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  • iBatis how to solve a more complex N+1 problem

    - by Alvin
    I have a database that is similar to the following: create table Store(storeId) create table Staff(storeId_fk, staff_id, staffName) create table Item(storeId_fk, itme_id, itemName) The Store table is large. And I have create the following java bean public class Store { List<Staff> myStaff List<Item> myItem .... } public class Staff { ... } public class Item { ... } My question is how can I use iBatis's result map to EFFICIENTLY map from the tables to the java object? I tried: <resultMap id="storemap" class="my.example.Store"> <result property="myStaff" resultMap="staffMap"/> <result property="myItem" result="itemMap"/> </resultMap> (other maps omitted) But it's way too slow since the Store table is VERY VERY large. I tried to follow the example in Clinton's developer guide for the N+1 solution, but I cannot warp my mind around how to use the "groupBy" for an object with 2 list... Any help is appreciated!

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  • Rails ActiveRecord friendly code from a Complex Join, Sum, and Group query

    - by Chad M
    PROBLEM Hello, I am having no luck trying to break down this SQL statement into ActiveRecord/Rails friendly code and I'd like to learn how I can avoid a find_by_sql statement in this situation. Scenario I have users that create audits when they perform an action. Each audit is of a specific audit_activity. Each audit_activity is worth a certain number of points, based on score_weight. I need to find the total scores of each user, based on their total accumulated audit_activity score_weights. Eventually I'll need to rank them which means adding a sort to this as well. My Code Here is my sql and simplified versions of the tables in question. Any thoughts? SQL with full column names (for clarity) SELECT users.id, u.email, SUM(audit_activity.score_weight) FROM users JOIN audits ON users.id = audits.user_id JOIN audit_activities ON audit_activities.id = audits.audit_activity_id GROUP BY users.id; Models: User, Audit, AuditActivity User fields: id, email class User < ActiveRecord::Base include Clearance::User has_many :audits end Audit fields: id, user_id, audit_activity_id class Audit < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user belongs_to :audit_activity end AuditActivity fields: id, score_weight class AuditActivity < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :audits end Example Data Here is a set of SQL statements so you can play with similar data I'm working with and see what comes up when the concerned query is run. You should just be able to copy/paste the whole thing into a database query browser. CREATE TABLE users( id INTEGER NOT NULL, email TEXT (25), PRIMARY KEY (id) ); CREATE TABLE audits( id INTEGER NOT NULL, user_id INTEGER, audit_activity_id INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (id) ); CREATE TABLE audit_activities( id INTEGER NOT NULL, score_weight INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (id) ); INSERT INTO users(id, email) VALUES(1, "[email protected]"); INSERT INTO users(id, email) VALUES(2, "[email protected]"); INSERT INTO users(id, email) VALUES(3, "[email protected]"); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(1, 1, 1); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(2, 1, 2); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(3, 1, 1); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(4, 1, 3); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(5, 1, 1); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(6, 1, 4); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(7, 2, 4); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(8, 2, 4); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(9, 2, 4); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(10, 3, 3); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(11, 3, 2); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(12, 3, 2); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(13, 3, 2); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(14, 3, 3); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(15, 3, 1); INSERT INTO audits(id, user_id, audit_activity_id) VALUES(16, 3, 1); INSERT INTO audit_activities(id, score_weight) VALUES(1, 1); INSERT INTO audit_activities(id, score_weight) VALUES(2, 2); INSERT INTO audit_activities(id, score_weight) VALUES(3, 7); INSERT INTO audit_activities(id, score_weight) VALUES(4, 11); The Query Again, here is the query. SELECT u.id, u.email, SUM(aa.score_weight) FROM users u JOIN audits a ON u.id = a.user_id JOIN audit_activities aa ON aa.id = a.audit_activity_id GROUP BY u.id; Many Thanks, Chad

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  • changing restriction on simple type in extended complex type

    - by rotary_engine
    I am trying to create a schema that has 2 address types. The first AdressType requires an element Line 1 to have a value at least 10 characters. The second type OtherAdressType derives from this with the same elements, but does not require a value for Line 1. I've tried different ways but always get schema errors, this error is: Invalid particle derivation by restriction - 'Derived element '{namespace}:Line1' is not a valid restriction of base element '{namespace}:Line1' according to Elt:Elt -- NameAndTypeOK.'. If I add a type xs:string to OtherAdressType:Line1 then I get other errors. <xs:complexType name="AdressType"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="Line1" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"> <xs:simpleType> <xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:minLength value="10" /> </xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType> </xs:element> <xs:element name="Line2" type="xs:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" /> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> <xs:complexType name="OtherAdressType"> <xs:complexContent> <xs:restriction base="AdressType"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="Line1" nillable="true"> <xs:simpleType> <xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:minLength value="0" /> </xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType> </xs:element> <xs:element name="Line2" type="xs:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" /> </xs:sequence> </xs:restriction> </xs:complexContent> </xs:complexType>

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  • Complex pattern replacement using PHP preg_replace function ignoring quoted strings

    - by Saiful
    Consider the following string: this is a STRING WHERE some keywords ARE available. 'i need TO format the KEYWORDS from the STRING' In the above string keywords are STRING and WHERE Now i need to get an output as follows: this is a <b>STRING</b> <b>WHERE</b> some keywords ARE available. 'i need TO format the KEYWORDS from the STRING' So that the html output will be like: this is a STRING WHERE some keywords ARE available. 'i need TO format the KEYWORDS from the STRING' Note that the keywords within a quoted ('...') string will be ignored. in the above example i ignored the STRING keyword within the quoted string. Please give a modified version of the following PHP script so that I can have my desired result as above : $patterns = array('/STRING/','/WHERE/'); $replaces = array('<b>STRING</b>', '<b>WHERE</b>'); $string = "this is a STRING WHERE some keywords ARE available. 'i need TO format the KEYWORDS from the STRING'"; preg_replace($patterns, $replaces, $string);

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  • Complex query with two tables and multilpe data and price ranges

    - by TiuTalk
    Let's suppose that I have these tables: [ properties ] id (INT, PK) name (VARCHAR) [ properties_prices ] id (INT, PK) property_id (INT, FK) date_begin (DATE) date_end (DATE) price_per_day (DECIMAL) price_per_week (DECIMAL) price_per_month (DECIMAL) And my visitor runs a search like: List the first 10 (pagination) properties where the price per day (price_per_day field) is between 10 and 100 on the period for 1st may until 31 december I know thats a huge query, and I need to paginate the results, so I must do all the calculation and login in only one query... that's why i'm here! :)

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  • R storing a complex search as a string

    - by Tahnoon Pasha
    Hi I'm working with a large data frame that I frequently need to subset in different combinations of variables. I'd like to be able to store the search in a string so I can just refer to the string when I want to see a subset. x = read.table(textConnection(" cat1 cat2 value A Z 1 A Y 2 A X 3 B N 2"),header=T,strip.white=T) search_string="cat1== 'A' & cat2=='Z'" with(x,subset(x,search)) doesn't work. What I'd be looking for is the result of a search similar to the one below. with(x,subset(x,cat1=='A' & cat2=='Z')) I'd prefer not to just create multiple subsetted data frames at the start if another solution exists. Is there a simple way to do what I'm trying?

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  • Complex orderby question (entity framework)

    - by PFranchise
    Ok, so I will start by saying that I am new to all this stuff, and doing my best to work on this project. I have an employee object, that contains a supervisor field. When someone enters a search on my page, a datagrid displays employees whose name match the search. But, I need it to display all employees that report to them and a third tier of employees that report to the original employee's underlings. I only need three tiers. To make this easier, employees only come in 3 ranks, so if rank==3, that employee is not in charge of others. I imagine the best method of retrieving all these employees from my employee table would be something like from employee in context.employees where employee.name == search || employee.boss.name == search || employee.boss.boss.name == search But I am not sure how to make the orderby appear the way I want to. I need it to display in tiers. So, it will look like: Big Boss Boss underling underling Boss underling Boss Boss Big Boss Like I said, there might be an easier way to approach this whole issue, and if there is, I am all ears. Any advice you can give would be HIGHLY appreciated.

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  • StreamInsight complex query with filter on HoppingWindow

    - by hh354
    I'm trying out StreamInsight and I came across a problem with a query I need. I'm trying to throw a warning if there are several changes in my measured values (of up to 20% change) in the last 30 minutes. This is the query I came up with for now but it isn't working and it's not even correct I think. Apparently I can't filter on a window...? var deviationQuery = from s in wcfStream group s by s.SensorId into grouped from window in grouped.HoppingWindow(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30),TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1)) where window.StdDev(e => e.Value) > measurableValue * 1.2 select new OutputEvent { Error = "Deviation" }; Thanks in advance!

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  • Drools - Doing Complex Stuff inside a Rule Condition or Consequence

    - by mfcabrera
    Hello, In my company we are planning to use Drools a BRE for couple of projects. Now we trying to define some best-practices. My question is what should be and shouldn't be done inside a Rule Condition/Consequence. Given that we can write Java directly or call methods (for example From a Global object in the Working Memory). Example. Given a Rule that evaluates a generic Object (e.g. Person) have property set to true. Now, that specific propertie can only be defined for that Object going to the database and fetching that info. So we have two ways of implementing that: Alternative A: Go to the database and fetch the object property (true/false, a code) Insert the Object in the working memory Evaluate the rule Alternative B: Insert a Global Object that has a method that connects to the database and check for the property for the given object. Insert the Object to eval in Working Memory In the rule, call the Global Object and perform the access to the database Which of those is considered better? I really like A, but sometimes B is more straightforward, however what would happen if something like a Exception from the Database is raised? I have seen the alternative B implemented in the Drools 5.0 Book from Packt Publishing,however they are doing a mocking and they don't talk about the actual implications of going to the database at all. Thank you,

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  • Post complex types to WebApi Client

    - by BumbleBee
    I am new to WebAPI. I have a MVC project and webApi project both reside under the **same solution**. Also, BLL Class library and DAL class library reside under the same solution. Earlier, my MVC project will talk to the BLL now I am trying to create a WebAPi project which stands in between MVC and BLL. Here is what I have come up with so far : I'm using the HTTPClient to post to a WebApi project. My post method on my controller accepts a single parameter (a model). StatsCriteria criteria = new StatsCriteria(); ...... var client = new HttpClient(); var response = client.PostAsJsonAsync("http://localhost:52765/api/reports", criteria).Result; ....... Here's the signature for my controller in Webapi [HttpPost] public CMAReportVM Reports([FromBody] StatsCriteria criteria) { var cmaReport = Service3.GetCMAReport(criteria.Mlsnums); //Create Map to enable mapping business object to View Model Mapper.CreateMap<CMAReport, CMAReportVM>(); // Maps model to VM model class var cmaVM = Mapper.Map<CMAReport, CMAReportVM>(cmaReport); reutn cmaVM; } // and here's my routing: config.Routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "DefaultApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } I am getting the following 405 : Method not allowed. As the WebAPI and MVC project both reside under same sloution I am not sure where/how to host my webapi.

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  • Complex movement within animation

    - by Irwin
    I've this application, where two children are playing catch. One throws and the other catches. While I can show a ball object moving between two stationary objects, how do I show the objects "releasing" and "catching" the ball, in a way that is close to lifelike? EDIT: The movement of the hands in this game: http://www.acreativedesktop.com/animation-game-slaphands.html is what I would like to replicate. Any tips on how to do that?

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  • Handling Complex Rules in in GUI applciations (C++ or C#)

    - by Canacourse
    Im working on a dialog box in which several rules must be satisfied before the OK button is enabled. Currently any action on the page such as entering data or selecting an item from a drop down list (amongst other things) calls a single function called ProcessEvent() - this function handles all logic and either enables or disables the OK button. My problem is I finding it difficult making the rules concise and understandable. Some of the rules can be negated by another action on the dialog and I have now ended up with if else statements all over the place or which are difficult to read and follow & extend. The code below is a simplification of the problem but demonstrates it well. How do I handle this problem better (If its Possible) bool CWorkstation::ProcessEvent(void) { UpdateData(); CharCount = GetDlgItemInt(IDC_CharCount, NULL, FALSE); //get latest if ( IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USEDBNAME)) { if (!IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_MAXDBNAME)) { EnableNext(TRUE); } } if (IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_MAXDBNAME) && CharCount) { if (IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USEXMLNAME)) { if ( PrefixName.IsEmpty() ) { EnableNext(FALSE); } else { EnableNext(TRUE); } } } if (IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USEXMLNAME) && PrefixName.GetLength() > 1) { EnableNext(TRUE); } if ( IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_WSAUTONAME) || IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_RENAMEIFDUP)) { // TRACE("IDC_WSAUTONAME is Checked\n"); if ( IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USEXMLNAME) && PrefixName.GetLength() > 1 ) { if ( IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_IDC_USESHORTNAME) ) { EnableNext(TRUE); } else if ( IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USELONGNAME) ) { EnableNext(TRUE); } else { EnableNext(FALSE); } } if ( !IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USEPREFIX) ) { if ( IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_IDC_USESHORTNAME) || IsDlgButtonChecked(IDC_USELONGNAME) ) { EnableNext(TRUE); } } return false; } }

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  • How to check a complex condition in Smarty(PHP)

    - by php html
    I need to display a section or another in a smarty template. My condition is simple: if a smarty value starts with a string I should display one section, otherwise the other smarty section should be displayed. I can change only the tpl files. {php} if (substr($url,0,4) != 'http') { {/php} section 1 {php} } else { {/php} section 2 {php} } {/php} The problem is that I can not read the url varible which was previously assigned using $smarty-assign. Basically, I'm looking for the smarty function that can be used to retrieve a value, or if there is a better solution.

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  • MySQL- complex data query in a single statement

    - by yoda
    Hi, Consider the following structure : Ignore the table user_token. Now, imagine that you need to get all the roles related to an user, wich may be through it's related groups or directly related to him. In case the same role appears related to a group and the user directly, the role related to the user will prevail over the role given by the group. Is there any chance this could be done in a single query? Cheers!

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  • complex arguments for function

    - by myPost1
    My task is to create function funCall taking four arguments : pointer for 2d array of ints that stores pairs of numbers variable int maintaining number of numbers in 2d array pointer for table of pointers to functions int variable storing info about number of pointers to functions I was thinking about something like this : typedef int(*funPtr)(int, int); funPtr arrayOfFuncPtrs[]; void funCall( *int[][]k, int a, *funPtr z, int b); { }

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  • DJANGO complex modelling

    - by SledgehammerPL
    Hello. I have such model now: receipt contains components. component contain product. The difference between component and product is, that component has quantity and measure unit: eg. component is 100g sugar - sugar is a product. So I need to make lots of components to satisfy different recipes - 100g sugar is not equal 200g sugar I wonder if I can remodel it to kick off components - in pure sql it's rather easy, but I'm trying to USE django - not making workarounds. class Receipt(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) (...) components = models.ManyToManyField(Component) class Component(models.Model): quantity = models.FloatField(max_length=9) unit = models.ForeignKey(Unit) product = models.ForeignKey(Product) class Product(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length = 128) TIA

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  • Select file(s) in a directory based upon complex filename

    - by zx
    hi, I have audio files in var/ This is the file name 2-3109999999-3246758493-1271129518-1271129505.6.wav Format 2=campaign id 3109999999=caller id 3246758493=number called 1271129518=timestamp call ended 1271129505=timestamp call started 6=call id If I were to pass just the number called which was 3246758493, how can I find all the files without defining all the other variables(such as timestamp, etc) and just the files that have that number in the filename?

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  • Using complex where clause in NHibernate mapping layer

    - by JLevett
    I've used where clauses previously in the mapping layer to prevent certain records from ever getting into my application at the lowest level possible. (Mainly to prevent having to re-write lots of lines of code to filter out the unwanted records) These have been simple, one column queries, like so this.Where("Invisible = 0"); However a scenario has appeared which requires the use of an exists sql query. exists (select ep_.Id from [Warehouse].[dbo].EventPart ep_ where Id = ep_.EventId and ep_.DataType = 4 In the above case I would usually reference the parent table Event with a short name, i.e. event_.Id however as Nhibernate generates these short names dynamically it's impossible to know what it's going to be. So instead I tried using just Id, from above ep_ where Id = ep_.EventId When the code is run, because of the dynamic short names the EventPart table short name ep_ is has another short name prefixed to it, event0_.ep_ where event0_ refers to the parent table. This causes an SQL error because of the . in between event0_ and ep_ So in my EventMap I have the following this.Where("(exists (select ep_.Id from [isnapshot.Warehouse].[dbo].EventPart ep_ where Id = ep_.EventId and ep_.DataType = 4)"); but when it's generated it creates this select cast(count(*) as INT) as col_0_0_ from [isnapshot.Warehouse].[dbo].Event event0_ where (exists (select ep_.Id from [isnapshot.Warehouse].[dbo].EventPart event0_.ep_ where event0_.Id = ep_.EventId and ep_.DataType = 4) It has correctly added the event0_ to the Id Was the mapping layer where clause built to handle this and if so where am I going wrong?

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  • [Ruby on Rails] complex model relationship

    - by siulamvictor
    I am not sure am I doing these correct. I have 3 models, Account, User, and Event. Account contains a group of Users. Each User have its own username and password for login, but they can access the same Account data under the same Account. Events is create by a User, which other Users in the same Account can also read or edit it. I created the following migrations and models. User migration class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :users do |t| t.integer :account_id t.string :username t.string :password t.timestamps end end def self.down drop_table :users end end Account migration class CreateAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :accounts do |t| t.string :name t.timestamps end end def self.down drop_table :accounts end end Event migration class CreateEvents < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :events do |t| t.integer :account_id t.integer :user_id t.string :name t.string :location t.timestamps end end def self.down drop_table :events end end Account model class Account < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :users has_many :events end User model class User < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :account end Event model class Event < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :account belongs_to :user end so.... Is this setting correct? Every time when a user create a new account, the system will as for the user information, i.e. username and password. How can I add them into correct tables? How can I add a new event? I am sorry for such a long question. I am not very understand the rails way in handling such data structure. Thank you guys for answering me. :)

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  • Ruby complex validation

    - by pcasa
    Have a product that belongs to a category. Want to create a promotion for a short period of time (lets say a week or two), but their can be only one promotion per category during that time. How can I create a custom validation for this? product class belongs_to :categories name:string desc:text reg_price:decimal category_id:integer promo_active:boolean promo_price:decimal promo_start:datetime promo_end:datetime end category class has_many :products name:string end

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  • Complex sorting on MySQL database

    - by ChrisR
    I'm facing the following situation. We've got an CMS with an entity with translations. These translations are stored in a different table with a one-to-many relationship. For example newsarticles and newsarticle_translations. The amount of available languages is dynamically determined by the same CMS. When entering a new newsarticle the editor is required to enter at least one translation, which one of the available languages he chooses is up to him. In the newsarticle overview in our CMS we would like to show a column with the (translated) article title, but since none of the languages are mandatory (one of them is mandatory but i don't know which one) i don't really know how to construct my mysql query to select a title for each newsarticle, regardless of the entered language. And to make it all a little harder, our manager asked for the possibilty to also be able to sort on title, so fetching the translations in a separate query is ruled out as far as i know. Anyone has an idea on how to solve this in the most efficient way? Here are my table schema's it it might help > desc news; +-----------------+----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------+----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+ | id | int(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | category_id | int(1) | YES | | NULL | | | created | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | | | user_id | int(10) | YES | | NULL | | +-----------------+----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+ > desc news_translations; +-----------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | enabled | tinyint(1) | NO | | 0 | | | news_id | int(1) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | | title | varchar(255) | NO | | | | | summary | text | YES | | NULL | | | body | text | NO | | NULL | | | language | varchar(2) | NO | | NULL | | +-----------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ PS: i've though about subqueries and coalesce() solutions but those seem rather dirty tricks, wondering if something better is know that i'm not thinking of?

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  • Zend Database Adapter - Complex MySQL Query

    - by Sonny
    I have defined a function in my Navigation model that executes a query, and I was wondering if there's a more "Zendy" way of generating/executing the query. The query I'm using was proposed by Bill Karwin on another thread here for setting arbitrary record order. I tried using a prepared statement, but the values in the SIGN() function got quoted. I'm using the PDO adapter for MySQL. /** * */ public function setPosition($parentId, $oldPosition, $newPosition) { $parentId = intval($parentId); $oldPosition = intval($oldPosition); $newPosition = intval($newPosition); $this->getAdapter()->query(" UPDATE `navigation` SET `position` = CASE `position` WHEN $oldPosition THEN $newPosition ELSE `position` + SIGN($oldPosition - $newPosition) END WHERE `parent_id` = $parentId AND `position` BETWEEN LEAST($oldPosition, $newPosition) AND GREATEST($oldPosition, $newPosition) "); return $this; }

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  • complex regular expression task

    - by Don Don
    Hi, What regular expressions do I need to extract section title(s) in a text file? So, in the following sample text, I'd like to extract "Communication and Leadership" "1.Self-Knowledge" "2. Humility" "(3) Clear Thinking". Many thanks. Communication and Leadership True leaders understand that, rather than forcing their followers into a preconceived mold, their job is to motivate and organize followers to collectively accomplish goals that are in everyone's interests. The ability to communicate this to co-workers and followers is critical to the effectiveness of leadership. 1.Self-Knowledge Superior leaders are able to devote their skills and energies to leadership of a group because they have worked through personal issues to the point where they know themselves thoroughly. A high level of self-knowledge is a prerequisite to effective communication skills, because the things that you communicate as a leader are coming from within. 2. Humility This subversion of personal preference requires a certain level of humility. Although popular definitions of leaders do not always see them as humble, the most effective leaders actually are. This humility may not be expressed in self-effacement, but in a total commitment to the goals of the organization. Humility requires an understanding of one's own relative unimportance in comparison to larger systems. (3) Clear Thinking Clarity of thinking translates into clarity of communication. A leader whose goals or personal analysis is muddled will tend to deliver unclear or ambiguous directions to followers, leading to confusion and dissatisfaction. A leader with a clear mind who is not ambivalent about her purposes will communicate what needs to be done in a s traightforward and unmistakable manner.

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