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  • What is the difference between an Abstract Syntax Tree and a Concrete Syntax Tree?

    - by Jason Baker
    I've been reading a bit about how interpreters/compilers work, and one area where I'm getting confused is the difference between an AST and a CST. My understanding is that the parser makes a CST, hands it to the semantic analyzer which turns it into an AST. However, my understanding is that the semantic analyzer simply ensures that rules are followed. I don't really understand why it would actually make any changes to make it abstract rather than concrete. Is there something that I'm missing about the semantic analyzer, or is the difference between an AST and CST somewhat artificial?

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  • CA1034: Nested types should not be visible

    - by George
    Here's an explanation of the rule that that I am trying to understand. Here's the simplified code that the Code Analyzer was complaining about: Public Class CustomerSpeed Public Enum ProfitTypeEnum As Integer NotSpecified = 0 FlatAmount = 1 PercentOfProfit = 2 End Enum Private _ProfitTypeEnum As ProfitTypeEnum Public Sub New(ByVal profitType As ProfitTypeEnum) _ProfitTypeEnum = profitType End Sub End Class If the enum pertains only to the class, why is it a bad thing to make it a contained type within the class? Seems neater to me... Does anyone know what is meant by the following line?: Nested types include the notion of member accessibility, which some programmers do not understand clearly Using Namespaces to group the Class and Enum doesn't seem like a useful way to resolve this warning, since I would like both the enum to belong to the same parent level as the class name.

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  • How to generate function call graphs for JavaScript?

    - by Jeremy Rudd
    Are there softwares that can generate graphs that show which functions call which functions? I need to analyze JavaScript source code, a language which Doxygen/Graphviz does not support, though it does support C++ and others. If there are no tools that support JavaScript out-of-the-box, is there a way to convert JS to C++ so I can use Doxygen itself?

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  • Best fit curve for trend line

    - by Dave Jarvis
    Problem Constraints Size of the data set, but not the data itself, is known. Data set grows by one data point at a time. Trend line is graphed one data point at a time (using a spline/Bezier curve). Graphs The collage below shows data sets with reasonably accurate trend lines: The graphs are: Upper-left. By hour, with ~24 data points. Upper-right. By day for one year, with ~365 data points. Lower-left. By week for one year, with ~52 data points. Lower-right. By month for one year, with ~12 data points. User Inputs The user can select: the type of time series (hourly, daily, monthly, quarterly, annual); and the start and end dates for the time series. For example, the user could select a daily report for 30 days in June. Trend Weight To calculate the window size (i.e., the number of data points to average when calculating the trend line), the following expression is used: data points / trend weight Where data points is derived from user inputs and trend weight is 6.4. Even though a trend weight of 6.4 produces good fits, it is rather arbitrary, and might not be appropriate for different user inputs. Question How should trend weight be calculated given the constraints of this problem?

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  • Free static checker for C99 code

    - by detly
    I am looking for a free static checker for C99 code (including GCC extensions) with the ability to explicitly say "these preprocessor macros are always defined." I need that last part because I am compiling embedded code for a single target processor. The compiler (Microchip's C32, GCC based) sets a macro based on the selected processor, which is then used in the PIC32 header files to select a processor-specific header file to include. cppcheck therefore fails because it detects the 30 different #ifdefs used to select one of the many possible PIC32 processors, tries to analyse all possible combinations of these plus all other #defines, and fails. For example, if splint could process C99 code, I would use splint -D__PIC32_FEATURE_SET__=460 -D__32MX460F512L__ \ -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -I/path/to/my/includes source.c

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  • Is there any way to find unreferenced code in Flex Builder?

    - by Andrew Aylett
    We've got several Flex projects, one of which has just been refactored. I'm wondering if there's an easy way to tell which classes and functions (if any) aren't being used any more? I've discovered that we've definitely got some unused code, because running ASDoc on the entire project reports some compilation errors which don't get reported by Flex Builder (implying that those classes aren't being used any more). I'm hoping to find a more robust and complete method, and preferably one which can work at function level too.

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  • Which Secure Software Development Practices do you Employ?

    - by Michael Howard-MSFT
    I work on a project known as the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) project at Microsoft (http://microsoft.com/sdl) - in short it's a set of practices that must be used by product groups before they ship products to help improve security. Over the last couple of years, we have published a great deal of SDL documentation, as customers ask for more information about what we're doing. But what I'd like to know is: 1) What are you doing within your organization to help improve the security of your product? 2) What works? What doesn't work? 3) How did you get management to agree to this work? Thanks.

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  • Using FxCop to analyse only the latest changes

    - by ASV
    I am trying to get FxCop to work in a way that it analyses only the incremental changes in the exe/dll that it analyses and not the entire thing as it has anlaysed that part already.... any thoughts how one could achieve this?? ... thanks in advance... Regards, ASV...

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  • DSP - How are frequency amplitudes modified using DFT?

    - by Trap
    I'm trying to implement a DFT-based equalizer (not FFT) for the sole purpose of learning. To check if it works I took an audio signal, analyzed it and then resynthesized it again with no modifications made to the frequency spectrum. So far so good. Now I tried to silence some frequency bands, just by setting their amplitudes to zero before resynthesis, but definitely it's not the way to go. What I get is a rather distorted signal. I'm using the so-called 'standard way of calculating the DFT' which is by correlation. I first tried to modify the real part amplitudes only, then modifying both the real and imaginary part amplitudes. I also tried to convert the DFT output to polar notation, then modifying the magnitude and convert back to rectangular notation, but none of this is working. Can someone show me what I'm doing wrong? I tried to find info on this subject in the internet but couldn't find any. Thanks in advance.

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  • Handling conflicting priorities and expectations in project development

    - by jasonk
    There are any number of situations in the standard day where priority conflicts exist for projects. Management wants maximum productivity from employees. Marketing wants maximum salability and fast turnaround. Ownership wants maximum profit. Customers want usability and low cost. Regardless of the origin of the demands, time and money are always the limiting factor in business. Sometimes project elements have intrinsic or goodwill benefits for which there is not a hard, fast way to measure with monetary means (e.g. arguments for an attractive UI appeal vs. functional but plain). Other elements of software may have a method of providing “mental breaks” or motivating “cool factor” for developers that can get them back on track on other bigger, complex issues. While they may sidetrack the project short term they may have greater results long term through improved job satisfaction, etc. Continued training is a must, but working it in can setup back progress. What are your suggestions for setting priorities? How do you evaluate requests/demands on your projects? What are your suggestions for communicating and passing those on to your team in a way that they stay focused?

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  • How to generate Function caller graphs for other languages?

    - by Jeremy Rudd
    I like the way Doxygen combines with Graphviz dot to generate function caller graphs. I'd like this functionality for other languages as well, apart from the basics that Doxygen supports (C++, C, Java, Objective-C, Python, VHDL, PHP, C#). I'm currently interested in JavaScript, ActionScript 2 and ActionScript 3/Flex but am looking for ways or tools that have a wider language support than Doxygen. Is there any way to get function caller graphs for any other languages?

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  • Enforcing a coding template in the getters of a class in java

    - by Yoav Schwartz
    Hello, I want to make sure all getters of the classes in a certain package follow a given template. For example, all getters must be of the form: XXX getYYY(){ classLock.lock(); return YYY; finally{ classLock.unlock(); } } Basically, I want that my project will not compile/run unless all getters are of that form. What is the best way to do that? I would prefer a solution that can be used as an Eclipse plugin. Thanks, Yoav

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  • The "Why" behind PMD's rules.

    - by James Kingsbery
    Is there a good resource which describes the "why" behind PMD rule sets? PMD's site has the "what" - what each rule does - but it doesn't describe why PMD has that rule and why ignoring that rule can get you in trouble in the real world. In particular, I'm interested in knowing why PMD has the AvoidInstantiatingObjectsInLoops and OnlyOneReturn rules (the first seems necessary if you need to create a new object corresponding to each object in a collection, the second seems like it is a necessity in many cases that return a value based on some criteria). Just to be clear, I know that I can disable these and how to do that, I'm just wondering why they are there in the first place. Sorry if there's something obvious I missed out there, but I did a Google search and SO search before posting this.

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  • Cloud computing?

    - by Shawn H
    I'm an analyst and intermediate programmer working for a consulting company. Sometimes we are doing some intensive computing in Excel which can be frustrating because we have slow computers. My company does not have enough money to buy everyone new computers right now. Is there a cloud computing service that allows me to login to a high performance virtual computer from remote desktop? We are not that technical so preferrably the computer is running Windows and I can run Excel and other applications from this computer. Thanks

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  • Viewing Code Coverage Results outside of Visual studio

    - by Wonchance
    I've got some unit tests, and got some code coverage data. Now, I'd like to be able to view that code coverage data outside of visual studio, say in a web browser. But, when I export the code coverage to an xml file, I can't do anything with it. Are there readers out there for this? Do I have to write an xml parser and then display it how I want it (seems like a waste since visual studio already does this.) Seems kinda silly to have to take a screenshot of my code coverage results as my "report" Suggestions?

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  • Possible typos in ECMAScript 5 specification?

    - by Andy West
    Does anybody know why, at the end of section 7.6 of the ECMA-262, 5th Edition specification, the nonterminals UnicodeLetter, UnicodeCombiningMark, UnicodeDigit, UnicodeconnectorPunctuation, and UnicodeEscapeSequence are not followed by two colons? From section 5.1.6: Nonterminal symbols are shown in italic type. The definition of a nonterminal is introduced by the name of the nonterminal being defined followed by one or more colons. (The number of colons indicates to which grammar the production belongs.) Since lexical productions are distinguished by having two colons, and this is under "Lexical Conventions", I'm assuming that they meant to put the colons in. Does that sound right? Just making sure that these really are nonterminals and they really are part of the lexical grammar. EDIT: I noticed there have been votes to close this. Just to make my case about why this is programming-related, it is relevant to anyone wanting to implement an ECMAScript interpreter.

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  • Calculations in a table of data

    - by Christian W
    I have a table of data with survey results, and I want to do certain calculations on this data. The datastructure is somewhat like this: ____________________________________________________________________________________ | group |individual | key | key | key | | | |subkey|subkey|subkey|subkey|subkey|subkey|subkey|subkey|subkey| | | |q|q|q |q |q |q|q|q |q|q|q |q |q |q|q|q |q|q|q |q |q |q|q|q | |-------|-----------|-|-|--|--|---|-|-|--|-|-|--|--|---|-|-|--|-|-|--|--|---|-|-|--| | 1 | 0001 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | | 1 | 0002 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | | 1 | 0003 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | | 2 | 0004 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | | 2 | 0005 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | | 3 | 0006 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | | 4 | 0007 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 |1|7|5 |1 |3 |1|4|1 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Excuse my poor ascii skills... So, every individual belongs to a group, and has answered some questions. These questions are always grouped in keys and subkeys. Is there any simple method to calculate averages, deviations and similar based on the groupings. Something like public float getAverage(int key, int individual); float avg = getAverage(5,7); I think what I'm asking is what would be the best way to structure the data in C# to make it as easy as possible to work with? I have started making classes for every entity, but I got confused somewhere and something stopped working. So before I continue along this path, I was wondering if there are any other, better, ways of doing this? (Every individual can also have describing variables, like agegroup and such, but that's not important for the base functionality.) Our current solution does all calculations inline in the queries when requesting the data from the database. This works, but it's slow and the number of queries equals questions * individuals + keys * individuals, which could be alot if individual queries. Any suggestions?

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  • What's the best way to view/analyse/filter huge traces/logfiles?

    - by oliver
    this seems to be a reoccurring issue: we receive a bug report for our software and with it tons of traces or logfiles. since finding errors is much easier when having a visualization of the log messages/events over time it is convenient to use a tool that can display the progression of events in a graph etc. (e.g. wireshark (http://www.wireshark.org) for analyzing network traffic) what tool do you use for such a purpose? the problem with most tools i used so far is that they mercilessly break down when you feed them huge data traces ( 1GB) so some criteria for such a tool would be: can deal with huge input files ( 1 GB) is really fast (so you don't have to get coffee while a file is loading) has some sort of filtering mechanism

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  • skeleton in MATLAB

    - by AZIRAR
    The objective of skeletonization is to represent a binary image with a minimum set of pixels. The skeleton must account for geometrical properties of the form and retain associative relationships. My question here is how can i get a skeleton from binary image ?

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  • Methods for content uniqueness calculation on C#

    - by sashaeve
    I have a set of text files. I want to calculate a content uniqueness for different subsets. E.g. we have 10 documents (A1 - A10) and want to calculate the uniqueness for subset of documents A1 and A2. So the result must be some value from 0 to 1 (1 - absolutely unique content, 0 - absolutely dublicated content). What methods for content uniqueness calculation do you know? Please suggest these methods with .NET implementations. Thanks.

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  • How to extract common / significant phrases from a series of text entries

    - by arronsky
    I have a series of text items- raw HTML from a MYSQL database. I want to find the most common phrases in these entries (not the single most common phrase, and ideally, not enforcing word-for-word matching). My example is any review on Yelp.com, that shows 3 snippets from hundreds of reviews of a given restaurant, in the format: "Try the hamburger" (in 44 reviews) e.g., the "Review Highlights" section of this page: http://www.yelp.com/biz/sushi-gen-los-angeles/ I have NLTK installed and I've played around with it a bit, but am honestly overwhelmed by the options. This seems like a rather common problem and I haven't been able to find a straightforward solution by searching here. Thanks in advance for any help.

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  • about Master theorem

    - by matin1234
    Hi this is the link http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~cs251/OldCourses/1997/topic5/ is written that for T(n)<=2n+T(n/3)+T(n/3) the T(n) is not O(n) but with master theorem we can use case 3 and we can say that its T(n) is theta(n) please help me! thanks how can we prove that T(n) is not O(n)

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  • Looking for PCA snippet/source code in C++

    - by jihchuan
    Hi, I'm currently developing a software to compare 2 images. I start with extract the image's RGB values, form a matrix of array and then attempt to compress the values using PCA, and then match/recognize it with a pre-set data to find its similarity. But I can't proceed with the PCA part. (I'm using C++, C also can) If there any library/source code/snippet for it please let me know, or if there're any recommendation on my case also very welcomed!! I'd appreciate your helps!! Thanks! JC, [email protected]

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