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  • What are the differences between abstract classes, interfaces, and when to use them

    - by user66662
    Recently I have started to wrap my head around OOP, and I am now to the point where the more I read about the differences between Abstract classes and Interfaces the more confused I become. So far, neither can be instantiated. Interfaces are more or less structural blueprints that determine the skeleton and abstracts are different by being able to partially develop code. I would like to learn more about these through my specific situation. Here is a link to my first question if you would like a little more background information: What is a good design model for my new class? Here are two classes I created: class Ad { $title; $description $price; function get_data($website){ } function validate_price(){ } } class calendar_event { $title; $description $start_date; function get_data($website){ //guts } function validate_dates(){ //guts } } So, as you can see these classes are almost identical. Not shown here, but there are other functions, like get_zip(), save_to_database() that are common across my classes. I have also added other classes Cars and Pets which have all the common methods and of course properties specific to those objects (mileage, weight, for example). Now I have violated the DRY principle and I am managing and changing the same code across multiple files. I intend on having more classes like boats, horses, or whatever. So is this where I would use an interface or abstract class? From what I understand about abstract classes I would use a super class as a template with all of the common elements built into the abstract class, and then add only the items specifically needed in future classes. For example: abstract class content { $title; $description function get_data($website){ } function common_function2() { } function common_function3() { } } class calendar_event extends content { $start_date; function validate_dates(){ } } Or would I use an interface and, because these are so similar, create a structure that each of the subclasses are forced to use for integrity reasons, and leave it up to the end developer who fleshes out that class to be responsible for each of the details of even the common functions. my thinking there is that some 'common' functions may need to be tweaked in the future for the needs of their specific class. Despite all that above, if you believe I am misunderstanding the what and why of abstracts and interfaces altogether, by all means let a valid answer to be stop thinking in this direction and suggest the proper way to move forward! Thanks!

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  • Which languages support *recursive* function literals / anonymous functions?

    - by Hugh Allen
    It seems quite a few mainstream languages support function literals these days. They are also called anonymous functions, but I don't care if they have a name. The important thing is that a function literal is an expression which yields a function which hasn't already been defined elsewhere, so for example in C, &printf doesn't count. EDIT to add: if you have a genuine function literal expression <exp>, you should be able to pass it to a function f(<exp>) or immediately apply it to an argument, ie. <exp>(5). I'm curious which languages let you write function literals which are recursive. Wikipedia's "anonymous recursion" article doesn't give any programming examples. Let's use the recursive factorial function as the example. Here are the ones I know: JavaScript / ECMAScript can do it with callee: function(n){if (n<2) {return 1;} else {return n * arguments.callee(n-1);}} it's easy in languages with letrec, eg Haskell (which calls it let): let fac x = if x<2 then 1 else fac (x-1) * x in fac and there are equivalents in Lisp and Scheme. Note that the binding of fac is local to the expression, so the whole expression is in fact an anonymous function. Are there any others?

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  • how to pass an id number string to this class

    - by Phil
    I'm very much a vb person, but have had to use this id number class in c#. I got it from http://www.codingsanity.com/idnumber.htm : using System; using System.Text.RegularExpressions; namespace Utilities.SouthAfrica { /// <summary> /// Represents a South African Identity Number. /// valid number = 7707215230080 /// invalid test number = 1234567891234 /// /// </summary> [Serializable()] public class IdentityNumber { #region Enumerations /// <summary> /// Indicates a gender. /// </summary> public enum PersonGender { Female = 0, Male = 5 } public enum PersonCitizenship { SouthAfrican = 0, Foreign = 1 } #endregion #region Declarations static Regex _expression; Match _match; const string _IDExpression = @"(?<Year>[0-9][0-9])(?<Month>([0][1-9])|([1][0-2]))(?<Day>([0-2][0-9])|([3][0-1]))(?<Gender>[0-9])(?<Series>[0-9]{3})(?<Citizenship>[0-9])(?<Uniform>[0-9])(?<Control>[0-9])"; #endregion #region Constuctors /// <summary> /// Sets up the shared objects for ID validation. /// </summary> static IdentityNumber() { _expression = new Regex(_IDExpression, RegexOptions.Compiled | RegexOptions.Singleline); } /// <summary> /// Creates the ID number from a string. /// </summary> /// <param name="IDNumber">The string ID number.</param> public IdentityNumber(string IDNumber) { _match = _expression.Match(IDNumber.Trim()); } #endregion #region Properties /// <summary> /// Indicates the date of birth encoded in the ID Number. /// </summary> /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">Thrown if the ID Number is not usable.</exception> public DateTime DateOfBirth { get { if(IsUsable == false) { throw new ArgumentException("ID Number is unusable!", "IDNumber"); } int year = int.Parse(_match.Groups["Year"].Value); // NOTE: Do not optimize by moving these to static, otherwise the calculation may be incorrect // over year changes, especially century changes. int currentCentury = int.Parse(DateTime.Now.Year.ToString().Substring(0, 2) + "00"); int lastCentury = currentCentury - 100; int currentYear = int.Parse(DateTime.Now.Year.ToString().Substring(2, 2)); // If the year is after or at the current YY, then add last century to it, otherwise add // this century. // TODO: YY -> YYYY logic needs thinking about if(year > currentYear) { year += lastCentury; } else { year += currentCentury; } return new DateTime(year, int.Parse(_match.Groups["Month"].Value), int.Parse(_match.Groups["Day"].Value)); } } /// <summary> /// Indicates the gender for the ID number. /// </summary> /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">Thrown if the ID Number is not usable.</exception> public PersonGender Gender { get { if(IsUsable == false) { throw new ArgumentException("ID Number is unusable!", "IDNumber"); } int gender = int.Parse(_match.Groups["Gender"].Value); if(gender < (int) PersonGender.Male) { return PersonGender.Female; } else { return PersonGender.Male; } } } /// <summary> /// Indicates the citizenship for the ID number. /// </summary> /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">Thrown if the ID Number is not usable.</exception> public PersonCitizenship Citizenship { get { if(IsUsable == false) { throw new ArgumentException("ID Number is unusable!", "IDNumber"); } return (PersonCitizenship) Enum.Parse(typeof(PersonCitizenship), _match.Groups["Citizenship"].Value); } } /// <summary> /// Indicates if the IDNumber is usable or not. /// </summary> public bool IsUsable { get { return _match.Success; } } /// <summary> /// Indicates if the IDNumber is valid or not. /// </summary> public bool IsValid { get { if(IsUsable == true) { // Calculate total A by adding the figures in the odd positions i.e. the first, third, fifth, // seventh, ninth and eleventh digits. int a = int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(0, 1)) + int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(2, 1)) + int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(4, 1)) + int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(6, 1)) + int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(8, 1)) + int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(10, 1)); // Calculate total B by taking the even figures of the number as a whole number, and then // multiplying that number by 2, and then add the individual figures together. int b = int.Parse(_match.Value.Substring(1, 1) + _match.Value.Substring(3, 1) + _match.Value.Substring(5, 1) + _match.Value.Substring(7, 1) + _match.Value.Substring(9, 1) + _match.Value.Substring(11, 1)); b *= 2; string bString = b.ToString(); b = 0; for(int index = 0; index < bString.Length; index++) { b += int.Parse(bString.Substring(index, 1)); } // Calculate total C by adding total A to total B. int c = a + b; // The control-figure can now be determined by subtracting the ones in figure C from 10. string cString = c.ToString() ; cString = cString.Substring(cString.Length - 1, 1) ; int control = 0; // Where the total C is a multiple of 10, the control figure will be 0. if(cString != "0") { control = 10 - int.Parse(cString.Substring(cString.Length - 1, 1)); } if(_match.Groups["Control"].Value == control.ToString()) { return true; } } return false; } } #endregion } } Here is the code from my default.aspx.cs page: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using Utilities.Southafrica; <- this is the one i added to public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { var someNumber = new IdentityNumber("123456"); <- gives error } } Can someone please tell the syntax for how I pass an id number to the class? Thanks

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  • Map Literals to Object Properties/Values

    - by vijay
    For eg, my input XML is look like this. <root> <myelemt> <input type="variable"> <variable>STARTDATE</variable> <variable>CUSTOMERNAME</variable> </input> </myelemt> </root> it is deserialized and loaded into the object MyXmlElemtObj in my code i have written like this, if(MyXmlElemtObj.input.variable.ToUpper() == "STARTDATE") ProcessObjectB(ObjectA.OrderDate); if(MyXmlElemtObj.input.variable.ToUpper() == "CUSTOMERNAME") ProcessObjectB(ObjectC.UserName); Here I am mapping those input literals to some objects value. The one thing that scares me is seeing some ** hard-coded literals** all over my code. Instead i would like to write something like ProcessObjectB(Common.GetMappedvalue(MyXmlElemtObj.input.variable)); Is there a way to isolate this mapping thing to common class, where i will predefine which literal is mapped to which values. The problem is the values are of objects created at the run time. If my question is making sense then So how do i achieve this? I think i have given all the necessary details. if anything is missing please metnion. Thx Much.

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  • Changes to data inside class not being shown when accessed from outside class.

    - by Hypatia
    I have two classes, Car and Person. Car has as one of its members an instance of Person, driver. I want to move a car, while keeping track of its location, and also move the driver inside the car and get its location. However, while this works from inside the class (I have printed out the values as they are calculated), when I try to access the data from main, there's nothing there. I.e. the array position[] ends up empty. I am wondering if there is something wrong with the way I have set up the classes -- could it be a problem of the scope of the object? I have tried simplifying the code so that I only give what is necessary. Hopefully that covers everything that you would need to see. The constructer Car() fills the offset array of driver with nonzero values. class Car{ public: Container(float=0,float=0,float=0); ~Container(); void move(float); void getPosition(float[]); void getDriverPosition(float[]); private: float position[3]; Person driver; float heading; float velocity; }; class Person{ public: Person(float=0,float=0,float=0); ~Person(); void setOffset(float=0,float=0,float=0); void setPosition(float=0,float=0,float=0); void getOffset(float[]); void getPosition(float[]); private: float position[3]; float offset[3]; }; Some of the functions: void Car::move(float time){ float distance = velocity*time; location[0] += distance*cos(PI/2 - heading); location[1] += distance*sin(PI/2 - heading); float driverLocation [3]; float offset[3]; driver->getOffset(offset); for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){ driverLocation[i] = offset[i] + location[i]; } } void Car::getDriverPosition(float p[]){ driver.getPosition(p); } void Person::getPosition(float p[]){ for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){ p[i] = position[i]; } } void Person::getOffset(float o[]){ for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){ o[i] = offset[i]; } } In Main: Car * car = new Car(); car->move(); float p[3]; car->getDriverPosition(p); When I print driverLocation[] inside the move() function, I have actual nonzero values. When I print p[] inside main, all I get are zeros.

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  • how to access class and its functions from another class

    - by vbNewbie
    This is my first major application using multiple classes. It is written in vb and I know about creating objects of the class and using that instance to call functions of the class. But how do I create an object with constructors to allow another program written in C# to access my classes and functions and accept things from the program. Hope this makes sense.

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  • Prototype Add Class to Class

    - by a1anm
    I have a few div's like this in my page: <div class="listing-type-list catalog-listing"> I would like to append a class to the div when I hover over it then remove it when I mouseout? How can this be done with prototype?

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  • Put Java Threading Class into a separate class

    - by erlord
    Consider following SWT code example: http://dev.eclipse.org/viewcvs/index.cgi/org.eclipse.swt.snippets/src/org/eclipse/swt/snippets/Snippet151.java?view=co How can I separate the inline defined class? Thread thread = new Thread() { public void run() { ... } }; I want to define a separate class which updates the table just like it does here. How do I pass the list back to the table? Example code?

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  • C# class type - How to determine whether it is a standard .net framework class

    - by HorstWalter
    C# / .net framework What is the most reliable way to determine whether a class (type) is a class provided by the .net framework and not any of my classes or 3rd party library classes. I have tested some approaches The namespace, e.g. starting with "System." The Codebase of the assembly, where the dll is located All this "feels" a little clumsy though it works. Question: What is the easiest and most reliable way to determine this?

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  • ActionScript 3 - access variables in main application class from instantiated class

    - by Herter
    I have a initApp.as which instantiates a class which needs to access the "currentState" property and the States array as well. However we cannot get this to work as we cannot see how we can access this information. Within initApp.as currentState is accessed via "this.currentState". This does not work in the class which is instatiated within initApp.as. The following error is thrown: "Access of undefined property currentState." Anyone know how this can be solved?

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  • EmguCV: Can't find ColorType abstract class

    - by roverred
    EmguCV ColorType wiki I'm trying to create a ColorType abstract class variable but it says the type or namespace does not exist. However I have access to the classes that extend it. I also tried adding all Emgu.CV libraries and have all the references and .dll files in the bin folder. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.Drawing; using Emgu.CV; using Emgu.CV.Util; using Emgu.CV.GPU; using Emgu.CV.ML; using Emgu.CV.OCR; using Emgu.CV.OpenCL; using Emgu.CV.Stitching; using Emgu.CV.VideoStab; using Emgu.CV.Structure; using Emgu.CV.UI; using Emgu.CV.CvEnum; namespace mySpace { class foo { private ColorType the color; //invalid can't find ColorType private ColorType myColor = new Gray(); //invalid } } Any ideas? Thanks for any help.

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  • F# Class with Generics : 'constructor deprecated' error

    - by akaphenom
    I am trying to create a a class that will store a time series of data - organized by groups, but I had some compile errors so I stripped down to the basics (just a simple instantiation) and still can't overcome the compile error. I was hoping some one may have seen this issue before. Clas is defined as: type TimeSeriesQueue<'V, 'K when 'K: comparison> = class val private m_daysInCache: int val private m_cache: Map<'K, 'V list ref > ref; val private m_getKey: ('V -> 'K) ; private new(getKey) = { m_cache = ref Map.empty m_daysInCache = 7 ; m_getKey = getKey ; } end So that looks OK to me (it may not be, but doesnt have any errors or warnings) - the instantiation gets the error: type tempRec = { someKey: string ; someVal1: int ; someVal2: int ; } let keyFunc r:tempRec = r.someKey // error occurs on the following line let q = new TimeSeriesQueue<tempRec, string> keyFunc This construct is deprecated: The use of the type syntax 'int C' and 'C ' is not permitted here. Consider adjusting this type to be written in the form 'C' NOTE This may be simple stupidity - I am just getting back from holiday and my brain is still on time zone lag...

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  • IList<Item> Collection Class accessing database

    - by Mike
    Hi, I have a database with Users. Users have Items. These Items can change actively. How do you access the items in a collection type format? For the user, I fill all the user properties at the time of instantiation. If I load the user's items at the time of the instantiation, and the items change, they will have old data. I was thinking, maybe I need an ItemCollection class and have that a field/property apart of the user class, that way to traverse all the user's items I could use a foreach loop. So, my question is, what is the best practice/best way of accessing the items from a database using some sort of collection? On accessing the particular Item, it needs to get the latest database information, and when the user does do a foreach loop, the latest item information must be available. I.e. What I'm trying to do Console.WriteLine(User.Items[3].ID); returns 5. //this updates the item information and saves it to the database. User.Items[3].ID = 13; //Add a new item to the database. User.Items.Add(new Item { id = 17}); foreach (Item item in User.Items) { //this would traverse all items in the database. //not some cached copy at the time of instantiation of the user. }

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  • Can operator<< in derived class call another operator<< in base class in c++?

    - by ivory
    In my code, Manager is derived from Employee and each of them have an operator<< override. class Employee{ protected: int salary; int rank; public: int getSalary()const{return salary;} int getRank()const{return rank;} Employee(int s, int r):salary(s), rank(r){}; }; ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, Employee& e){ out << "Salary: " << e.getSalary() << " Rank: " << e.getRank() << endl; return out; } class Manager: public Employee{ public: Manager(int s, int r): Employee(s, r){}; }; ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, Manager& m){ out << "Manager: "; cout << (Employee)m << endl; //can not compile, how to call function of Employee? return out; } I hoped cout << (Employee)m << endl; would call ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, Employee& e), but it failed.

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  • Jquery class changing works, but doesn't effect another function like it should

    - by Qwibble
    So I have content boxes that close and expand when you click an arrow. The content box has two classes for telling whether it is open or closed (.box_open, .box_closed). A hover function is assigned to box_open so when it is open and you hover over the header, the arrow appears. However, I don't want this to happen when the box is closed, as I want to arrow to remain visible when the box is closed. When the box closes, the box_open class is removed, but the function assigned to that class still works. Here's the jquery code for the two functions. You can also see them in the head of the demo below. // Display Arrow on Box Header Hover $(".box_open").hover( function () { $(this).find('a').show(); }, function () { $(this).find('a').hide(); } ); // Open and Close Boxes: $(".box_header a").click( function () { $(this).parent().next('.box_border').stop().toggle(); $(this).parent().toggleClass("box_open"); $(this).parent().toggleClass("box_closed"); return false; } ); Can anyone take a look at what the problem is? Here's the demo url: Demo Url

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  • Passing Derived Class Instances as void* to Generic Callbacks in C++

    - by Matthew Iselin
    This is a bit of an involved problem, so I'll do the best I can to explain what's going on. If I miss something, please tell me so I can clarify. We have a callback system where on one side a module or application provides a "Service" and clients can perform actions with this Service (A very rudimentary IPC, basically). For future reference let's say we have some definitions like so: typedef int (*callback)(void*); // This is NOT in our code, but makes explaining easier. installCallback(string serviceName, callback cb); // Really handled by a proper management system sendMessage(string serviceName, void* arg); // arg = value to pass to callback This works fine for basic types such as structs or builtins. We have an MI structure a bit like this: Device <- Disk <- MyDiskProvider class Disk : public virtual Device class MyDiskProvider : public Disk The provider may be anything from a hardware driver to a bit of glue that handles disk images. The point is that classes inherit Disk. We have a "service" which is to be notified of all new Disks in the system, and this is where things unravel: void diskHandler(void *p) { Disk *pDisk = reinterpret_cast<Disk*>(p); // Uh oh! // Remainder is not important } SomeDiskProvider::initialise() { // Probe hardware, whatever... // Tell the disk system we're here! sendMessage("disk-handler", reinterpret_cast<void*>(this)); // Uh oh! } The problem is, SomeDiskProvider inherits Disk, but the callback handler can't receive that type (as the callback function pointer must be generic). Could RTTI and templates help here? Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Qt 101: Why can't I use this class?

    - by Airjoe
    I have experience with C++ but I've never really used Qt before. I'm trying to connect to a SQLite database, so I found a tutorial here and am going with that. In the QtCreator IDE, I went to Add New -- C++ Class and in the header file pasted in the header the header from that link and in the .cpp file I pasted the source. My main.cpp looks like this: #include <QtGui/QApplication> #include "mainwindow.h" #include "databasemanager.h" #include <qlabel.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QApplication a(argc, argv); MainWindow w; w.show(); DatabaseManager db(); QLabel hello("nothing..."); if(db.openDB()){ hello.setText("Win!"); } else{ hello.setText("Lame!"); } hello.resize(100, 30); hello.show(); return a.exec(); } And I'm getting this error: main.cpp:13: error: request for member 'openDB' in 'db', which is of non-class type 'DatabaseManager()' Can anyone point me in the right direction? I know "copypaste" code isn't good, I just wanted to see if I could get DB connectivity working and I figured something like this would be simple... thanks for the help.

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  • Accessing bitmap array in another class? C#

    - by Marius Mathisen
    I have this array : Bitmap[] bildeListe = new Bitmap[21]; bildeListe[0] = Properties.Resources.ål; bildeListe[1] = Properties.Resources.ant; bildeListe[2] = Properties.Resources.bird; bildeListe[3] = Properties.Resources.bear; bildeListe[4] = Properties.Resources.butterfly; bildeListe[5] = Properties.Resources.cat; bildeListe[6] = Properties.Resources.chicken; bildeListe[7] = Properties.Resources.dog; bildeListe[8] = Properties.Resources.elephant; bildeListe[9] = Properties.Resources.fish; bildeListe[10] = Properties.Resources.goat; bildeListe[11] = Properties.Resources.horse; bildeListe[12] = Properties.Resources.ladybug; bildeListe[13] = Properties.Resources.lion; bildeListe[14] = Properties.Resources.moose; bildeListe[15] = Properties.Resources.polarbear; bildeListe[16] = Properties.Resources.reke; bildeListe[17] = Properties.Resources.sheep; bildeListe[18] = Properties.Resources.snake; bildeListe[19] = Properties.Resources.spider; bildeListe[20] = Properties.Resources.turtle; I want that array and it´s content in a diffenrent class, and access it from my main form. I don´t know if should use method, function or what to use with arrays. Are there some good way for me to access for instanse bildeListe[0] in my new class?

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