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• detecting pauses in a spoken word audio file using pymad, pcm, vad, etc

  - by james

  First I am going to broadly state what I'm trying to do and ask for advice. Then I will explain my current approach and ask for answers to my current problems. Problem I have an MP3 file of a person speaking. I'd like to split it up into segments roughly corresponding to a sentence or phrase. (I'd do it manually, but we are talking hours of data.) If you have advice on how to do this programatically or for some existing utilities, I'd love to hear it. (I'm aware of voice activity detection and I've looked into it a bit, but I didn't see any freely available utilities.) Current Approach I thought the simplest thing would be to scan the MP3 at certain intervals and identify places where the average volume was below some threshold. Then I would use some existing utility to cut up the mp3 at those locations. I've been playing around with pymad and I believe that I've successfully extracted the PCM (pulse code modulation) data for each frame of the mp3. Now I am stuck because I can't really seem to wrap my head around how the PCM data translates to relative volume. I'm also aware of other complicating factors like multiple channels, big endian vs little, etc. Advice on how to map a group of pcm samples to relative volume would be key. Thanks!

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• CFHost DNS Resolution - When is it OK to use synchronous API?

  - by Jasarien

  I went to the iPhone Developer Tech Talk a few months ago and asked one of the gurus there about the lack of NSHost on the iPhone. Some code I was porting to the iPhone made significant use of NSHost throughout its networking code. I was told that NSHost is on the iPhone, but its private. I was also told that NSHost is a synchronous API and that I shouldn't use it anyway. (If anyone could elaborate on why it shouldn't be used, as a bonus, that'd be great.) I can see the caveats of using synchronous API's on the main thread in that they'll block until complete - and that's never a good thing with network code because there are so many factors that could cause the API to block the thread for a significant amount of time. My solution was to write a wrapper around CFHost's asynchronous resolution functions. The result works quite well, and I'm considering releasing it into the public domain. But my question is this: Say my app only resolves a hostname once per run, during the connecting phase, and then cache's it for the rest of the session. During the time it is resolving, a modal screen is shown telling the user "Connecting" with a nice spinner. Does it really matter whether or not the resolution is asynchronous?? The user has to wait to connect anyway, and the resolution is only done on the first connection. Subsequent connections use the cached result of the resolution. When is it OK to be synchronous and when should things be asynchronous?

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• Sorting by dates (including nil) with NSFetchedResultsController

  - by glorifiedHacker

  In my NSFetchedResultsController, I set a sortDescriptor that sorts based on the date property of my managed objects. The problem that I have encountered (along with several others according to Google) is that nil values are sorted at the earliest end rather than the latest end of the date spectrum. I want my list to be sorted earliest, earlier, now, later, latest, nil. As I understand it, this sorting is done at the database level in SQLite and so I cannot construct my own compare: method to provide the sorting I want. I don't want to manually sort in memory, because I would have to give up all of the benefits of NSFetchedResultsController. I can't do compound sorting because the sectionNameKeyPaths are tightly coupled to the date ranges. I could write a routine that redirects indexPath requests so that section 0 in the results controller gets mapped to the last section of the tableView, but I fear that would add a lot of overhead, severely increase the complexity of my code, and be very, very error-prone. The latest idea that I am considering is to map all nil dates to the furthest future date that NSDate supports. My left brain hates this idea, as it feels more like a hack. It will also take a bit of work to implement, since checking for nil factors heavily into how I process dates in my app. I don't want to go this route without first checking for better options. Can anyone think of a better way to get around this problem?

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• Why is an Add method required for { } initialization?

  - by Dan Tao

  To use initialization syntax like this: var contacts = new ContactList { { "Dan", "[email protected]" }, { "Eric", "[email protected]" } }; ...my understanding is that my ContactList type would need to define an Add method that takes two string parameters: public void Add(string name, string email); What's a bit confusing to me about this is that the { } initializer syntax seems most useful when creating read-only or fixed-size collections. After all it is meant to mimic the initialization syntax for an array, right? (OK, so arrays are not read-only; but they are fixed size.) And naturally it can only be used when the collection's contents are known (at least the number of elements) at compile-time. So it would almost seem that the main requirement for using this collection initializer syntax (having an Add method and therefore a mutable collection) is at odds with the typical case in which it would be most useful. I'm sure I haven't put as much thought into this matter as the C# design team; it just seems that there could have been different rules for this syntax that would have meshed better with its typical usage scenarios. Am I way off base here? Is the desire to use the { } syntax to initialize fixed-size collections not as common as I think? What other factors might have influenced the formulation of the requirements for this syntax that I'm simply not thinking of?

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• Should I learn VB.NET or C#?

  - by Ravi

  Background I have decided to do my graduation project (yet to start) in .NET. Regarding it, I am bit confused about: what language should I learn: VB.NET or C#? What I have learnt from those who know it that both VB.NET and C# have: The same concepts VB.NET is simpler as it is more like English statements but also C# is simple too if you already know C (Which I do know) Question So considering some factors, e.g. career point of view, newness, challenging and beneficial, etc., what language should I choose? Please help me out. And clearly do justify your answer (whatever reason you have.) References (Extra) A little information about what project I am doing: It is a database file system. Technologies I'll be using are SQL Server, WPF, etc. I just love the concept of Database file system.So those who want to know more about Database file system, here are the links DBFS (This one is really good.Serves as primary reference for me) Towards A Single Folder Filesystem stackoverflow-What is a database file system? UPDATE1 : After some really good explained answers (actually all are good at their place), I have finally decided to go with C# for myself. Thank you all. Still, you are requested to put your opinion (Once it is reopened,of course) UPDATE2 : Question reopened and made community wiki.Thank you all.

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• Integrating Magento with SAP ECC 6.0 Backend

  - by ikarous

  I'm a freshly graduated (read: inexperienced) developer who's been tasked with determining the feasibility of integrating Magento with an SAP-based backend. No developer at our company has any experience working with either SAP or Magento, so I was hoping that the Stack Overflow community may be able to point me in the right direction with my research. We're a small company (four full-time developers) and the timeline on this project would be tight, so I'm trying to gather as much information as possible. The client has a tiered pricing structure, tax calculation logic, promotional deals, and automatic freight determination all implemented in an SAP ECC 6.0 system. They would like to migrate all their online stores over to Magento while continuing to utilize all existing functionality in SAP. The idea is to accomplish this by overriding certain modules in Magento to place remote calls to SAP BAPIs. I've investigated SAPRFC, which looks promising but relatively stale in terms of update frequency. Do any developers have experience using SAPRFC with SAP ECC 6.0 (with or without Magento integration)? If so, what were your experiences, and what were the biggest risk factors involved? Any comments, suggestions, or links to resources would be greatly appreciated.

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• Obj-C: ++variable is increasing by two instead of one

  - by Eli Garfinkel

  I am writing a program that asks users yes/no questions to help them decide how to vote in an election. I have a variable representing the question number called questionnumber. Each time I go through the switch-break loop, I add 1 to the questionnumber variable so that the next question will be displayed. This works fine for the first two questions. But then it skips the third question and moves on to the fourth. When I have more questions in the list, it skips every other question. Somewhere, for some reasons, the questionnumber variable is increasing when I don't want it to. Please look at the code below and tell me what I'm doing wrong. Thank you! Eli import "MainView.h" import @implementation MainView @synthesize Question; @synthesize mispar; int conservative = 0; int liberal = 0; int questionnumber = 1; (IBAction)agreebutton:(id)sender { ++liberal; } (IBAction)disagreebutton:(id)sender { ++conservative; } (IBAction)nextbutton:(id)sender { ++questionnumber; switch (questionnumber) { case 2: Question.text = @"Congress should pass a law that would ban Americans from earning more than one hundred million dollars in any given year."; break; case 3: Question.text = @"It is not fair to admit people to a university or employ them on the basis of merit alone. Factors such as race, gender, class, and sexual orientation must also be considered."; break; case 4: Question.text = @"There are two Americas - one for the rich and one for the poor."; break; case 5: Question.text = @"Top quality health care should be free for all."; break; default: break; } } @end

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• DAL Layer : EF 4.0 or Normal Data access layer with Stored Procedure

  - by Harryboy

  Hello Experts, Application : I am working on one mid-large size application which will be used as a product, we need to decide on our DAL layer. Application UI is in Silverlight and DAL layer is going to be behind service layer. We are also moving ahead with domain model, so our DB tables and domain classes are not having same structure. So patterns like Data Mapper and Repository will definitely come into picture. I need to design DAL Layer considering below mentioned factors in priority manner Speed of Development with above average performance Maintenance Future support and stability of the technology Performance Limitation : 1) As we need to strictly go ahead with microsoft, we can not use NHibernate or any other ORM except EF 4.0 2) We can use any code generation tool (Should be Open source or very cheap) but it should only generate code in .Net, so there would not be any licensing issue on per copy basis. Questions I read so many articles about EF 4.0, on outset it looks like that it is still lacking in features from NHibernate but it is considerably better then EF 1.0 So, Do you people feel that we should go ahead with EF 4.0 or we should stick to ADO .Net and use any code geneartion tool like code smith or any other you feel best Also i need to answer questions like what time it will take to port application from EF 4.0 to ADO .Net if in future we stuck up with EF 4.0 for some features or we are having serious performance issue. In reverse case if we go ahead and choose ADO .Net then what time it will take to swith to EF 4.0 Lastly..as i was going through the article i found the code only approach (with POCO classes) seems to be best suited for our requirement as switching is really easy from one technology to other. Please share your thoughts on the same and please guide on the above questions

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• Computing complex math equations in python

  - by dassouki

  Are there any libraries or techniques that simplify computing equations ? Take the following two examples: F = B * { [ a * b * sumOf (A / B ''' for all i ''' ) ] / [ sumOf(c * d * j) ] } where: F = cost from i to j B, a, b, c, d, j are all vectors in the format [ [zone_i, zone_j, cost_of_i_to_j], [..]] This should produce a vector F [ [1,2, F_1_2], ..., [i,j, F_i_j] ] T_ij = [ P_i * A_i * F_i_j] / [ SumOf [ Aj * F_i_j ] // j = 1 to j = n ] where: n is the number of zones T = vector [ [1, 2, A_1_2, P_1_2], ..., [i, j, A_i_j, P_i_j] ] F = vector [1, 2, F_1_2], ..., [i, j, F_i_j] so P_i would be the sum of all P_i_j for all j and Aj would be sum of all P_j for all i I'm not sure what I'm looking for, but perhaps a parser for these equations or methods to deal with multiple multiplications and products between vectors? To calculate some of the factors, for example A_j, this is what i use from collections import defaultdict A_j_dict = defaultdict(float) for A_item in TG: A_j_dict[A_item[1]] += A_item[3] Although this works fine, I really feel that it is a brute force / hacking method and unmaintainable in the case we want to add more variables or parameters. Are there any math equation parsers you'd recommend? Side Note: These equations are used to model travel. Currently I use excel to solve a lot of these equations; and I find that process to be daunting. I'd rather move to python where it pulls the data directly from our database (postgres) and outputs the results into the database. All that is figured out. I'm just struggling with evaluating the equations themselves. Thanks :)

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• When optimizing database queries, what exactly is the relationship between number of queries and siz

  - by williamjones

  To optimize application speed, everyone always advises to minimize the number of queries an application makes to the database, consolidating them into fewer queries that retrieve more wherever possible. However, this also always comes with the caution that data transferred is still data transferred, and just because you are making fewer queries doesn't make the data transferred free. I'm in a situation where I can over-include on the query in order to cut down the number of queries, and simply remove the unwanted data in the application code. Is there any type of a rule of thumb on how much of a cost there is to each query, to know when to optimize number of queries versus size of queries? I've tried to Google for objective performance analysis data, but surprisingly haven't been able to find anything like that. Clearly this relationship will change for factors such as when the database grows in size, making this somewhat individualized, but surely this is not so individualized that a broad sense of the landscape can't be drawn out? I'm looking for general answers, but for what it's worth, I'm running an application on Heroku.com, which means Ruby on Rails with a Postgres database.

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• Using Hidden Markov Model for designing AI mp3 player

  - by Casper Slynge

  Hey guys. Im working on an assignment, where I want to design an AI for a mp3 player. The AI must be trained and designed with the use of a HMM method. The mp3 player shall have the functionality of adapting to its user, by analyzing incoming biological sensor data, and from this data the mp3 player will choose a genre for the next song. Given in the assignment is 14 samples of data: One sample consist of Heart Rate, Respiration, Skin Conductivity, Activity and finally the output genre. Below is the 14 samples of data, just for you to get an impression of what im talking about. Sample HR RSP SC Activity Genre S1 Medium Low High Low Rock S2 High Low Medium High Rock S3 High High Medium Low Classic S4 High Medium Low Medium Classic S5 Medium Medium Low Low Classic S6 Medium Low High High Rock S7 Medium High Medium Low Classic S8 High Medium High Low Rock S9 High High Low Low Classic S10 Medium Medium Medium Low Classic S11 Medium Medium High High Rock S12 Low Medium Medium High Classic S13 Medium High Low Low Classic S14 High Low Medium High Rock My time of work regarding HMM is quite low, so my question to you is if I got the right angle on the assignment. I have three different states for each sensor: Low, Medium, High. Two observations/output symbols: Rock, Classic In my own opinion I see my start probabilities as the weightened factors for either a Low, Medium or High state in the Heart Rate. So the ideal solution for the AI is that it will learn these 14 sets of samples. And when a users sensor input is received, the AI will compare the combination of states for all four sensors, with the already memorized samples. If there exist a matching combination, the AI will choose the genre, and if not it will choose a genre according to the weightened transition probabilities, while simultaniously updating the transition probabilities with the new data. Is this a right approach to take, or am I missing something ? Is there another way to determine the output probability (read about Maximum likelihood estimation by EM, but dont understand the concept)? Best regards, Casper

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• Passing data between ViewControllers versus doing local Fetch in each VC

  - by Tofrizer

  Hi All, I'm developing an iPhone app using Core Data and I'm looking for some general advice and recommendations on whether its acceptable to pass data between ViewControllers versus doing a local fetch in each ViewController as you navigate to it. Ordinarily I would say it all depends on various factors (e.g. performance etc) but the passing data approach is so prevalent in my app and I'm spooked by all the stories about Apple rejecting apps because of not conforming to their standard guidelines. So let me put another way -- is it non-standard to pass data between VC's? The reason I pass data so much is because each ViewController is just another view on to data present in my object model / graph. Once I have a handle on my first object in the first view controller (which I of course do have to fetch), I can use the existing object composition / relationships to drill down into the next level of detail into data and so I just pass these objects to the next VC. Separately, one possible downside with this passing-data-to-each-VC approach is I don't benefit from (what I perceive to be) the optimisation/benefits that NSFetchedResultsController provides in terms of efficient memory usage and section handling. My app is read-only but I do have one table with 5000 rows and I'm curious if I am missing out on NSFetchedResultsController benefits. Any thoughts on this as well? Can I somehow still benefit from NSFetchedResultsController goodness without having to do a full fetch (as I would have already passed in the data from my previous VC)? Thanks a lot.

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• What is faster with PictureBox? Many small redraws or complete redraw.

  - by kornelijepetak

  I have a PictureBox (WinMobile 6 WinForm) on which I draw some images. There is a background image that goes in the background and it does not change. However objects that are drawn on the picturebox are moving during the application so I need to refresh the background. Since items that are redrawn fill from 50% to 80% of the surface, the question is which of the two is faster: 1) Redraw only parts of the background image that have been changed (previous+next location of the moving object). 2) Redraw complete background and then draw all the objects in their current position. Now, the reason for asking is because I am not sure how much of processor power is needed for a single drawImage operation and what are the time consuming factors. I am aware if there is almost complete coverage of the background, it would be stupid to redraw portions of it, because by drawing portions I will have drawn the complete picture. But since sometimes only half of the image had changed (some objects remained in their old position), it may (perhaps) be benefitial to redraw only those regions. But I need your insight on this... Thanks.

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• Which version of Grady Booch's OOA/D book should I buy?

  - by jackj

  Grady Booch's "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications" is available brand new in both the 2nd edition (1993) and the 3rd edition (2007), while many used copies of both editions are available. Here are my concerns: 1) The 2nd edition uses C++: given that I just finished reading my first two C++ books (Accelerated C++ and C++ Primer) I guess practical tips can only help, so the 2nd edition is probably best (I think the 3rd edition has absolutely no code). On the other hand, the C++ books I read insist on the importance of using standard C++, whereas Booch's 2nd edition was published before the 1998 standard. 2) The 2nd edition is shorter (608 pages vs. 720) so, I guess, it will be slightly easier to get through. 3) The 3rd edition uses UML 2.0, whereas the 2nd edition is pre-UML. Some reviews say that the notation in the 2nd edition is close enough to UML, so it doesn't matter, but I don't know if I should be worrying about this or not. 4) The 2nd edition is available in good-shape used copies for considerably less than what the 3rd one goes for. Given all the above factors, do you think I should buy the 2nd or the 3rd edition? Recommendations on other books are also welcome but I would prefer it if whoever answers has read at least one of the versions of Booch's book (preferably both!). I have already bought but not read GoF and Riel's books. I also know that I should practice a lot with real-life code. Thanks.

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• How much does Website Development cost nowadays?

  - by Andreas Grech

  I am thinking of setting up my own freelance business but coming from a workplace that offers a particular service to huge clients, I do not know what are the current charges for websites are nowadays. I know that as technology just keeps changing and changing (most of the time, for the better...), the amount you charge for a single website is constantly differing. Like for example, I don't think static websites (with just static html pages) are that expensive today, no? (as i said, I might be mistaken since I haven't really touched on this freelance industry yet) So, freelance web-developers out there, can you give me estimates on how much you charge for your clients? Some examples of websites that I want to know an approx charge: ~10 static html pages ~10 dhtml pages (with maybe a flasy menu on the top/side) Database driven websites with a standard CMS (be it the one you developed, or an existing one) Database driven but with a custom-built cms for the particular client Using an existing template for a design Starting the design from scratch etc... I know that the normally clients don't really care about the technologies used to construct their websites, but do you charge differently according to which technology you use to build the website with?; as in, is the technology a factor when setting the price? ...being ASP.Net, PHP, Ruby On Rails etc... Also, how do you go on about charging your clients for your services? What are the major factors that you consider when setting a price tag for a website to a client ? And better yet, how do you even find prospective clients? <= [or should I leave this question for a different post?] Btw, in your post, also mention some numbers (in cash values, be it in USD, GBP, EUR or anything) because I want to be able to take calculate some averages from this post when some answers stack up

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• how to determine if a character vector is a valid numeric or integer vector

  - by Andrew Barr

  I am trying to turn a nested list structure into a dataframe. The list looks similar to the following (it is serialized data from parsed JSON read in using the httr package). myList <- list(object1 = list(w=1, x=list(y=0.1, z="cat")), object2 = list(w=2, x=list(y=0.2, z="dog"))) unlist(myList) does a great job of recursively flattening the list, and I can then use lapply to flatten all the objects nicely. flatList <- lapply(myList, FUN= function(object) {return(as.data.frame(rbind(unlist(object))))}) And finally, I can button it up using plyr::rbind.fill myDF <- do.call(plyr::rbind.fill, flatList) str(myDF) #'data.frame': 2 obs. of 3 variables: #$ w : Factor w/ 2 levels "1","2": 1 2 #$ x.y: Factor w/ 2 levels "0.1","0.2": 1 2 #$ x.z: Factor w/ 2 levels "cat","dog": 1 2 The problem is that w and x.y are now being interpreted as character vectors, which by default get parsed as factors in the dataframe. I believe that unlist() is the culprit, but I can't figure out another way to recursively flatten the list structure. A workaround would be to post-process the dataframe, and assign data types then. What is the best way to determine if a vector is a valid numeric or integer vector?

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• How are you using C++0x today? [closed]

  - by Roger Pate

  This is a question in two parts, the first is the most important and concerns now: Are you following the design and evolution of C++0x? What blogs, newsgroups, committee papers, and other resources do you follow? Even where you're not using any new features, how have they affected your current choices? What new features are you using now, either in production or otherwise? The second part is a follow-up, concerning the new standard once it is final: Do you expect to use it immediately? What are you doing to prepare for C++0x, other than as listed for the previous questions? Obviously, compiler support must be there, but there's still co-workers, ancillary tools, and other factors to consider. What will most affect your adoption? Edit: The original really was too argumentative; however, I'm still interested in the underlying question, so I've tried to clean it up and hopefully make it acceptable. This seems a much better avenue than duplicating—even though some answers responded to the argumentative tone, they still apply to the extent that they addressed the questions, and all answers are community property to be cleaned up as appropriate, too.

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• How do I get the WVGA Android browser to stop scaling my images?

  - by Dan Fabulich

  I'm designing an HTML page for display in Android browsers. Consider this simple example page: <html> <head><title>Simple!</title> </head> <body> <p><img src="http://sstatic.net/so/img/logo.png"></p> </body> </html> It looks just fine on the standard HVGA phones (320x480), but on HDPI WVGA sizes (480x800 or 480x854) the built-in browser automatically scales the image up; it looks ugly. I've read that I should be able to use this tag to force the browser to stop scaling my page: <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1.0; maximum-scale=1.0; minimum-scale=1.0; user-scalable=0;" /> ... but all that does is disable user scaling (the zoom buttons disappear); it doesn't actually prevent the browser from scaling my image. Adjusting the scale factors (setting them all to 2.0 or 0.5) has no effect at all. How can I force the WVGA browser to stop scaling my images?

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• Effective Method to Manage and Search Through 100,000+ Objects Instantly? (C#)

  - by Kirk

  I'm writing a media player for enthusiasts with large collections (over 100,000 tracks) and one of my main goals is speed in search. I would like to allow the user to perform a Google-esque search of their entire music collection based on these factors: Song Path and File Name Items in ID3 Tag (Title, Artist, Album, etc.) Lyrics What is the best way for me to store this data and search through it? Currently I am storing each track in an object and iterating over an array of these objects checking each of their variables for string matches based on given search text. I've run into problems though where my search is not effective because it is always a phrase search and I'm not sure how to make it more fuzzy. Would an internal DB like SQLlite be faster than this? Any ideas on how I should structure this system? I also need playlist persistence, so that when they close the app and open the app their same playlist loads immediately. How should I store the playlist information so it can load quickly when the application starts? Currently I am JSON encoding the entire playlist, storing it in a text file, and reading it into the ListView at runtime, but it is getting sluggish over 20,000 tracks. Thanks!

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• Need Help finding an appropriate task asignment algoritm for a collage project involving coordinatin

  - by Trif Mircea

  Hello. I am a long time lurker here and have found over time many answers regarding jquery and web development topics so I decided to ask a question of my own. This time I have to create a c++ project for collage which should help manage the workflow of a company providing all kinds of services through in the field teams. The ideas I have so far are: client-server application; the server is a dispatcher where all the orders from clients get and the clients are mobile devices (PDAs) each team in the field having one a order from a client is a task. Each task is made up of a series of subtasks. You have a database with estimations on how long a task should take to complete you also know what tasks or subtasks each team on the field can perform based on what kind of specialists made up the team (not going to complicate the problem by adding needed materials, it is considered that if a member of a team can perform a subtask he has the stuff needed) Now knowing these factors, what would a good task assignment algorithm be? The criteria is: how many tasks can a team do, how many tasks they have in the queue, it could also be location, how far away are they from the place but I don't think I can implement that.. It needs to be efficient and also to adapt quickly is the human dispatcher manually assigns a task. Any help or leads would be really appreciated. Also I'm not 100% sure in the idea so if you have another way you would go about creating such an application please share, even if it just a quick outline. I have to write a theoretical part too so even if the ideas are far more complex that what i outlined that would be ok ; I'd write those and implement what I can.

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• How to approach parallel processing of messages?

  - by Dan

  I am redesigning the messaging system for my app to use intel threading building blocks and am stumped trying to decide between two possible approaches. Basically, I have a sequence of message objects and for each message type, a sequence of handlers. For each message object, I apply each handler registered for that message objects type. The sequential version would be something like this (pseudocode): for each message in message_sequence <- SEQUENTIAL for each handler in (handler_table for message.type) apply handler to message <- SEQUENTIAL The first approach which I am considering processes the message objects in turn (sequentially) and applies the handlers concurrently. Pros: predictable ordering of messages (ie, we are guaranteed a FIFO processing order) (potentially) lower latency of processing each message Cons: more processing resources available than handlers for a single message type (bad parallelization) bad use of processor cache since message objects need to be copied for each handler to use large overhead for small handlers The pseudocode of this approach would be as follows: for each message in message_sequence <- SEQUENTIAL parallel_for each handler in (handler_table for message.type) apply handler to message <- PARALLEL The second approach is to process the messages in parallel and apply the handlers to each message sequentially. Pros: better use of processor cache (keeps the message object local to all handlers which will use it) small handlers don't impose as much overhead (as long as there are other handlers also to be run) more messages are expected than there are handlers, so the potential for parallelism is greater Cons: Unpredictable ordering - if message A is sent before message B, they may both be processed at the same time, or B may finish processing before all of A's handlers are finished (order is non-deterministic) The pseudocode is as follows: parallel_for each message in message_sequence <- PARALLEL for each handler in (handler_table for message.type) apply handler to message <- SEQUENTIAL The second approach has more advantages than the first, but non-deterministic ordering is a big disadvantage.. Which approach would you choose and why? Are there any other approaches I should consider (besides the obvious third approach: parallel messages and parallel handlers, which has the disadvantages of both and no real redeeming factors as far as I can tell)? Thanks!

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• How can you transform a set of numbers into mostly whole ones?

  - by Alice

  Small amount of background: I am working on a converter that bridges between a map maker (Tiled) that outputs in XML, and an engine (Angel2D) that inputs lua tables. Most of this is straight forward However, Tiled outputs in pixel offsets (integers of absolute values), while Angel2D inputs OpenGL units (floats of relative values); a conversion factor between these two is needed (for example, 32px = 1gu). Since OpenGL units are abstract, and the camera can zoom in or out if the objects are too small or big, the actual conversion factor isn't important; I could use a random number, and the user would merely have to zoom in or out. But it would be best if the conversion factor was selected such that most numbers outputted were small and whole (or fractions of small whole numbers), because that makes it easier to work with (and the whole point of the OpenGL units is that they are easy to work with). How would I find such a conversion factor reliably? My first attempt was to use the smallest number given; this resulted in no fractions below 1, but often lead to lots of decimal places where the factors didn't line up. Then I tried the mode of the sequence, which lead to the largest number of 1's possible, but often lead to very long floats for background images. My current approach gets the GCD of the whole sequence, which, when it works, works great, but can easily be thrown off course by a single bad apple. Note that while I could easily just pass the numbers I am given along, or pick some fixed factor, or use one of the conversions I specified above, I am looking for a method to reliably scale this list of integers to small, whole numbers or simple fractions, because this would most likely be unsurprising to the end user; this is not a one off conversion. The end users tend to use 1.0 as their "base" for manipulations (because it's simple and obvious), so it would make more sense for the sizes of entities to cluster around this.

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• LINQ Joins - Performance

  - by Meiscooldude

  I am curious on how exactly LINQ (not LINQ to SQL) is performing is joins behind the scenes in relation to how Sql Server performs joins. Sql Server before executing a query, generates an Execution Plan. The Execution Plan is basically an Expression Tree on what it believes is the best way to execute the query. Each node provides information on whether to do a Sort, Scan, Select, Join, ect. On a 'Join' node in our execution plan, we can see three possible algorithms; Hash Join, Merge Join, and Nested Loops Join. Sql Server will choose which algorithm to for each Join operation based on expected number of rows in Inner and Outer tables, what type of join we are doing (some algorithms don't support all types of joins), whether we need data ordered, and probably many other factors. Join Algorithms: Nested Loop Join: Best for small inputs, can be optimized with ordered inner table. Merge Join: Best for medium to large inputs sorted inputs, or an output that needs to be ordered. Hash Join: Best for medium to large inputs, can be parallelized to scale linearly. LINQ Query: DataTable firstTable, secondTable; ... var rows = from firstRow in firstTable.AsEnumerable () join secondRow in secondTable.AsEnumerable () on firstRow.Field<object> (randomObject.Property) equals secondRow.Field<object> (randomObject.Property) select new {firstRow, secondRow}; SQL Query: SELECT * FROM firstTable fT INNER JOIN secondTable sT ON fT.Property = sT.Property Sql Server might use a Nested Loop Join if it knows there are a small number of rows from each table, a merge join if it knows one of the tables has an index, and Hash join if it knows there are a lot of rows on either table and neither has an index. Does Linq choose its algorithm for joins? or does it always use one?

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• How can you ask a sensitive work question anonymously but still inform readers of your credibility a

  - by Rob

  I would like to request opinions about my career/situation at work with a software development project. I would like to ask anonymously or created a new stackoverflow.com account because I think I may be identified by co-workers at my employer since I have referred them to (non-sensititive) technical questions I have asked here. So they might know my account and be able to follow my activity. If I create a new account it will have no reputation and some readers may ignore it, for example, because they might think that the user only wishes to take ideas from here and not contribute, i.e. not a committed stackoverflow poster. What are your thoughts? (I do feel that it is appropriate to ask such pogramming career/situational questions here as many others have and there are some good questions -and answers and it seems that the stackoverflow community accepts such questions even thought the site's strict guidelines are for specific answers and not discussion, and non-subjective questions. And thank goodness that is the case - not all problems faced by programmers are about the craft but also the human factors around it - where else would folks go?)

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• How Can I Find a List of All Exceptions That a Given Library Function Throws in Python?

  - by b14ck

  Sorry for the long title, but it seems most descriptive for my question. Basically, I'm having a difficult time finding exception information in the official python documentation. For example, in one program I'm currently writing, I'm using the shutil libary's move function: from shutil import move move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') That works fine, as long as I have write access to /tmp/, there is enough diskspace, and if all other requirements are satisfied. However, when writing generic code, it is often difficult to guarantee those factors, so one usually uses exceptions: from shutil import move try: move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') except: print 'Move failed for some reason.' I'd like to actually catch the appropriate exceptions thrown instead of just catching everything, but I simply can't find a list of exceptions thrown for most python modules. Is there a way for me to see which exceptions a given function can throw, and why? This way I can make appropriate cases for each exception, eg: from shutil import move try: move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') except PermissionDenied: print 'No permission.' except DestinationDoesNotExist: print "/tmp/ doesn't exist" except NoDiskSpace: print 'No diskspace available.' Answer points go to whoever can either link me to some relevant documentation that I've somehow overlooked in the official docs, or provide a sure-fire way to figure out exactly which exceptions are thrown by which functions, and why. Thanks!

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