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• Can't connect to VPN on Ubuntu 12.04

  - by 12rad

  I'm having a lot of trouble connecting to VPN. This used to work on my machine, but i recently did an update and it's stopped working. I'm not sure what the problem is. My question is how do i debug this? I'm not able to narrow it down to a specific problem. This is what i get when i tail the syslogs. Would appreciate any help! Nov 6 23:42:52 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> Starting VPN service 'pptp'... Nov 6 23:42:52 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> VPN service 'pptp' started (org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.pptp), PID 6132 Nov 6 23:42:52 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> VPN service 'pptp' appeared; activating connections Nov 6 23:42:52 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: starting (3) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> VPN connection 'NAME VPN' (Connect) reply received. Nov 6 23:42:52 meera pppd[6136]: Plugin /usr/lib/pppd/2.4.5/nm-pptp-pppd-plugin.so loaded. Nov 6 23:42:52 meera pppd[6136]: pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0 Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: timeout set to 15 seconds Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: abort on (NO CARRIER) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: abort on (NO DIALTONE) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: abort on (ERROR) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: abort on (NO ANSWER) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: abort on (BUSY) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: abort on (Username/Password Incorrect) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: send (AT^M) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera pptp[6138]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[main:pptp.c:314]: The synchronous pptp option is NOT activated Nov 6 23:42:52 meera chat[6139]: expect (OK) Nov 6 23:42:52 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 1 'Start-Control-Connection-Request' Nov 6 23:42:53 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:739]: Received Start Control Connection Reply Nov 6 23:42:53 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:773]: Client connection established. Nov 6 23:42:53 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 7 'Outgoing-Call-Request' Nov 6 23:42:54 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:858]: Received Outgoing Call Reply. Nov 6 23:42:54 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:897]: Outgoing call established (call ID 0, peer's call ID 13077). Nov 6 23:42:54 meera pptp[6138]: nm-pptp-service-6132 warn[decaps_hdlc:pptp_gre.c:231]: The ppp mode is synchronous, yet no pptp --sync option is specified! Nov 6 23:43:07 meera chat[6139]: alarm Nov 6 23:43:07 meera chat[6139]: Failed Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pppd[6136]: Script chat -v -f /etc/ppp/chat-ztisp finished (pid 6139), status = 0x3 Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pppd[6136]: Connect script failed Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pppd[6136]: Waiting for 1 child processes... Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pppd[6136]: script /usr/sbin/pptp 204.197.218.90 --nolaunchpppd --loglevel 0 --logstring nm-pptp-service-6132, pid 6138 Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pptp[6138]: nm-pptp-service-6132 warn[decaps_hdlc:pptp_gre.c:204]: short read (-1): Input/output error Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pptp[6138]: nm-pptp-service-6132 warn[decaps_hdlc:pptp_gre.c:216]: pppd may have shutdown, see pppd log Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[callmgr_main:pptp_callmgr.c:234]: Closing connection (unhandled) Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pppd[6136]: Script /usr/sbin/pptp 204.197.218.90 --nolaunchpppd --loglevel 0 --logstring nm-pptp-service-6132 finished (pid 6138), status = 0x0 Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 12 'Call-Clear-Request' Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pptp[6143]: nm-pptp-service-6132 log[call_callback:pptp_callmgr.c:79]: Closing connection (call state) Nov 6 23:43:07 meera pppd[6136]: Exit. Nov 6 23:43:07 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <warn> VPN plugin failed: 1 Nov 6 23:43:07 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: stopped (6) Nov 6 23:43:07 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <info> VPN plugin state change reason: 0 Nov 6 23:43:07 meera NetworkManager[1137]: <warn> error disconnecting VPN: Could not process the request because no VPN connection was active.

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• Decoding tcp packets using python

  - by mikip

  Hello I am trying to decode data received over a tcp connection. The packets are small, no more than 100 bytes. However when there is a lot of them I receive some of the the packets joined together. Is there a way to prevent this. I am using python I have tried to separate the packets, my source is below. The packets start with STX byte and end with ETX bytes, the byte following the STX is the packet length, (packet lengths less than 5 are invalid) the checksum is the last bytes before the ETX def decode(data): while True: start = data.find(STX) if start == -1: #no stx in message pkt = '' data = '' break #stx found , next byte is the length pktlen = ord(data[1]) #check message ends in ETX (pktken -1) or checksum invalid if pktlen < 5 or data[pktlen-1] != ETX or checksum_valid(data[start:pktlen]) == False: print "Invalid Pkt" data = data[start+1:] continue else: pkt = data[start:pktlen] data = data[pktlen:] break return data , pkt I use it like this #process reports try: data = sock.recv(256) except: continue else: while data: data, pkt = decode(data) if pkt: process(pkt) Also if there are multiple packets in the data stream, is it best to return the packets as a collection of lists or just return the first packet I am not that familiar with python, only C, is this method OK. Any advice would be most appreciated. Thanks in advance Thanks

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• error detection/correction/recovery in serial protocols

  - by Jason S

  I have some designing to do for a serial protocol and am running into some questions that I figure must have been considered elsewhere. So I'm wondering if there are some recommendations for best practices in designing serial protocols. (Please either state a fact that is easily verifiable, or cite a reputable source if you make a claim.) General recommendations for websites/books are also welcome. In particular I have to deal with issues like parsing a stream of bytes into packets verifying a packet is correct (easy with a CRC, for instance) identifying reasonable types of errors that can occur (e.g. in a point-to-point serial stream, sporadic single bit errors, and dropped series of bytes, are both likely, but extra phantom bytes are unlikely; whereas with a record stored in flash memory or on a disk drive the types of errors that predominate are different) error correction or recovery (if I detect an error in a packet, can I correct it? If not, can I resync to the boundary of the next packet?) how to make variable-length packets robust to error correction / recovery. Any suggestions?

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• How frequently IP packets are fragmented at the source host?

  - by Methos

  I know that if IP payload MTU then routers usually fragment the IP packet. Finally all the fragmented packets are assembled at the destination using the fields IP-ID, IP fragment offsets and fragmentation flags. Max length of IP payload is 64K. Thus its very plausible for L4 to hand over payload which is 64K. If the L2 protocol is Ethernet, which often is the case, then the MTU will be about 1600 bytes. Hence IP packet will be fragmented at the source host itself. However, a quick search about IP implementation in Linux tells me that in recent kernels, L4 protocols are fragment friendly i.e. they try to save the fragmentation work for IP by handing over buffers of size which is close to MTU. Considering these two facts, I am wondering about how frequently does the IP packet gets fragmented at the source host itself. Does it occur sometimes/rarely/never? Does anyone know if there are exceptions to the rule of fragmentation in linux kernel (i.e. are there situations where L4 protocols are not fragment friendly)? How is this handled in other common OSes like windows? In general how frequently IP packets are fragmented?

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• How to synchronize Silverlight clients with WCF?

  - by user564226

  Hi, this is probably only some conceptual problem, but I cannot seem to find the ideal solution. I'd like to create a Silverlight client application that uses WCF to control a third party application via some self written webservice. If there is more than one Silverlight client, all clients should be synchronized, i.e. parameter changes from one client should be propagated to all clients. I set up a very simple Silverlight GUI that manipulates parameters which are passed to the server (class inherits INotifyPropertyChanged): public double Height { get { return frameworkElement.Height; } set { if (frameworkElement.Height != value) { frameworkElement.Height = value; OnPropertyChanged("Height", value); } } } OnPropertyChanged is responsible for transferring data. The WCF service (duplex net.tcp) maintains a list of all clients and as soon as it receives a data packet (XElement with parameter change description) it forwards this very packet to all clients but the one the packet was received from. The client receives the package, but now I'm not sure, what's the best way to set the property internally. If I use "Height" (see above) a new change message would be generated and sent to all other clients a.s.o. Maybe I could use the data field (frameworkElement.Height) itself or a function - but I'm not sure whether there would arise problems with data binding later on. Also I don't want to simply copy parts of the code properties, to prevent bugs with redundant code. So what would you recommend? Thanks!

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• Best practices for encrypting continuous/small UDP data

  - by temp

  Hello everyone, I am having an application where I have to send several small data per second through the network using UDP. The application need to send the data in real-time (no waiting). I want to encrypt these data and insure that what I am doing is as secure as possible. Since I am using UDP, there is no way to use SSL/TLS, so I have to encrypt each packet alone since the protocol is connectionless/unreliable/unregulated. Right now, I am using a 128-bit key derived from a passphrase from the user, and AES in CBC mode (PBE using AES-CBC). I decided to use a random salt with the passphrase to derive the 128-bit key (prevent dictionary attack on the passphrase), and of course use IVs (to prevent statistical analysis for packets). However I am concerned about few things: Each packet contains small amount of data (like a couple of integer values per packet) which will make the encrypted packets vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks (which will result in making it easier to crack the key). Also, since the encryption key is derived from a passphrase, this will make the key space way less (I know the salt will help, but I have to send the salt through the network once and anyone can get it). Given these two things, anyone can sniff and store the sent data, and try to crack the key. Although this process might take some time, once the key is cracked all the stored data will be decrypted, which will be a real problem for my application. So my question is, what is the best practices for sending/encrypting continuous small data using a connectionless protocol (UDP)? Is my way the best way to do it? ...flowed? ...Overkill? ... Please note that I am not asking for a 100% secure solution, as there is no such thing. Cheers

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• Is this the right way to write a ProtocolDecoder in MINA?

  - by phpscriptcoder

  public class CustomProtocolDecoder extends CumulativeProtocolDecoder{ byte currentCmd = -1; int currentSize = -1; boolean isFirst = false; @Override protected boolean doDecode(IoSession is, ByteBuffer bb, ProtocolDecoderOutput pdo) throws Exception { if(currentCmd == -1) { currentCmd = bb.get(); currentSize = Packet.getSize(currentCmd); isFirst = true; } while(bb.remaining() > 0) { if(!isFirst) { currentCmd = bb.get(); currentSize = Packet.getSize(currentCmd); } else isFirst = false; //System.err.println(currentCmd + " " + bb.remaining() + " " + currentSize); if(bb.remaining() >= currentSize - 1) { Packet p = PacketDecoder.decodePacket(bb, currentCmd); pdo.write(p); } else { bb.flip(); return false; } } if(bb.remaining() == 0) return true; else return false; } } Anyone see anything wrong with this code? When a lot of packets are received at once, even when only one client is connected, one of them might get cut off at the end (12 bytes instead of 15 bytes, for example) which is obviously bad.

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• Best practices for encrytping continuous/small UDP data

  - by temp

  Hello everyone, I am having an application where I have to send several small data per second through the network using UDP. The application need to send the data in real-time (on waiting). I want to encrypt these data and insure that what I am doing is as secure as possible. Since I am using UDP, there is no way to use SSL/TLS, so I have to encrypt each packet alone since the protocol is connectionless/unreliable/unregulated. Right now, I am using a 128-bit key derived from a passphrase from the user, and AES in CBC mode (PBE using AES-CBC). I decided to use a random salt with the passphrase to derive the 128-bit key (prevent dictionary attack on the passphrase), and of course use IVs (to prevent statistical analysis for packets). However I am concerned about few things: Each packet contains small amount of data (like a couple of integer values per packet) which will make the encrypted packets vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks (which will result in making it easier to crack the key). Also, since the encryption key is derived from a passphrase, this will make the key space way less (I know the salt will help, but I have to send the salt through the network once and anyone can get it). Given these two things, anyone can sniff and store the sent data, and try to crack the key. Although this process might take some time, once the key is cracked all the stored data will be decrypted, which will be a real problem for my application. So my question is, what is the best practices for sending/encrypting continuous small data using a connectionless protocol (UDP)? Is my way the best way to do it? ...flowed? ...Overkill? ... Please note that I am not asking for a 100% secure solution, as there is no such thing. Cheers

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• UDP packets are dropped when its size is less than 12 byte in a certain PC. how do i figure it out the reason?

  - by waan

  Hi. i've stuck in a problem that is never heard about before. i'm making an online game which uses UDP packets in a certain character action. after i developed the udp module, it seems to work fine. though most of our team members have no problem, but a man, who is my boss, told me something is wrong for that module. i have investigated the problem, and finally i found the fact that... on his PC, if udp packet size is less than 12, the packet is never have been delivered to the other host. the following is some additional information: 1~11 bytes udp packets are dropped, 12 bytes and over 12 bytes packets are OK. O/S: Microsoft Windows Vista Business NIC: Attansic L1 Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000Base-T Controller WSASendTo returns TRUE. loopback udp packet works fine. how do you think of this problem? and what do you think... what causes this problem? what should i do for the next step for the cause? PS. i don't want to padding which makes length of all the packets up to 12 bytes.

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• Java if/else behaving strangely

  - by Alex

  I'm a real newbie to java, so please excuse me if this is a hopelessly straightforward problem. I have the following from my java game server: // Get input from the client DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream (server.getInputStream()); PrintStream out = new PrintStream(server.getOutputStream()); disconnect=false; while((line = in.readLine().trim()) != null && !line.equals(".") && !line.equals("") && !disconnect) { System.out.println("Received "+line); if(line.equals("h")){ out.println("h"+EOF); // Client handshake System.out.println("Matched 1"); }else if (line.equals("<policy-file-request/>")) { out.println("..."+EOF); // Policy file System.out.println(server.getInetAddress()+": Policy Request"); disconnect=true; System.out.println("Matched 2"); }else if(line.substring(0,3).equals("GET")||line.substring(0,4).equals("POST")){ out.println("HTTP/1.0 200 OK\nServer: VirtuaRoom v0.9\nContent-Type: text/html\n\n..."); // HTML status page disconnect=true; System.out.println("Matched 3"); } else { System.out.println(server.getInetAddress()+": Unknown command, client disconnected."); disconnect=true; System.out.println("Matched else"); } } server.close(); First of all, the client sends an "h" packet, and expects the same back (handshake). However, I want it to disconnect the client when an unrecognised packet is received. For some reason, it responds fine to the handshake and HTML status request, but the else clause is never executed when there's an unknown packet. Thanks

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• [java] tcp socket communication [send and recieve help]

  - by raven

  hello, I am creating a Chat in java. I have a method (onMouseRelease) inside an object that creates a tcp server and waits for a socket ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port); Socket channel = server.accept(); now I want to make a thread that will loop and read data from the socket, so that once the user on the other side sent me a string, I will extract the data from the socket [or is it called packet? sry I am new to this], and update a textbox to add the additional string from the socket [or packet?]. I have no idea how to READ (extract) the information from the scoket [/packet] and then update it into a JTextArea which is called userOutput. And how to Send a string to the other client, so that it will also could read the new data and update its JTextArea. (from what I know, for a 2 sided tcp communication you need one computer to host a server and the other to connect [as a client] and once the connection is set the client can also recieve new information from the socket. Is that true? and please tell me how ) Any help appreciated !! I know this is abit long but I have searched allot and didn't understand [I saw something like printwriter but failed to understand].

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• TCP socket communication

  - by raven

  hello, I am creating a Chat in java. I have a method (onMouseRelease) inside an object that creates a tcp server and waits for a socket like this: ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port); Socket channel = server.accept(); Now I want to make a thread that will loop and read data from the socket, so that once the user on the other side sends me a string, I will extract the data from the socket (or is it called packet? Sorry, I am new to this) and update a textbox to add the additional string from the socket (or packet?). I have no idea how to READ (extract) the information from the socket(/packet) and then update it into a JTextArea which is called userOutput. And how to send a string to the other client, so that it will also could read the new data and update its JTextArea. From what I know, for a 2 sided TCP communication you need one computer to host a server and the other to connect (as a client) and once the connection is set the client can also receive new information from the socket. Is that true? and please tell me how. Any help is appreciated! I know this is a bit long but I have searched a lot and didn't understand it (I saw something like PrintWriter but failed to understand).

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• Java: GatheringByteChannel advantages?

  - by Jason S

  I'm wondering when the GatheringByteChannel's write methods (taking in an array of ByteBuffers) have advantages over the "regular" WritableByteChannel write methods. I tried a test where I could use the regular vs. the gathering write method on a FileChannel, with approx 400KB/sec total in ByteBuffers of between 23-27 bytes in length in both cases. Gathering writes used an array of 64. The regular method used up approx 12% of my CPU, and the gathering method used up approx 16% of my CPU (worse than the regular method!) This tells me it's NOT useful to use gathering writes on a FileChannel around this range of operating parameters. Why would this be the case, and when would you ever use GatheringByteChannel? (on network I/O?) Relevant differences here: public void log(Queue<Packet> packets) throws IOException { if (this.gather) { int Nbuf = 64; ByteBuffer[] bbufs = new ByteBuffer[Nbuf]; int i = 0; Packet p; while ((p = packets.poll()) != null) { bbufs[i++] = p.getBuffer(); if (i == Nbuf) { this.fc.write(bbufs); i = 0; } } if (i > 0) { this.fc.write(bbufs, 0, i); } } else { Packet p; while ((p = packets.poll()) != null) { this.fc.write(p.getBuffer()); } } }

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• IF adding new Entity gives error me : EntityCommandCompilationException was unhandled bu user code

  - by programmerist

  i have 5 tables in started projects. if i adds new table (Urun enttiy) writing below codes: project.BAL : public static List<Urun> GetUrun() { using (GenoTipSatisEntities genSatisUrunCtx = new GenoTipSatisEntities()) { ObjectQuery<Urun> urun = genSatisUrunCtx.Urun; return urun.ToList(); } } if i receive data form BAL in UI.aspx: using project.BAL; namespace GenoTip.Web.ContentPages.Satis { public partial class SatisUrun : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (!IsPostBack) { FillUrun(); } } void FillUrun() { ddlUrun.DataSource = SatisServices.GetUrun(); ddlUrun.DataValueField = "ID"; ddlUrun.DataTextField = "Ad"; ddlUrun.DataBind(); } } } i added URun later. error appears ToList method: EntityCommandCompilationException was unhandled bu user code error Detail: Error 1 Error 3007: Problem in Mapping Fragments starting at lines 659, 873: Non-Primary-Key column(s) [UrunID] are being mapped in both fragments to different conceptual side properties - data inconsistency is possible because the corresponding conceptual side properties can be independently modified. C:\Users\pc\Desktop\GenoTip.Satis\GenoTip.DAL\ModelSatis.edmx 660 15 GenoTip.DAL Error 2 Error 3012: Problem in Mapping Fragments starting at lines 659, 873: Data loss is possible in FaturaDetay.UrunID. An Entity with Key (PK) will not round-trip when: (PK does NOT play Role 'FaturaDetay' in AssociationSet 'FK_FaturaDetay_Urun' AND PK is in 'FaturaDetay' EntitySet) C:\Users\pc\Desktop\GenoTip.Satis\GenoTip.DAL\ModelSatis.edmx 874 11 GenoTip.DAL Error 3 Error 3012: Problem in Mapping Fragments starting at lines 659, 873: Data loss is possible in FaturaDetay.UrunID. An Entity with Key (PK) will not round-trip when: (PK is in 'FaturaDetay' EntitySet AND PK does NOT play Role 'FaturaDetay' in AssociationSet 'FK_FaturaDetay_Urun' AND Entity.UrunID is not NULL) C:\Users\pc\Desktop\GenoTip.Satis\GenoTip.DAL\ModelSatis.edmx 660 15 GenoTip.DAL Error 4 Error 3007: Problem in Mapping Fragments starting at lines 748, 879: Non-Primary-Key column(s) [UrunID] are being mapped in both fragments to different conceptual side properties - data inconsistency is possible because the corresponding conceptual side properties can be independently modified. C:\Users\pc\Desktop\GenoTip.Satis\GenoTip.DAL\ModelSatis.edmx 749 15 GenoTip.DAL Error 5 Error 3012: Problem in Mapping Fragments starting at lines 748, 879: Data loss is possible in Satis.UrunID. An Entity with Key (PK) will not round-trip when: (PK does NOT play Role 'Satis' in AssociationSet 'FK_Satis_Urun' AND PK is in 'Satis' EntitySet) C:\Users\pc\Desktop\GenoTip.Satis\GenoTip.DAL\ModelSatis.edmx 880 11 GenoTip.DAL Error 6 Error 3012: Problem in Mapping Fragments starting at lines 748, 879: Data loss is possible in Satis.UrunID. An Entity with Key (PK) will not round-trip when: (PK is in 'Satis' EntitySet AND PK does NOT play Role 'Satis' in AssociationSet 'FK_Satis_Urun' AND Entity.UrunID is not NULL) C:\Users\pc\Desktop\GenoTip.Satis\GenoTip.DAL\ModelSatis.edmx 749 15 GenoTip.DAL

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• Qt under Visual C++ 2010 Express

  - by Evil Spork

  I'm trying to build a basic Qt hello world inside visual studio. I got the moc step to work (i think), but I am at a loss as to how to pass this linker error.. 1>moc_mainwindow.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static struct QMetaObject const QMainWindow::staticMetaObject" (?staticMetaObject@QMainWindow@@2UQMetaObject@@B) I've pleanty of googling but I am really at a loss.

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• Getting caught in loops - R

  - by user334898

  I am looking at whether or not certain 'systems' for betting really do work as claimed, namely, that they have a positive expectation. One such system is based on the rebate on loss. You basically have a large master pot, say $1 million. Your bankroll for each game is $50k. The way it works, is as follows: 1) Start with $50k, always bet on banker 2) If you win, add the money to the master pot. Then play again with $50k. 3) If you lose(now you're at $30k) play till you either: (a) hit 0, you get a rebate of 10%. Begin playing again with $50k+5k=$55k. (b) If you win more than the initial bankroll, add the money to the master pot. Then play again with $50k. 4) Continue until you double the master pot. I just cant find an easy way of programming out the possible cases in R, since you can eventually go down an improbable path. For example, you start at 50k, lose 20, win 19, now you're at 49, now you lose 20, lose 20, now youre at 9, you either lose 9 and get back 5k or you win and this cycle continues until you either end up with more than 50k or hit 0 and get the rebate on the 50k and start again with $50k +5k. Here's some code i started, but i havent figured out a good way of handling the cases where you get stuck and keeping track of the number of games played. Thanks again for your help. Obviously, I understand you may be busy and not have time. p.loss <- .4462466 p.win <- .4585974 p.tie <- 1 - (p.win+p.loss) prob <- c(p.win,p.tie,p.loss) bet<-20 x <- c(19,0,-20) r <- 10 # rebate = 20% br.i <- 50 br<-200 #for(i in 1:100){ # cbr.i<-0 y <- sample(x,1,replace=T,prob) cbr.i<-y+br.i if(cbr.i > br.i){ br<-br+(cbr.i-br.i); cbr.i<-br.i; }else{ y <- sample(x,2,replace=T,prob); if( sum(y)< cbr.i ){ cbr.i<-br.i+(1/r)*br.i; br<-br-br.i} cbr.i<-y+ }else{ cbr.i<- sum(y) + cbr.i; }if(cbr.i <= bet){ y <- sample(x,1,replace=T,prob) if(abs(y)>cbr.i){ cbr.i<-br.i+(1/r)*br.i } }

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• Representing a number in a byte array (java programming)

  - by Mark Roberts

  I'm trying to represent the port number 9876 (or 0x2694 in hex) in a two byte array: class foo { public static void main (String args[]) { byte[] sendData = new byte[1]; sendData[0] = 0x26; sendData[1] = 0x94; } } But I get a warning about possible loss of precision: foo.java:5: possible loss of precision found : int required: byte sendData[1] = 0x94; ^ 1 error How can I represent the number 9876 in a two byte array without losing precision?

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• Can't configure frame relay T1 on Cisco 1760

  - by sonar

  For the past few days I've been trying to configure a data T1 via a Frame Relay. Now I've been pretty unsuccessful at it, and it's been a while, since I've done this so please bare with me. The ISP provided me the following information: 1. IP address 2. Gateway address 3. Encapsulation Frame Relay 4. DLCI 100 5. BZ8 ESF (I think the bz8 was supposed to be b8zs) 6. Time Slot (1 al 24). And what I have configured up until now is the following: interface Serial0/0 ip address <ip address> 255.255.255.252 encapsulation frame-relay service-module t1 timeslots 1-24 frame-relay interface-dlci 100 sh service-module s0/0 (outputs): Module type is T1/fractional Hardware revision is 0.128, Software revision is 0.2, Image checksum is 0x73D70058, Protocol revision is 0.1 Receiver has no alarms. Framing is **ESF**, Line Code is **B8ZS**, Current clock source is line, Fraction has **24 timeslots** (64 Kbits/sec each), Net bandwidth is 1536 Kbits/sec. Last module self-test (done at startup): Passed Last clearing of alarm counters 00:17:17 loss of signal : 0, loss of frame : 0, AIS alarm : 0, Remote alarm : 2, last occurred 00:10:10 Module access errors : 0, Total Data (last 1 15 minute intervals): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs Data in current interval (138 seconds elapsed): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs sh int: FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PQUICC_FEC, address is 000d.6516.e5aa (bia 000d.6516.e5aa) Internet address is 10.0.0.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) Full-duplex, 100Mb/s, 100BaseTX/FX ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 Last input 00:20:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue: 0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 0 packets input, 0 bytes Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored 0 watchdog 0 input packets with dribble condition detected 191 packets output, 20676 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets 0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is down Hardware is PQUICC with Fractional T1 CSU/DSU MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1536 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) LMI enq sent 157, LMI stat recvd 0, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI down LMI enq recvd 23, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0 LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE FR SVC disabled, LAPF state down Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 2/0, interface broadcasts 0 Last input 00:24:51, output 00:00:05, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:27:20 Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) Available Bandwidth 1152 kilobits/sec 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 23 packets input, 302 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 1725 input errors, 595 CRC, 1099 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 30 abort 246 packets output, 3974 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 48 interface resets 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 4 carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up Serial0/0.1 is down, line protocol is down Hardware is PQUICC with Fractional T1 CSU/DSU MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1536 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Serial0/0.100 is down, line protocol is down Hardware is PQUICC with Fractional T1 CSU/DSU Internet address is <ip address>/30 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1536 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY Last clearing of "show interface" counters never And everything seems to be accounted for to me, but apparently I'm missing something. My issue is that I'm stuck on interface up, line protocol down, so the T1 doesn't go up. Any ideas? Thank you,

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• OpenVPN Error : TLS Error: local/remote TLS keys are out of sync: [AF_INET]

  - by Lucidity

  Fist off thanks for reading this, I appreciate any and all suggestions. I am having some serious problems reconnecting to my OpenVPN client using Riseup.net's VPN. I have spent a few days banging my head against the wall in attempts to set this up on my iOS devices....but that is a whole other issue. I was however able to set it up on my Mac OS X specifically on my Windows Vista 32 bit BootCamp VM with relatively little trouble. To originally connect I only had to modify the recommended Config file very slightly (Config file included at the end of this post): - I had to enter the code directly into my config file - And change "dev tap" to "dev tun" So I was connected. (Note - I did test to ensure the VPN was actually working after I originally connected, it was. Also verified the .pem file (inserted as the coding in my config file) for authenticity). I left the VPN running. My computer went to sleep. Today I went to use the internet expecting (possibly incorrectly - I am now unsure if I was wrong to leave it running) to still be connected to the VPN. However I saw immediately I was not. I went to reconnect. And was (am) unable to. My logs after attempting to connect (and getting a connection failed dialog box) show everything working as it should (as far as I can tell) until the end where I get the following lines: Mon Sep 23 21:07:49 2013 us=276809 Initialization Sequence Completed Mon Sep 23 21:07:49 2013 us=276809 MANAGEMENT: >STATE:1379995669,CONNECTED,SUCCESS, OMITTED Mon Sep 23 21:22:50 2013 us=390350 Authenticate/Decrypt packet error: packet HMAC authentication failed Mon Sep 23 21:23:39 2013 us=862180 TLS Error: local/remote TLS keys are out of sync: [AF_INET] VPN IP OMITTED [2] Mon Sep 23 21:23:57 2013 us=395183 Authenticate/Decrypt packet error: packet HMAC authentication failed Mon Sep 23 22:07:41 2013 us=296898 TLS: soft reset sec=0 bytes=513834601/0 pkts=708032/0 Mon Sep 23 22:07:41 2013 us=671299 VERIFY OK: depth=1, C=US, O=Riseup Networks, L=Seattle, ST=WA, CN=Riseup Networks, [email protected] Mon Sep 23 22:07:41 2013 us=671299 VERIFY OK: depth=0, C=US, O=Riseup Networks, L=Seattle, ST=WA, CN=vpn.riseup.net Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 2048 bit RSA So I have searched for a solution online and I have included what I have attempted below, however I fear (know) I am not knowledgeable enough in this area to fix this myself. I apologize in advance for my ignorance. I do tech support for a living, but not this kind of tech support unfortunately. Other notes and troubleshooting done - - Windows Firewall is disabled completely, as well as other Anti-virus programs - Tor is disabled completely - No Proxies running - Time is correct in all locations - Router Firmware is up to date - Able to connect to the internet and as far as I can tell all necessary ports are open. - No settings have been altered since I was able to connect successfully. - Ethernet as well as wifi connections attempted, resulted in same error. Also tried adding the following lines to my config file (without success or change in error): persist-key persist-tun proto tcp (after reading that this error generally occurs on UDP connections, and is extremely rare on TCP) resolv-retry infinite (thinking the connection may have timed out since the issues occurred after leaving VPN connected during about 10 hrs of computer in sleep mode) All attempts resulted in exact same error code included at the top of this post. The original suggestions I found online stated - (regarding the TLS Error) - This error should resolve itself within 60 seconds, or if not quit wait 120 seconds and try again. (Which isnt the case here...) (regarding the Out of Sync" error) - If you continue to get "out of sync" errors and the link does not come up, then it means that something is probably wrong with your config file. You must use either ping and ping-restart on both sides of the connection, or keepalive on the server side of a client/server connection, in order to gracefully recover from "local/remote TLS keys are out of sync" errors. I wouldn't be surprised if my config file is lacking, or not correct. However I can confirm I followed the instructions to a tee. And was able to connect originally (and have not modified my settings or config file since I was able to connect to when the error began occurring). I have a very simple config file: client dev tun tun-mtu 1500 remote vpn.riseup.net auth-user-pass ca RiseupCA.pem redirect-gateway verb 4 <ca> -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- [OMITTED] -----END CERTIFICATE----- </ca> I would really appreciate any help or suggestions. I am at a total loss here, I know I'm asking a lot here. Though I am a new user on this site I help others on many forums including Microsoft's support community and especially Apple's support communities, so I will definitely pass on anything I learn here to help others. Thanks so so so much in advance for reading this.

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• Weird FTP issue between Unity Express and Windows Server 2008 FTP

  - by user33975

  My VOIP specialist complained about not being able to run backups of the Unity Express onto our FTP server (Microsoft FTP on Server 2008). I did a packet trace and observed some weird behavior that I think is even kind of funny in a way. The Unity FTP client is able to initiate both control and data connections with no problem, even being able to LIST directories and CWD into them. But as soon as the client sends a SYST command (not sure why it cares), the server replies with "Windows_NT" and lo and behold...the client immediately sends a QUIT command! I've seen this happen consistently on my packet captures. I tried pointing the Unity FTP client to a FileZilla FTP server, and viola...it worked fine! Has anyone else observed this? I thought it was kinda funny, being that Cisco seems to not like Microsoft that much...

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• Multi language support in wireshark

  - by Ajay

  Do we have multiple language support with Wireshark. We are using Windows Xp SP2 and Ubuntu Linux environment. Actually we have a plugin which is UDP based and we have a requirement to Analyse the Information in Packet List Pane and Packet Details Pane to be viewed in other languages like French, German, Italian etc ... So is it possible with Wireshark version - 1.2.0. For e.g. Can we also have all the Menu Items etc ... all text in Wireshark which is there in English to be seen in French, German and Italian.

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• sftp and public keys

  - by Lizard

  I am trying to sftp into an a server hosted by someone else. To make sure this worked I did the standard sftp [email protected] i was promted with the password and that worked fine. I am setting up a cron script to send a file once a week so have given them our public key which they claim to have added to their authorized_keys file. I now try sftp [email protected] again and I am still prompted for a password, but now the password doesn't work... Connecting to [email protected]... [email protected]'s password: Permission denied, please try again. [email protected]'s password: Permission denied, please try again. [email protected]'s password: Permission denied (publickey,password). Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer I did notice however that if I simply pressed enter (no password) it logged me in fine... So here are my questions: Is there a way to check what privatekey/pulbickey pair my sftp connection is using? Is it possible to specify what key pair to use? If all is setup correctly (using correct key pair and added to authorized files) why am I being asked to enter a blank password? Thanks for your help in advance! UPDATE I have just run sftp -vvv [email protected] .... debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey,password debug3: preferred gssapi-with-mic,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: /root/.ssh/id_rsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-rsa blen 277 debug2: input_userauth_pk_ok: SHA1 fp 45:1b:e7:b6:33:41:1c:bb:0f:e3:c1:0f:1b:b0:d5:e4:28:a3:3f:0e debug3: sign_and_send_pubkey debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Trying private key: /root/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: no such identity: /root/.ssh/id_dsa debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug3: authmethod_lookup password debug3: remaining preferred: ,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled password debug1: Next authentication method: password It seems to suggest that it tries to use the public key... What am I missing?

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• How to drop packets in a custom Intrusion Detection System

  - by tzoukos

  Hi there, I'm trying to build a custom Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDS/IPS). I found a great utility named ROPE which can scan the packet payload and drop the packet that doesn't follow the rules, set by a script. This serves my purpose completely, since what I want to do is check the payload for some specific text and then drop it or allow it ( the string feature in iptables wouldn't do me any good, because I want to check more than one string in tha payload, like usernames, id's, etc ). However, ROPE is really old and despite my many attempts I haven't managed to install it properly. Do you know any similar program that will help me drop packets in iptables depending on the payload? Any suggestion is greatly appreciated :)

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• Gateway on a virtual network interface used by LXC guests

  - by linkdd

  I'm currently having some problems with configuring a gateway for a virtual network interface. Here is what I've done : I created a virtual network interface : # brctl addbr lxc0 # brctl setfd lxc0 0 # ifconfig lxc0 192.168.0.1 promisc up # route add -net default gw 192.168.0.1 lxc0 The output of ifconfig gave me what I wanted : lxc0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 22:4f:e4:40:89:bb inet adr:192.168.0.1 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Masque:255.255.255.0 adr inet6: fe80::88cf:d4ff:fe47:3b6b/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:623 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:7412 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:0 RX bytes:50329 (49.1 KiB) TX bytes:335738 (327.8 KiB) I configured dnsmasq to provide a DNS server (using the default : 192.168.1.1) and a DHCP server. Then, my LXC guest is configured like this : lxc.network.type=veth lxc.network.link=lxc0 lxc.network.flags=up Every thing is working perfectly, my containers have an IP (192.168.0.57 and 192.168.0.98). I can ping the host and the containers from the containers and from the host : (host)# ping -c 3 192.168.0.114 PING 192.168.0.114 (192.168.0.114) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.0.114: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.114: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.038 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.114: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms --- 192.168.0.114 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1998ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.038/0.041/0.044/0.007 ms (guest)# ping -c 3 192.168.0.1 PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms --- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.042/0.044/0.048/0.003 ms Now, it's time to configure the host as a gateway for the network 192.168.0.0/24 : #!/bin/sh # Clear rules iptables -F iptables -t nat -F iptables -t mangle -F iptables -X iptables -A FORWARD -i lxc0 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o lxc0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward The final test failed completely, ping the outside : (guest)# ping -c 3 google.fr PING google.fr (173.194.67.94) 56(84) bytes of data. From 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=3 Redirect Host(New nexthop: wi-in-f94.1e100.net (173.194.67.94)) From 192.168.0.1 icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable From 192.168.0.1 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable From 192.168.0.1 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable --- google.fr ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 0 received, +3 errors, 100% packet loss, time 2017ms Did I missed something ?

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• Enabling publickey authentication for server's sshd

  - by aaron

  I have two servers running RHEL 5. Both have nearly identical configurations. I have set up RSA Publickey authetication on both, and one works but the other does not: [my_user@client] $ ssh my_user@server1 --- server1 MOTD Banner --- [my_user@server1] $ and on the other server: [my_user@client] $ ssh my_user@server2 my_user@server2's password: --- server2 MOTD Banner --- [my_user@server2] $ server2's /etc/ssh/sshd_config file snippet: RSAAuthentication yes PubkeyAuthentication yes AuthorizedKeysFile .ssh/authorized_keys When I run ssh -vvv I get the following snippet: debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey debug3: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: /home/my_user/.ssh/id_rsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentication that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic,passowrd debug1: Offering public key: /home/my_user/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentication that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic,passowrd debug3: authmethod_lookup password debug3: remaining preferred: ,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled password debug1: Next authentication method: password my_user@server2's password:

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