]; } @catch (NSException *exception) { NSLog(@"%@", exception); @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:exception.name reason:exception.reason userInfo:nil]; } @finally { } }

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