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  • Directory comparison in Meld but ignoring changes that only involve file timestamp?

    - by creamcheese
    I'm using Meld to compare two directories of source code on Ubuntu. However, because all of the files in one of the directories have been 'touched' so that all of their timestamps were updated, Meld is showing them as different, even though the contents of the files have not changed. But I'm only trying to find files that have different content. I don't see an option to get Meld just to look at changed contents. Any ideas for how to do this in Meld or is there a better GUI directory comparison tool for Ubuntu?

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  • Performance Comparison of Shell Scripts vs high level interpreted langs (C#/Java/etc.)

    - by dferraro
    Hi all, First - This is not meant to be a 'which is better, ignorant nonionic war thread'... But rather, I generally need help in making an architecture decision / argument to put forward to my boss. Skipping the details - I simply just would love to know and find the results of anyone who has done some performance comparisons of Shell vs [Insert General Purpose Programming Language (interpreted) here), such as C# or Java... Surprisingly, I have spent some time on Google on searching here to not find any of this data. Has anyone ever done these comparisons, in different use-cases; hitting a database like in a XYX # of loops doing different types of SQL (Oracle pref, but MSSQL would do) queries such as any of the CRUD ops - and also not hitting database and just regular 50k loop type comparison doing different types of calculations, and things of that nature? In particular - for right now, I need to a comparison of hitting an Oracle DB from a shell script vs, lets say C# (again, any GPPL thats interpreted would be fine, even the higher level ones like Python). But I also need to know about standard programming calculations / instructions/etc... Before you ask 'why not just write a quick test yourself? The answer is: I've been a Windows developer my whole life/career and have very limited knowledge of Shell scripting - not to mention *nix as a whole.... So asking the question on here from the more experienced guys would be grealty beneficial, not to mention time saving as we are in near perputual deadline crunch as it is ;). Thanks so much in advance,

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  • Berkeley DB: btree prefix comparison for directory-like keys?

    - by Mark Harrison
    I'm going to index a BDB with keys that look a lot like directory paths ('/foo/bar', '/foo/baz', etc, with levels of slashes generally < 10). Does anybody have any experience with using a Btree prefix comparison routine[1] for this? Are the savings worthwhile? Any references to experience papers on this subject? [1] http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs276a/projects/docs/berkeleydb/ref/am_conf/bt_prefix.html

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  • How could I implement a fuzzy time date replacer using Knockout?

    - by rball
    I'd like to implement what this plugin does using jQuery: https://github.com/rmm5t/jquery-timeago A short description of that plugin: This will turn all abbr elements with a class of timeago and an ISO 8601 timestamp in the title (conforming to the datetime design pattern microformat): <abbr class="timeago" title="2011-12-17T09:24:17Z">December 17, 2011</abbr> Into something like this: <abbr class="timeago" title="December 17, 2011">about 1 day ago</abbr> Except using knockout my markup looks like this: <abbr data-bind="attr: { title: Posted }" class="timeago"></abbr> I think something isn't synced up because nothing is happening even if I put the call to timeago within the viewmodel itself. I'm guessing I need a subscriber that's attached to the observable "Posted" but I'm not sure how to set that up.

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  • Is there an existing delegate in the .NET Framework for comparison?

    - by Neil Barnwell
    The .NET framework provides a few handy general-use delegates for common tasks, such as Predicate<T> and EventHandler<T>. Is there a built-in delegate for the equivalent of CompareTo()? The signature might be something like this: delegate int Comparison<T>(T x, T y); This is to implement sorting in such a way that I can provide a lambda expression for the actual sort routine (ListView.ListViewItemSorter, specifically), so any other approaches welcome.

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  • Does MS Test provide a default value equals comparison?

    - by fearofawhackplanet
    I want to test for example int orderId = myRepository.SubmitOrder(orderA); orderB = myRepository.GetOrder(orderId); Assert.AreEqual(orderA, orderB); // fail Obviously I need a value comparison here, but I don't want to have to provide an overridden Equals implementation for all of my classes purely for the sake of testing (it wouldn't be of any use in the rest of the app). Is there a provided generic method that just checks every field using reflection? Or if not, it is possible to write my own?

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  • Can I mix compile time string comparison with MPL templates?

    - by Negative Zero
    I got this compile time string comparison from another thread using constexpr and C++11 (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5721813/compile-time-assert-for-string-equality). It works with constant strings like "OK" constexpr bool isequal(char const *one, char const *two) { return (*one && *two) ? (*one == *two && isequal(one + 1, two + 1)) : (!*one && !*two); } I am trying to use it in the following context: static_assert(isequal(boost::mpl::c_str<boost::mpl::string<'ak'>>::value, "ak"), "should not fail"); But it gives me an compilation error of static_assert expression is not an constant integral expression. Can I do this?

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  • Answers to Your Common Oracle Database Lifecycle Management Questions

    - by Scott McNeil
    We recently ran a live webcast on Strategies for Managing Oracle Database's Lifecycle. There were tons of questions from our audience that we simply could not get to during the hour long presentation. Below are some of those questions along with their answers. Enjoy! Question: In the webcast the presenter talked about “gold” configuration standards, for those who want to use this technique, could you recommend a best practice to consider or follow? How do I get started? Answer:Gold configuration standardization is a quick and easy way to improve availability through consistency. Start by choosing a reference database and saving the configuration to the Oracle Enterprise Manager repository using the Save Configuration feature. Next create a comparison template using the Oracle provided template as a starting point and modify the ignored properties to eliminate expected differences in your environment. Finally create a comparison specification using the comparison template you created plus your saved gold configuration and schedule it to run on a regular basis. Don’t forget to fill in the email addresses of those you want to notify upon drift detection. Watch the database configuration management demo to learn more. Question: Can Oracle Lifecycle Management Pack for Database help with patching an Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC) environment? Answer: Yes, Oracle Enterprise Manager supports both parallel and rolling patch application of Oracle Real Application Clusters. The use of rolling patching is recommended as there is no downtime involved. For more details watch this demo. Question: What are some of the things administrators can do to control configuration drift? Why is it important? Answer:Configuration drift is one of the main causes of instability and downtime of applications. Oracle Enterprise Manager makes it easy to manage and control drift using scheduled configuration comparisons combined with comparison templates. Question: Does Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c Release 2 offer an incremental update feature for "gold" images? For instance, if the source binary has a higher PSU level, what is the best approach to update the existing "gold" image in the software library? Do you have to create a new image or can you just update the original one? Answer:Provisioning Profiles (Gold images) can contain the installation files and database configuration templates. Although it is possible to make some changes to the profile after creation (mainly to configuration), it is normally recommended to simply create a new profile after applying a patch to your reference database. Question: The webcast talked about enforcing in-house standards, does Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c offer verification of your databases and systems to those standards? For example, the initial "gold" image has been massively deployed over time, and there may be some changes to it. How can you do regular checks from Enterprise Manager to ensure the in-house standards are being enforced? Answer:There are really two methods to validate conformity to standards. The first method is to use gold standards which you compare other databases to report unwanted differences. This method uses a new comparison template technology which allows users to ignore known differences (i.e. SID, Start time, etc) which results in a report only showing important or non-conformant differences. This method is quick to setup and configure and recommended for those who want to get started validating compliance quickly. The second method leverages the new compliance framework which allows the creation of specific and robust validations. These compliance rules are grouped into standards which can be assigned to databases quickly and easily. Compliance rules allow for targeted and more sophisticated validation beyond the basic equals operation available in the comparison method. The compliance framework can be used to implement just about any internal or industry standard. The compliance results will track current and historic compliance scores at the overall and individual database targets. When the issue is resolved, the score is automatically affected. Compliance framework is the recommended long term solution for validating compliance using Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c. Check out this demo on database compliance to learn more. Question: If you are using the integration between Oracle Enterprise Manager and My Oracle Support in an "offline" mode, how do you know if you have the latest My Oracle Support metadata? Answer:In Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c Release 2, you now only need to download one zip file containing all of the metadata xmls files. There is no indication that the metadata has changed but you could run a checksum on the file and compare it to the previously downloaded version to see if it has changed. Question: What happens if a patch fails while administrators are applying it to a database or system? Answer:A large portion of Oracle Enterprise Manager's patch automation is the pre-requisite checks that happen to ensure the highest level of confidence the patch will successfully apply. It is recommended you test the patch in a non-production environment and save the patch plan as a template once successful so you can create new plans using the saved template. If you are using the recommended ‘out of place’ patching methodology, there is no urgency because the database is still running as the cloned Oracle home is being patched. Users can address the issue and restart the patch procedure at the point it left off. If you are using 'in place' method, you can address the issue and continue where the procedure left off. Question: Can Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c R2 compare configurations between more than one target at the same time? Answer:Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c can compare any number of target configurations at one time. This is the basis of many important use cases including Configuration Drift Management. These comparisons can also be scheduled on a regular basis and emails notification sent should any differences appear. To learn more about configuration search and compare watch this demo. Question: How is data comparison done since changes are taking place in a live production system? Answer:There are many things to keep in mind when using the data comparison feature (as part of the Change Management ability to compare table data). It was primarily intended to be used for maintaining consistency of important but relatively static data. For example, application seed data and application setup configuration. This data does not change often but is critical when testing an application to ensure results are consistent with production. It is not recommended to use data comparison on highly dynamic data like transactional tables or very large tables. Question: Which versions of Oracle Database can be monitored through Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c? Answer:Oracle Database versions: 9.2.0.8, 10.1.0.5, 10.2.0.4, 10.2.0.5, 11.1.0.7, 11.2.0.1, 11.2.0.2, 11.2.0.3. Watch the On-Demand Webcast Stay Connected: Twitter | Facebook | YouTube | Linkedin | NewsletterDownload the Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control12c Mobile app

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  • Prolog Beginner: How to unify with arithmentic comparison operators or how to get a set var to range

    - by sixtyfootersdude
    I am new to prolog. I need to write an integer adder that will add numbers between 0-9 to other numbers 0-9 and produce a solution 0-18. This is what I want to do: % sudo code add(in1, in2, out) :- in1 < 10, in2 < 10, out < 18. I would like to be able to call it like this: To Check if it is a valid addition: ?- add(1,2,3). true ?- add(1,2,4). false With one missing variable: ?- add(X,2,3). 1 ?- add(1,4,X). 5 With multiple missing variables: ?-add(X,Y,Z). % Some output that would make sense. Some examples could be: X=1, Y=1, Z=2 ; X=2, Y=1, Z=3 ...... I realize that this is probably a pretty simplistic question and it is probably very straightforward. However cording to the prolog tutorial I am using: "Unlike unification Arithmetic Comparison Operators operators cannot be used to give values to a variable. The can only be evaluated when every term on each side have been instantiated."

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  • opath syntax to force dynamic distribution group field as numerical comparison? (Exchange 2010)

    - by Matt
    I'm upgrading a (working) query based group (Exchange 2003) to a new and 'improved' dynamic distribution group (2010). For better or worse, our company decided to store everyone's employee ID in the pager field, so it's easy to manipulate via ADUC. That employee number has significance, as all employees are in a certain range, and all contractors are in a very different range. Basically, the new opath syntax appears to be using string compare on my pager field, even though it's a number. Let's say my employee ID is 3004, well, it's "less than" 4 from a string check POV. Set-DynamicDistributionGroup -Identity "my-funky-new-group" -RecipientFilter "(pager -lt 4) -and (pager -like '*') -and (RecipientType -eq 'UserMailbox')" Shows up in EMC with this: ((((((Pager -lt '4') -and (Pager -ne $null))) -and (RecipientType -eq 'UserMailbox'))) -and (-not(Name -like 'SystemMailbox{*')) -and (-not(Name -like 'CAS_{*')) -and (-not(RecipientTypeDetailsValue -eq 'MailboxPlan')) -and (-not(RecipientTypeDetailsValue -eq 'DiscoveryMailbox')) -and (-not(RecipientTypeDetailsValue -eq 'ArbitrationMailbox'))) This group should have max of 3 members right? Nope - I get a ton because of the string compare. I show up, and I'm in the 3000 range. Question: Anyone know a clever way to force this to be an integer check? The read-only LDAP filter on this group looks good, but of course it can't be edited. The LDAP representation (look ma, no quotes on the 4!) - Also interesting it sort of 'fills the' bed with the (pager=4) thing... (&(pager<=4)(!(pager=4))(pager=*)(objectClass=user)(objectCategory=person)(mailNickname=*)(msExchHomeServerName=*)(!(name=SystemMailbox{*))(!(name=CAS_{*))!(msExchRecipientTypeDetails=16777216))(!(msExchRecipientTypeDetails=536870912))(!(msExchRecipientTypeDetails=8388608))) If there is no solution, I suppose my recourse is either finding an unused field that actually will be treated as an integer, or most likely building this list with powershell every morning with my own automation - lame. I know of a few ways to fix this outside of the opath filter (designate "full-time" in another field, etc.), but would rather exchange do the lifting since this is the environment at the moment. Any insight would be great - thanks! Matt

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  • vi and emacs: comparison? (not flamebait!)

    - by jared
    So, I've been enjoying learning and using vi for the last couple of years. The beauty of vi, for me, is that its UI is a language of movement and action with a very uniform, simple grammar, and which is terse enough that the requisite memorization pays ample dividends in how much more I enjoy working with text (by avoiding boring repetition and eliminating micro-hassles, like that half-second annoying wait while you scroll down the screen). (Note--I don't claim to have expert knowledge of vi, but I get around decently well: comfortable with limited '@' macros and regexp search-and-replace within files; frequently use multiple buffers, tabs, and windows; get around pretty well in the file browser; understand the grammar of actions + movement + subject (as described so aptly in this beautiful SO answer); and had some pretty sweet debugger and ctags integration going with PHP.) I wonder if some emacs folks could take a swing at explaining what emacs does brilliantly, or sum its strengths up in a phrase or two. Spare me the talk about productivity; I'm more interested in conceptual clarity. Lisp-centric answers are okay; I'm learning Scheme on the weekends, and would pick up emacs for that alone (have been using Racket).

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  • IComparer for integers with and empty strings at end

    - by paulio
    Hi, I've written the following IComparer but I need some help. I'm trying to sort a list of numbers but some of the numbers may not have been filled in. I want these numbers to be sent to the end of the list at all times.. for example... [EMPTY], 1, [EMPTY], 3, 2 would become... 1, 2, 3, [EMPTY], [EMPTY] and reversed this would become... 3, 2, 1, [EMPTY], [EMPTY] Any ideas? public int Compare(ListViewItem x, ListViewItem y) { int comparison = int.MinValue; ListViewItem.ListViewSubItem itemOne = x.SubItems[subItemIndex]; ListViewItem.ListViewSubItem itemTwo = y.SubItems[subItemIndex]; if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(itemOne.Text) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(itemTwo.Text)) { uint itemOneComparison = uint.Parse(itemOne.Text); uint itemTwoComparison = uint.Parse(itemTwo.Text); comparison = itemOneComparison.CompareTo(itemTwoComparison); } else { // ALWAYS SEND TO BOTTOM/END OF LIST. } // Calculate correct return value based on object comparison. if (OrderOfSort == SortOrder.Descending) { // Descending sort is selected, return negative result of compare operation. comparison = (-comparison); } else if (OrderOfSort == SortOrder.None) { // Return '0' to indicate they are equal. comparison = 0; } return comparison; } Cheers.

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  • IComparer for integers and force empty strings to end

    - by paulio
    Hi, I've written the following IComparer but I need some help. I'm trying to sort a list of numbers but some of the numbers may not have been filled in. I want these numbers to be sent to the end of the list at all times.. for example... [EMPTY], 1, [EMPTY], 3, 2 would become... 1, 2, 3, [EMPTY], [EMPTY] and reversed this would become... 3, 2, 1, [EMPTY], [EMPTY] Any ideas? public int Compare(ListViewItem x, ListViewItem y) { int comparison = int.MinValue; ListViewItem.ListViewSubItem itemOne = x.SubItems[subItemIndex]; ListViewItem.ListViewSubItem itemTwo = y.SubItems[subItemIndex]; if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(itemOne.Text) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(itemTwo.Text)) { uint itemOneComparison = uint.Parse(itemOne.Text); uint itemTwoComparison = uint.Parse(itemTwo.Text); comparison = itemOneComparison.CompareTo(itemTwoComparison); } else { // ALWAYS SEND TO BOTTOM/END OF LIST. } // Calculate correct return value based on object comparison. if (OrderOfSort == SortOrder.Descending) { // Descending sort is selected, return negative result of compare operation. comparison = (-comparison); } else if (OrderOfSort == SortOrder.None) { // Return '0' to indicate they are equal. comparison = 0; } return comparison; } Cheers.

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  • How to do a timestamp comparison with JPA query?

    - by Robert
    We need to make sure only results within the last 30 days are returned for a JPQL query. An example follows: Date now = new Date(); Timestamp thirtyDaysAgo = new Timestamp(now.getTime() - 86400000*30); Query query = em.createQuery( "SELECT msg FROM Message msg "+ "WHERE msg.targetTime < CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AND msg.targetTime > {ts, '"+thirtyDaysAgo+"'}"); List result = query.getResultList(); Here is the error we receive: <openjpa-1.2.3-SNAPSHOT-r422266:907835 nonfatal user error org.apache.openjpa.persistence.ArgumentException: An error occurred while parsing the query filter 'SELECT msg FROM BroadcastMessage msg WHERE msg.targetTime < CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AND msg.targetTime {ts, '2010-04-18 04:15:37.827'}'. Error message: org.apache.openjpa.kernel.jpql.TokenMgrError: Lexical error at line 1, column 217. Encountered: "{" (123), after : "" Help!

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  • Is there any performance comparison between Perl web frameworks?

    - by DVK
    I have seen mentions (which sounded like unsubstantiated opinions, and dated ones at that) that Embperl is the fastest Perl web framework. I was wondering if there's a consensus on the relative speed of the major stable Perl web frameworks, or ideally, some sort of fact-based performance comparisons between implementations of the same sample webapps, or individual functionalities (e.g. session handling or form data processing), etc...?

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  • Fast JSON serialization (and comparison with Pickle) for cluster computing in Python?

    - by user248237
    I have a set of data points, each described by a dictionary. The processing of each data point is independent and I submit each one as a separate job to a cluster. Each data point has a unique name, and my cluster submission wrapper simply calls a script that takes a data point's name and a file describing all the data points. That script then accesses the data point from the file and performs the computation. Since each job has to load the set of all points only to retrieve the point to be run, I wanted to optimize this step by serializing the file describing the set of points into an easily retrievable format. I tried using JSONpickle, using the following method, to serialize a dictionary describing all the data points to file: def json_serialize(obj, filename, use_jsonpickle=True): f = open(filename, 'w') if use_jsonpickle: import jsonpickle json_obj = jsonpickle.encode(obj) f.write(json_obj) else: simplejson.dump(obj, f, indent=1) f.close() The dictionary contains very simple objects (lists, strings, floats, etc.) and has a total of 54,000 keys. The json file is ~20 Megabytes in size. It takes ~20 seconds to load this file into memory, which seems very slow to me. I switched to using pickle with the same exact object, and found that it generates a file that's about 7.8 megabytes in size, and can be loaded in ~1-2 seconds. This is a significant improvement, but it still seems like loading of a small object (less than 100,000 entries) should be faster. Aside from that, pickle is not human readable, which was the big advantage of JSON for me. Is there a way to use JSON to get similar or better speed ups? If not, do you have other ideas on structuring this? (Is the right solution to simply "slice" the file describing each event into a separate file and pass that on to the script that runs a data point in a cluster job? It seems like that could lead to a proliferation of files). thanks.

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  • What is the best algorithm for this array-comparison problem?

    - by mark
    What is the most efficient for speed algorithm to solve the following problem? Given 6 arrays, D1,D2,D3,D4,D5 and D6 each containing 6 numbers like: D1[0] = number D2[0] = number ...... D6[0] = number D1[1] = another number D2[1] = another number .... ..... .... ...... .... D1[5] = yet another number .... ...... .... Given a second array ST1, containing 1 number: ST1[0] = 6 Given a third array ans, containing 6 numbers: ans[0] = 3, ans[1] = 4, ans[2] = 5, ......ans[5] = 8 Using as index for the arrays D1,D2,D3,D4,D5 and D6, the number that goes from 0, to the number stored in ST1[0] minus one, in this example 6, so from 0 to 6-1, compare each res array against each D array My algorithm so far is: I tried to keep everything unlooped as much as possible. EML := ST1[0] //number contained in ST1[0] EML1 := 0 //start index for the arrays D While EML1 < EML if D1[ELM1] = ans[0] goto two if D2[ELM1] = ans[0] goto two if D3[ELM1] = ans[0] goto two if D4[ELM1] = ans[0] goto two if D5[ELM1] = ans[0] goto two if D6[ELM1] = ans[0] goto two ELM1 = ELM1 + 1 return 0 //If the ans[0] number is not found in either D1[0-6], D2[0-6].... D6[0-6] return 0 which will then exclude ans[0-6] numbers two: EML1 := 0 start index for arrays Ds While EML1 < EML if D1[ELM1] = ans[1] goto three if D2[ELM1] = ans[1] goto three if D3[ELM1] = ans[1] goto three if D4[ELM1] = ans[1] goto three if D5[ELM1] = ans[1] goto three if D6[ELM1] = ans[1] goto three ELM1 = ELM1 + 1 return 0 //If the ans[1] number is not found in either D1[0-6], D2[0-6].... D6[0-6] return 0 which will then exclude ans[0-6] numbers three: EML1 := 0 start index for arrays Ds While EML1 < EML if D1[ELM1] = ans[2] goto four if D2[ELM1] = ans[2] goto four if D3[ELM1] = ans[2] goto four if D4[ELM1] = ans[2] goto four if D5[ELM1] = ans[2] goto four if D6[ELM1] = ans[2] goto four ELM1 = ELM1 + 1 return 0 //If the ans[2] number is not found in either D1[0-6], D2[0-6].... D6[0-6] return 0 which will then exclude ans[0-6] numbers four: EML1 := 0 start index for arrays Ds While EML1 < EML if D1[ELM1] = ans[3] goto five if D2[ELM1] = ans[3] goto five if D3[ELM1] = ans[3] goto five if D4[ELM1] = ans[3] goto five if D5[ELM1] = ans[3] goto five if D6[ELM1] = ans[3] goto five ELM1 = ELM1 + 1 return 0 //If the ans[3] number is not found in either D1[0-6], D2[0-6].... D6[0-6] return 0 which will then exclude ans[0-6] numbers five: EML1 := 0 start index for arrays Ds While EML1 < EML if D1[ELM1] = ans[4] goto six if D2[ELM1] = ans[4] goto six if D3[ELM1] = ans[4] goto six if D4[ELM1] = ans[4] goto six if D5[ELM1] = ans[4] goto six if D6[ELM1] = ans[4] goto six ELM1 = ELM1 + 1 return 0 //If the ans[4] number is not found in either D1[0-6], D2[0-6].... D6[0-6] return 0 which will then exclude ans[0-6] numbers six: EML1 := 0 start index for arrays Ds While EML1 < EML if D1[ELM1] = ans[5] return 1 ////If the ans[1] number is not found in either D1[0-6]..... if D2[ELM1] = ans[5] return 1 which will then include ans[0-6] numbers return 1 if D3[ELM1] = ans[5] return 1 if D4[ELM1] = ans[5] return 1 if D5[ELM1] = ans[5] return 1 if D6[ELM1] = ans[5] return 1 ELM1 = ELM1 + 1 return 0 As language of choice, it would be pure c

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  • Handles Comparison: empty classes vs. undefined classes vs. void*

    - by Nawaz
    Microsoft's GDI+ defines many empty classes to be treated as handles internally. For example, (source GdiPlusGpStubs.h) //Approach 1 class GpGraphics {}; class GpBrush {}; class GpTexture : public GpBrush {}; class GpSolidFill : public GpBrush {}; class GpLineGradient : public GpBrush {}; class GpPathGradient : public GpBrush {}; class GpHatch : public GpBrush {}; class GpPen {}; class GpCustomLineCap {}; There are other two ways to define handles. They're, //Approach 2 class BOOK; //no need to define it! typedef BOOK *PBOOK; typedef PBOOK HBOOK; //handle to be used internally //Approach 3 typedef void* PVOID; typedef PVOID HBOOK; //handle to be used internally I just want to know the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches. One advantage with Microsoft's approach is that, they can define type-safe hierarchy of handles using empty classes, which (I think) is not possible with the other two approaches. What else? EDIT: One advantage with the second approach (i.e using incomplete classes) is that we can prevent clients from dereferencing the handles (that means, this approach appears to support encapsulation strongly, I suppose). The code would not even compile if one attempts to dereference handles. What else?

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