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• "Breadcrumbs" for series of hostnames?

  - by Hamy

  Does anyone know of a shell that would show a series of breadcrumbs as I navigate into/out of various servers, like this: Home > Build Machine > Vagrant > Docker-base Hopefully it could auto-detect logging in and out of various boxes and display the hostnames. Perhaps with a simple "no circular links", one could just try and monitor the hostname, but I don't know if there is a shell that can easily act as a 'parent' to the other shells on these various systems so that it can query hostname and/or other item. Any thoughts?

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• What would I need to do to clone a Linux install to another machine?

  - by Marcus Hughes

  Basically, I want to make an image of one Linux install I have, and distribute it over similar (if not identical) spec machines on a network. I know it is possible, however am unsure of what needs to be done before I make the image of the install to ensure it works correctly on all machines. First think I know needs to be done, is remove all interface configuration, as I assume it would just jump to eth1 (and possibly use the same MAC), as it wont locate the network interface it had before, how would I do this so it auto detects and goes to eth0 again? Is there anything else I would need to do to the install before I make its image?

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• Problems to export java home and to find or create .bashrc in Mac OS 10.6

  - by casiopea

  Hello, I need to install a program for my studies and, this program, need java to run. When I try to perform the installation say that cannot find the JDK; since the JDK is already installed by default in mac, the problem is export the java home. I´ve try a lot and I cant do it! I know that I have to add a line in a .bashrc file (or .profile, or .bash_profile) I´ve created all those files, at different times but nothing... I´m a new mac user, but I use Linux too and I dont know what happened, I just need to export java home to perform my work... and is really necessary for me to add environment variables too. Thanks for your help

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• Monitor LSI 3ware raid controller on ESXi

  - by aseq

  This concerns a server that runs ESXi (v. 4.x or 5.x) installed on drives that are configured into a raid10 using an LSI 3ware 97050 raid controller. I would like to know if there is a way to monitor the LSI 3ware series of controllers, in particular the 9750, through ESXi. And to hopefully also run the monitoring daemon LSI provides. I know you can set up a cronjob to execute tw_cli through ssh on the ESXi server. However that's not really ideal. I am not using vcenter by the way. It would be nice to have more than just monitoring working, since the 3ware software has a very useful web client, besides tw_cli.

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• How can I telnet to an IPv6 host using Mac OS X?

  - by Nate

  I’m testing IPv6 on a corporate network and having problems with OS X. With most IPv6 commands, such as telnet -6 or traceroute6, I get the error: connect: No route to host For example, I have a web server. This fails: $ telnet -6 fe80::… 80 # this fails I know the server is reachable because ping6 works (note that I have to use the -I argument): $ ping6 -I en1 fe80::… # this works And I know the web server is running because I can telnet to it from Windows: C:\> telnet fe80::… 80 # this works I suspect there is some configuration flag or command-line argument that I am missing.

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• Active Directory intergration with linux users and zimbra

  - by Juan Diego

  I have the following questions about setting an active directory, that already has users and a domain, (i.e. internaldomain.edu) and real domain (i.e mydomain.edu.), and I have seeing many examples of the integration of AD with linux and usually they have a domain like intranet.mydomain.edu. Should I change "internaldomain.edu" to intranet.mydomain.edu or to mydomain.edu, or I can leave that internaldomain.edu like it is and create another domain. I am a littlebit confused with these, I know one is the windows domain but I dont know if that affects my email users.

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• Cleaning Up Unused Users and Groups (Ubuntu 10.10 Server)

  - by PhpMyCoder

  Hello experts, I'm very much a beginner when it comes to Ubuntu and I've been learning the ropes by diving in and writing a (backend-language independent) web app framework that relies on apache, some clever mod_rewrites, Ubuntu permissions, groups, and users. One thing that really annoys my inner clean-freak is that there are loads of users and groups that are created when Ubuntu is installed that are never used (Or so I think). Since I'm just running a simple web app server, I would like to know: What users/groups can I remove? Since you'll probably ask for it...here's a list of all the users on my box (excluding the ones I know that I need): root daemon bin sys sync man lp mail uucp proxy backup list irc gnats nobody libuuid syslog And a list of all of the groups: root daemon bin sys adm tty disk lp mail uucp man proxy kmem dialout fax voice cdrom floppy tape sudo audio dip backup operator list irc src gnats shadow utmp video sasl plugdev users nogroup libuuid crontab syslog fuse mlocate ssl-cert lpadmin sambashare admin

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• How to set up a software VPN when moving a server to the cloud

  - by Neal L

  I work in a small company with one office in Dallas and another in Los Angeles. We run a Fedora server at our Dallas location and use a Linksys RV042 at each location to create a VPN connection between the sites. Every time the power or internet goes out in Dallas, our server is inaccessible so the entire company goes down. Because of this, we would like to use a shared server in the cloud (something like Linode) to avoid this problem. As a relative novice to VPN configurations, I would like to know if it is possible to set up a software VPN on the cloud server and connect our local networks in Dallas and LA to that VPN. I've read about openvpn and ssh vpns, but I don't know it is the best option. Could anyone with some experience point me in the right direction on the right combination of software VPN and hardware for this? We're open to new hardware to make this happen. Thanks!

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• Turn off the Linux OOM killer by default?

  - by Peter Eisentraut

  The OOM killer on Linux wreaks havoc with various applications every so often, and it appears that not much is really done on the kernel development side to improve this. Would it not be better, as a best practice when setting up a new server, to reverse the default on the memory overcommitting, that is, turn it off (vm.overcommit_memory=2) unless you know you want it on for your particular use? And what would those use cases be where you know you want the overcommitting on? As a bonus, since the behavior in case of vm.overcommit_memory=2 depends on vm.overcommit_ratio and swap space, what would be a good rule of thumb for sizing the latter two so that this whole setup keeps working reasonably?

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• Copying files SSH vs sFTP

  - by jackquack

  I'm a bit of a unix noob, but this question seems super basic, yet I can't find an answer anywhere. Basically, to my knowledge, sFTP is just FTP over ssh. So, why can't I drag and drop files from one folder to another on the server side like I can on ssh. Why when I want to unzip a .tar in a server folder, does it first want to copy it to my machine and then back? Why can't it just unzip like it can when I'm using the command line. I know that when I use the command line it is using the resources of the remote machine, but why can't sFTP do that too? Is there a way to execute commands which I would normally do over SSH, but in a gui? I'm tried mapping to the drive to my own machine, I've tried so many sFTP clients that it's silly. Is there another class of program that I just don't know of?

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• Win 7 Privilege Level (Run as administrator) via GP or command line

  - by FinalizedFrustration

  Is there a way to set the Privilege Level for legacy software via group policy or on the command line? I have some legacy software, which we unfortunately cannot move away from. This software requires administrator access. I know I can go into the Properties dialog and check "Run this program as an administrator" on every single instance on every single one of my workstations, but that gets old after the 30th install. If I had my way, we would dump this software, find some software that did what we needed, was fully compliant with Win7 security best-practices and give everyone limited user accounts... However, I am not the boss, so everyone gets administrator accounts. Given that, I suppose I could just tell everyone to open the context menu and choose "Run as administrator", but we have some very, very, VERY low-tech users, and half of them might just choose "Delete" instead. Anyone know of a way to set this option on the command line? or better yet, through Group Policy?

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• HD Video Capture Card w/ Good API?

  - by Sheep Slapper

  Does anyone here know of a good HD video capture card that has a good (comprehensive) API? I administer a few servers that do some video encoding right now, but when we make the switch to HD cameras, they won't be sufficient. In addition to this, the servers we have now are black boxes, closed to me except to start/stop the video capture device. I'd like to be able to roll my own, so we can better integrate it with our existing systems, but I know almost nothing about what kind of HD capture cards are out there, and if I can avoid spending money just to test their APIs that would rock. So does anyone have any experience with this? All our other software is in C#, and I'd like to set up the new servers with web interfaces to start/stop the capture (also in C#, using .NET 3.5 probably). I'm not sure how language specific these APIs would be, but that's what I'm working with just as a reference point. I appreciate any help the community can give!

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• Sonicwall with failover, multiple subnets, and preferred WAN interface per subnet

  - by Dan

  I am trying to set up my Sonicwall TZ-210 as follows: Two WAN interfaces (different ISPs), set up in failover mode. Two LAN interfaces with different subnets Each LAN subnet will have a preferred outbound WAN interface, but would failover when necessary. In this way, each ISP is being used for a separate subnet of my network, but both subnets could failover to the other ISP if their primary went down. I know how to do 1 and 2, but I don't know how to do 3. I could set up a route for each subnet to go through a specific interface, but what would happen in the event of a failover? Would it automatically update those routes? Thanks!

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• Used HDD/ran DiskSmartView/40,000 Power-on-hours?? should i trust it w/ my data, or take it back and bitch?

  - by David Lindsay

  I just bought a used hard drive from a University Surplus Store. Decided to run DiskSmartView to make sure it wasn't ready to fail. 40,000 power-on-hours I don't know if I feel like trusting my data to something that used. I really dont know if thats unreasonably old, but when i compare it to the POH reading i get when testing my other hdds its more than 3x older (my others have 2110 hours, 6150 hours, etc.. It's a Western Digital, so that gives me a little bit of hope(WDC WD4000KD-00NAB0). I could sure use someone else's opinion here. Thanks, DAVE

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• Proxy via Telnet

  - by Vreality2007

  I know telnet is insecure and all, but I'm stuck using it because ssh is blocked. I know how to setup ssh to bind the connection to a local port, is there a way to do this with telnet? For example, if I am using an ssh connection, I would bind it to port 999 like this: ssh -D 999 [email protected] -N -C I've tried using the -b command in linux, but to no avail. Is this even possible? This is what I've tried: telnet host.com -b 999 I'm sorry if the answer is obvious, but I've done a lot of research and testing and I can't seem to figure this out. NOTE: I plan on telling the admin if I can find a way to get this to work, this is based off of simple curiosity and not malicious intent. If I can't bind a telnet port, is there a way to tunnel an ssh connection through telnet?

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• How to correctly partition usb flash drive and which filesystem to choose considering wear leveling?

  - by random1

  Two problems. First one: how to partition the flash drive? I shouldn't need to do this, but I'm no longer sure if my partition is properly aligned since I was forced to delete and create a new partition table after gparted complained when I tried to format the drive from FAT to ext4. The naive answer would be to say "just use default and everything is going to be alright". However if you read the following links you'll know things are not that simple: https://lwn.net/Articles/428584/ and http://linux-howto-guide.blogspot.com/2009/10/increase-usb-flash-drive-write-speed.html Then there is also the issue of cylinders, heads and sectors. Currently I get this: $sfdisk -l -uM /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 30147 cylinders, 64 heads, 32 sectors/track Warning: The partition table looks like it was made for C/H/S=*/255/63 (instead of 30147/64/32). For this listing I'll assume that geometry. Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 1 30146 30146 30869504 83 Linux $fdisk -l /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 31.6 GB, 31611420672 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3843 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00010c28 So from my current understanding I should align partitions at 4 MiB (currently it's at 1 MiB). But I still don't know how to set the heads and sectors properly for my device. Second problem: file system. From the benchmarks I saw ext4 provides the best performance, however there is the issue of wear leveling. How can I know that my Transcend JetFlash 700's microcontroller provides for wear leveling? Or will I just be killing my drive faster? I've seen a lot of posts on the web saying don't worry the newer drives already take care of that. But I've never seen a single piece of backed evidence of that and at some point people start mixing SSD with USB flash drives technology. The safe option would be to go for ext2, however a serious of tests that I performed showed horrible performance!!! These values are from a real scenario and not some synthetic test: 42 files: 3,429,415,284 bytes copied to flash drive original fat32: 15.1 MiB/s ext4 after new partition table: 10.2 MiB/s ext2 after new partition table: 1.9 MiB/s Please read the links that I posted above before answering. I would also be interested in answers backed up with some references because a lot is said and re-said but then it lacks facts. Thank you for the help.

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• Aspect Ratio on Nero 9 for burning DVD

  - by Tara

  I am currently attempting to burn a screen capture file to DVD. I will admit that I know very little about the process, the terminology, and am at a loss of how to find this information. I am using Nero 9 and am very displeased that the manuals available to me online explain very little. My current problem is that when I burn to DVD, my beautiful screen capture ends up being cropped. Through endless amounts of googling I am under the impression that this is due to aspect ratio. However, as windows will not tell me the resolution size for me to determine the correct aspect ratio I do not know how to proceed. Is there a way using Nero 9 for me to be able to burn my screen capture to DVD? Any advice or suggestions are appreciated.

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• Linux - Imaging backup solution?

  - by xperator

  I want to know is there a way to make a snapshot-like backup of a linux system into a single file and restore it in another system ? You know in windows there are programs which makes a copy of a drive (like C:\ ) into a single image file. So you can restore this file later incase you are infected or something happens. Every time I want to migrate my vps into another host, I have to setup the new server from scratch and move the files manually. Can I just make a snapshot backup of the whole system and restore it somewhere else (or on the same server) ? I am not familiar with linux and I have no idea if this is technically possible or not ? Does the paritions, configs, system files,etc... are individual for each system ? I heard about rsync, but that's not what I am looking for.

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• What's the largest message size modern email systems generally support?

  - by Phil Hollenback

  I know that Yahoo and Google mail support 25MB email attachments. I have an idea from somewhere that 10MB email messages are generally supported by modern email systems. So if I'm sending an email between two arbitrary users on the internet, what's the safe upper bound on message size? 1MB? 10MB? 25MB? I know that one answer is 'don't send big emails, use some sort of drop box'. I'm looking for a guideline if you are limited to only using regular smtp email.

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• Fixing corrupt AVG vault? All files in USB drive are locked out.

  - by Kelsey

  I was doing a virus scan on an external USB drive and while AVG was scanning my system got locked up and required a reboot. Since that time all data on the external drive is no longer accessible. I can see all the files in the root and directorys but I cannot browse into any of them as Windows 7 gives an error stating they are corrupt. If I show hidden files there is a hidden AVG directory that I know was not there to begin with and I am assuming it is some type of vault to protect files while being scanned. Well not the entire drives contents are unaccessible because I think whatever does the managing of the scan failed during the roobt and left the headers or something in a corrupt state. Does anyone know how to 'unlock' or recover this data? Luckily I can recover this data from other sources as a last resort but I would like to fix this if possible. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks.

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• sudoers file cleanup and consolidation tool/script

  - by Prashanth Sundaram

  Hello All, I am curious to know what other folks out there might be using to keep the sudoers file in a sane manner. I am looking for a tool, that removes redundant entries, overlapping permissions and/or present sudoers file in a organized way(like sorting by permissions/users/Aliases) User_Alias RT1123 jappleseed, sjobs Host_Alias HOST_RT1123 wdc101.domain.com, wdc104.domain.com Cmnd_Alias ..... Our sudoers file is simple but a lot of entries and it needs to be cleaned up. Does anyone know/have a tool/script to fix/present it ? Thanks!

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• sudoers file cleanup and consolidation tool/script

  - by Prashanth Sundaram

  Hello All, I am curious to know what other folks out there might be using to keep the sudoers file in a sane manner. I am looking for a tool, that removes redundant entries, overlapping permissions and/or present sudoers file in a organized way(like sorting by permissions/users/Aliases). I use SVN and Confi Mgmt. tool to version control and deploy resp. Is there any add-on/plugin you would recommend/use? User_Alias RT1123 jappleseed, sjobs Host_Alias HOST_RT1123 wdc101.domain.com, wdc104.domain.com Cmnd_Alias ..... Our sudoers file is simple but a lot of entries and it needs to be cleaned up. Does anyone know/have a tool/script to fix/present it ? Thanks!

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• order of operations for environment variables

  - by alyda

  I want to understand how environment variables are set and reset (overridden). I'm running Apache/2.2.24 (Unix) PHP/5.4.14 on a mac . My theory is this: Environment vars can be set in bash, then they can be overwritten with httpd.conf preceding a VirtualHost directive that precedes php.ini, which can then be overwritten by .htaccess (if allowable) and finally by PHP I tried the following: setting environment variable in bash: I added export ENVIRONMENT='local' to my ~/.bashrc file, restarted apache and did not get any output from print_r($_ENV); (in a simple index.php file at the root of my webserver). I also tried putting ENVIRONMENT='local' into /etc/environment, and restarting apache, nothing, as well as /etc/bashrc, restart apache. still nothing. setting environment variable in httpd.conf: I added SetEnv ENVIRONMENT 'local-httpd to the end of my /etc/apache2/httpd.conf file (but before I load other conf files, such as virtual host [Include /private/etc/apache2/other/*.conf]). I now see the variable in the array print_r($_SERVER); but not print_r($_ENV);. setting environment variable in httpd-vhosts.conf: I added SetEnv ENVIRONMENT 'local-vhost to my /etc/apache2/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf file in my generic directive that points to my default document root. I now see the variable has been overwritten (to local-vhost from local-httpd, so I know where the variable is getting set). setting environment variable in php.ini: while searching for a proper place to put my environment variable, I noticed that variables_order = "GPCS" was set to the production value rather than EGPCS. I changed it, restarted my server and found that I was now getting output for print_r($_ENV); but not my expected custom variable. It also appears that I am not able to set a custom variable in this file. Please tell me if I am wrong setting environment variable in .htaccess: I added SetEnv ENVIRONMENT 'local-htaccess'. This worked as expected, overwriting all other values that were set. setting / overwriting environment variable in PHP: if (...) { putenv('ENVIRONMENT=local'); } I'm asking this question because I have a lot of local and remote testing servers, some of which may or may not allow me access to modify httpd, httpd-vhost, php.ini or environment variables. I want to understand what is best for those difference scenarios (shared hosting, heroku, local servers, etc) I obviously don't know how to properly set the environment variable in bash in a way that php can use it, I'd like to know how to do that (as I think Heroku does something similar with heroku config set...)

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• What am I doing wrong with this cat 6 patch panel wiring?

  - by Max Hodges

  top number is transmitter bottom number is remote terminator 12345678 36145278 is this because I could be mixing T568A and T568B wiring? how do I know if my patch cord is A or B? Do I just look at the plug and match it up with the diagram on the back of the panel somehow? EDIT I read that 36145278 indicates a cross over cable, but I'm not trying to make a cross over. Where did I go wrong? I'm guessing the cable plug is T568A but I wired it to the panel using T568B. So I need to redo it as T568A. But in the future how do I know if I cable is A or B? Cheers!

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• What is a normal value for pages/sec on a Windows Server 2003 Web Server?

  - by Emil Lerch

  I know the answer to this is "it depends", and I know that the counter can and will be thrown off by backup jobs or other things that might use memory mapped files. I'd like to get a bit of clarity over exactly what "it depends" on and some general guidelines around what a healthy web server normally shows for this counter. So if activities regarding memory-mapped files are excluded, if I have ample amounts of memory, should I really see this down close to 0? When should I get suspicious that I might need additional RAM and/or start looking for application memory leaks?

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