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  • Very slow wireless connection (unrelated to power management) using Netgear N150 WNA1100 in 12.04

    - by vgaldikas
    I am using a Netgear N150 WNA1100 USB Adapter. The network driver is: ath9k_htc. When I use Ubuntu 12.04 my wireless connection is much slower than when I use the WNA1100 with my Windows 7 installation on the same machine. I have been researching this and the most common reason for this seems to be related to power management. However for me this is off by default. I had entered a bunch of different commands and, at one stage, I got it to work at full power. But then I rebooted the machine and it went back to slow again. After entering the different commands I was afraid that I may have messed something up, so I performed a fresh install of Ubuntu. I still have the same problem. My wireless connection is still much slower when using Ubuntu than when using Windows 7. I am not sure what other info could help... EDIT: Ok, I have made live usb from the iso file I used to install Ubuntu on this pc, and ran it on my laptop. Still the same problem. However la[top works grand on cable. I suppose this means that my wireless adapter or network driver can be eliminated as root of the problem.. So maybe to do with router itself? I use ZyXEL P-660HW-D1

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  • Cancelling Window 7 shutdown diables power button

    - by Jens
    Normally, pressing the power button once initiates a shut-down in Windows 7. If any programs are still running that will not quit (e.g. waiting for a dialogue response), Windows overlays the screen with a dialogue allowing the user to cancel the shut-down. I've just noticed that on two different systems here, using this cancel option disables the shut-down via power button. The power button can still be used to kill the system by holding it for a few seconds, using the Start menu button to shut the PC down still works as well. Steps to reproduce: Open Notepad, type a few characters. Do not save. Press the computer's power button. Wait until the dark screen appears. Press cancel. Press the power button again. Notice how nothing happens. What is the reason for this behaviour, and can it be disabled to always try and shut down the PC when the power button is pressed?

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  • Battery life starts at 2:30 hrs (99%), but less than 1 minute later is only 1:30 hrs (99%)

    - by zondu
    After searching this and other forums, I haven't seen this same issue listed anywhere for Ubuntu 12. Prior to installing Ubuntu 12.10, my Netbook (Acer AspireOne D250, SATA HDD) was consistently getting 2:30-3 hrs battery life under Windows XP Home, SP3. However, immediately after installing Ubuntu 12.10, the battery life starts out at 2:30 hrs (99%), but less than 1 minute later suddenly drops to 1:30 hrs (99%), which seems very odd. It could be a complete coincidence that the battery is suddenly flaky at the exact same moment that Ubuntu 12.10 was installed, but that doesn't seem likely. I'm a newbie to Ubuntu, so I don't have much experience tweaking/trouble-shooting yet. Here's what I've tried so far: enabled laptop mode (sudo su, then echo 5 /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode) and checked that it is running when the A/C adapter is unplugged, but it doesn't seem to have made any noticeable difference in battery life, installed Jupiter, but it didn't work and messed up the system, so I had to uninstall it, disabled bluetooth (wifi is still on b/c it is necessary), set the screen to lowest brightness, etc., run through at least 1 full power cycle (running until the netbook shut itself off due to critical battery) and have been using it normally (sometimes plugged in, often unplugged until the battery gets very low) for a week since installing Ubuntu 12.10. installed powertop, but have no idea how to interpret its results. Here are the results of acpi -b: w/ A/C adapter: Battery 0: Full, 100% immediately after unplugging: Battery 0: Discharging, 99%, 02:30:20 remaining 1 minute after unplugging: Battery 0: Discharging, 99%, 01:37:49 remaining 2-3 minutes after unplugging: Battery 0: Discharging, 95%, 01:33:01 remaining 10 minutes after unplugging: Battery 0: Discharging, 85%, 01:13:38 remaining Results of cat /sys/class/power_supply/BAT0/uevent: w/ A/C adapter: POWER_SUPPLY_NAME=BAT0 POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS=Full POWER_SUPPLY_PRESENT=1 POWER_SUPPLY_TECHNOLOGY=Li-ion POWER_SUPPLY_CYCLE_COUNT=0 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_MIN_DESIGN=10800000 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_NOW=12136000 POWER_SUPPLY_CURRENT_NOW=773000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL_DESIGN=4500000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL=1956000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_NOW=1956000 POWER_SUPPLY_MODEL_NAME=UM08B32 POWER_SUPPLY_MANUFACTURER=SANYO POWER_SUPPLY_SERIAL_NUMBER= immediately after unplugging: POWER_SUPPLY_NAME=BAT0 POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS=Discharging POWER_SUPPLY_PRESENT=1 POWER_SUPPLY_TECHNOLOGY=Li-ion POWER_SUPPLY_CYCLE_COUNT=0 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_MIN_DESIGN=10800000 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_NOW=11886000 POWER_SUPPLY_CURRENT_NOW=773000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL_DESIGN=4500000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL=1956000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_NOW=1937000 POWER_SUPPLY_MODEL_NAME=UM08B32 POWER_SUPPLY_MANUFACTURER=SANYO POWER_SUPPLY_SERIAL_NUMBER= 1 minute later: POWER_SUPPLY_NAME=BAT0 POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS=Discharging POWER_SUPPLY_PRESENT=1 POWER_SUPPLY_TECHNOLOGY=Li-ion POWER_SUPPLY_CYCLE_COUNT=0 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_MIN_DESIGN=10800000 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_NOW=11728000 POWER_SUPPLY_CURRENT_NOW=1174000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL_DESIGN=4500000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL=1956000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_NOW=1937000 POWER_SUPPLY_MODEL_NAME=UM08B32 POWER_SUPPLY_MANUFACTURER=SANYO POWER_SUPPLY_SERIAL_NUMBER= 2-3 minutes later: POWER_SUPPLY_NAME=BAT0 POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS=Discharging POWER_SUPPLY_PRESENT=1 POWER_SUPPLY_TECHNOLOGY=Li-ion POWER_SUPPLY_CYCLE_COUNT=0 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_MIN_DESIGN=10800000 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_NOW=11583000 POWER_SUPPLY_CURRENT_NOW=1209000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL_DESIGN=4500000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL=1956000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_NOW=1878000 POWER_SUPPLY_MODEL_NAME=UM08B32 POWER_SUPPLY_MANUFACTURER=SANYO POWER_SUPPLY_SERIAL_NUMBER= 10 minutes later: POWER_SUPPLY_NAME=BAT0 POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS=Discharging POWER_SUPPLY_PRESENT=1 POWER_SUPPLY_TECHNOLOGY=Li-ion POWER_SUPPLY_CYCLE_COUNT=0 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_MIN_DESIGN=10800000 POWER_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE_NOW=11230000 POWER_SUPPLY_CURRENT_NOW=1239000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL_DESIGN=4500000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_FULL=1956000 POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_NOW=1644000 POWER_SUPPLY_MODEL_NAME=UM08B32 POWER_SUPPLY_MANUFACTURER=SANYO POWER_SUPPLY_SERIAL_NUMBER= Results of upower -i /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT0: w/ A/C adapter: native-path: /sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/device:00/PNP0A08:00/device:02/PNP0C0A:00/power_supply/BAT0 vendor: SANYO model: UM08B32 power supply: yes updated: Tue Nov 27 15:24:58 2012 (823 seconds ago) has history: yes has statistics: yes battery present: yes rechargeable: yes state: fully-charged energy: 21.1248 Wh energy-empty: 0 Wh energy-full: 21.1248 Wh energy-full-design: 48.6 Wh energy-rate: 8.3484 W voltage: 12.173 V percentage: 100% capacity: 43.4667% technology: lithium-ion immediately after unplugging: native-path: /sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/device:00/PNP0A08:00/device:02/PNP0C0A:00/power_supply/BAT0 vendor: SANYO model: UM08B32 power supply: yes updated: Tue Nov 27 15:41:25 2012 (1 seconds ago) has history: yes has statistics: yes battery present: yes rechargeable: yes state: discharging energy: 20.9196 Wh energy-empty: 0 Wh energy-full: 21.1248 Wh energy-full-design: 48.6 Wh energy-rate: 8.3484 W voltage: 11.86 V time to empty: 2.5 hours percentage: 99.0286% capacity: 43.4667% technology: lithium-ion History (charge): 1354023683 99.029 discharging 1 minute later: native-path: /sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/device:00/PNP0A08:00/device:02/PNP0C0A:00/power_supply/BAT0 vendor: SANYO model: UM08B32 power supply: yes updated: Tue Nov 27 15:42:31 2012 (17 seconds ago) has history: yes has statistics: yes battery present: yes rechargeable: yes state: discharging energy: 20.9196 Wh energy-empty: 0 Wh energy-full: 21.1248 Wh energy-full-design: 48.6 Wh energy-rate: 13.5432 W voltage: 11.753 V time to empty: 1.5 hours percentage: 99.0286% capacity: 43.4667% technology: lithium-ion History (charge): 1354023683 99.029 discharging History (rate): 1354023751 13.543 discharging 2-3 minutes later: native-path: /sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/device:00/PNP0A08:00/device:02/PNP0C0A:00/power_supply/BAT0 vendor: SANYO model: UM08B32 power supply: yes updated: Tue Nov 27 15:45:06 2012 (20 seconds ago) has history: yes has statistics: yes battery present: yes rechargeable: yes state: discharging energy: 20.2824 Wh energy-empty: 0 Wh energy-full: 21.1248 Wh energy-full-design: 48.6 Wh energy-rate: 13.7484 W voltage: 11.545 V time to empty: 1.5 hours percentage: 96.0123% capacity: 43.4667% technology: lithium-ion History (charge): 1354023906 96.012 discharging 1354023844 97.035 discharging History (rate): 1354023906 13.748 discharging 1354023875 12.992 discharging 1354023844 13.284 discharging 10 minutes later: native-path: /sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/device:00/PNP0A08:00/device:02/PNP0C0A:00/power_supply/BAT0 vendor: SANYO model: UM08B32 power supply: yes updated: Tue Nov 27 15:54:24 2012 (28 seconds ago) has history: yes has statistics: yes battery present: yes rechargeable: yes state: discharging energy: 18.1764 Wh energy-empty: 0 Wh energy-full: 21.1248 Wh energy-full-design: 48.6 Wh energy-rate: 13.2948 W voltage: 11.268 V time to empty: 1.4 hours percentage: 86.0429% capacity: 43.4667% technology: lithium-ion History (charge): 1354024433 86.043 discharging History (rate): 1354024464 13.295 discharging 1354024433 13.662 discharging 1354024402 13.781 discharging I noticed that between #2 and #3 (0 and 1 minutes after unplugging), while the battery still reports 99% charge and drops from 2:30 hr to 1:30 hr, the energy usage goes from 8.34 W to 13.54 W and the current_now increases, but shouldn't it be using less energy in battery mode since the screen is much dimmer and it's in power saving mode? (or is that normal behavior?) It also seems to drain more quickly than what it predicts, especially with the 1-1.25 hour drop in the first minute of being unplugged, which seems odd. What really concerns me is that Ubuntu 12.10 may not be properly managing the battery (with the sudden change in charge/life from 2:30 to 1:30 or 1:15 within a minute of unplugging), and that a new battery may quickly die under Ubuntu 12.10. I'd greatly appreciate any advice/suggestions on what to do, and especially whether there's a way to get back the 1-1.5 hrs of battery life that were suddenly lost when changing from WinXp to Ubuntu 12.10. Thanks :)

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  • New power supply and now HDDs are not recognized.

    - by Michael
    So I upgraded to a new X4 ULTRA power supply that was recommended to me by a local TigerDirect store. After installing it along with a new liquid cooling system, I booted it up and it automatically fried my CD Drive. After that I noticed that the OS wouldn't start and figured out that none of the 4 HDDs in my computer were being recognized by the BIOS. I feel them spool at a steady pace and have tried new cables and connections but to no avail. I triple checked all of the connections and cables and have no idea what is wrong. This isn't the first time I changed a PS or CPU cooling system but I am at a dead end. Any ideas, aside from buying a USB HDD reader and seeing if they are all fried? Also, this is a stock Gateway mobo with the mobo USB connections already dead. Could the new PS have fried the SATA connections??

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  • Are speakers wasting power when they are not in use?

    - by Dennis Cheung
    I guess all of you have a pair/set of speakers for your MP3s. I am just interesting to how do they do when they are not playing? How actually the power spent by the speaker? Does any the below cases matter? Idle / Silence input When you computer is off / not connected Raise the volume by hardware (turn/push the button on the speaker) Raise the volume by software (do it with your mouse) BTW, to save the world. I am here to suggest you to unplug it when you leave your PC.

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  • Why would a machine ruin three "power supply"s?

    - by Moshe
    A client of mine has an XP era eMachines. The power supply has died and been replaced 3 times. I've discharged the motherboard and checked the surge protector. In the middle of a scan with ComboFix, the machine died. It powers on and hangs before the BIOS and shows a solid yellow light. I believe the model # is T5062 or something like that. Aside from a bad outlet, what would cause the PSU to die a few times?

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  • Is there a way to automatically disconnect a notebook from the eletrical power-supply?

    - by Diogo
    I know this looks like weird and useless, but let me explain... I'm running Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit (Windows ADK) to make some tests on Windows 8 Preview. One of it's assessment is the "Battery Run Down Test", which tests battery consumption with some procesor load. I'm trying to "automate" in some way this test, I mean, I wish to execute it without any human intervention (such as manually disconecting the eletric power source to leave my notebook running only from batteries to run this assessment). So, there is some ACPI API, Windows API or even an easy bat shell/VBScript/Powershell command to do this? Does someone already made something like? PS: I'm asking this because I couldn't found any answer, but maybe someone here would have any tip...

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  • Big noise from Power Supply Unity Fa? Should I replace it immediately?

    - by EApubs
    Recently, I started to get a large noise from my PC when switched on. After some time, it disappears. I discovered that the issue is with the Power Supply Unit. Does this mean I have a failing PSU? Will it harm the PC if I didn't replace it immediately? Several years ago I bought a new computer casing which is very weird. Its small and compact. Normally, we have the PSU in the top. But in here, the PSU is on the bottom and right below the hard drive. Recently, two of my hard drives started to show problems. Read errors and bad sectors. Can it be the PSU and the design of the casing? Here's an image of the PSU and the hard drive :

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  • How can I automate my Linux computer to power off (and on preferably) under certain circumstances?

    - by Ashimema
    OK, So a little background; I've been using Windows Home Server as a Backup Appliance, Media Server and Share Server at home for some time. I decided it was costing me allot of juice so very early on added the "Lights Out" add-on to ensure it was only running as and when needed. I'm now looking to switch to a Linux based server and I'm looking for a similar tool/set of tools for advanced power management. Now the question; Anyone got any all-in-one suggestions (i.e with client parts for both Windows and Linux and a server part for the Linux server), or can anyone simply verify that I'll need to set-up all the individual bits for this myself separately? (A tool similar to "[SmartPower][2]" but for linux would be a great start)

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  • New power supply, now computer doesn't recognise hard drive?

    - by Mike
    Ok, I bought a new power supply, because my old one was too damn loud. I hooked it up to my PC, turned it on, everything is looking fine, start up detects my DVD drive, 2 hard disks.. then I get the message "BOOT FAILURE INSERT SYSTEM DISK". Now I've seen some other people talk about going into BIOS and changing the start up to the HDD and not the CD.. well I've done that and it doesn't help. If I let windows load up and it asks me to which partition I wish to install windows, no partition is present. It's as if after the initial start up the drives arn't being found. I plugged my old (but loud) PSU back in, connected up all the cables, and it works perfectly. Why does the new PSU not detect my HDD's after the first BIOS screen start up? Any ideas? :)

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  • Bladecenter-E Power Module fault

    - by Lihnjo
    We have problem on IBM Bladecenter-E Critical Events Power module 2 is off. DC fault. Power module 4 is off. DC fault. Warnings and System Events Insufficient chassis power to support redundancy What is the best solution for this problem? Thanks AMM Service Data Help SPAPP Capture Available 10/13/2010 17:03:47 1090347 bytes Time: 11/19/2012 11:02:31 UUID: 42E1 5D2F D7BF 41A6 A4A2 48D1 3FB7 0540 MAC Address xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx MM Information Name: nnnnn Contact: aaa, bbb, ccc, England Location: [email protected] IP address: 111.222.333.444 Date Time Information GMT offset: +1:00 - Central Europe Time (Western Europe, Algeria, Nigeria, Angola) Adjust for DST: Yes NTP: Enabled NTP Hostname/IP: 111.222.333.444 System Health: Critical System Status Summary One or more monitored parameters are abnormal. Critical Events Power module 2 is off. DC fault. Power module 4 is off. DC fault. Warnings and System Events Insufficient chassis power to support redundancy CHASSIS (BladeCenter-E) in CHASSIS slot: 01 TopoPath is "CHASSIS[1]". Description : BladeCenter-E Width : 1 Sub Type : BladeCenter (BC) Power Mode : 220 v KVM Owner : CHASSIS[1]/BLADE[9] MT Owner : CHASSIS[1]/MGMT_MOD[1] Component Type : CHASSIS Inventory: VPD ID: 336 (decimal) POS ID EXT: 0 (decimal) POS ID: 8 (decimal) Machine Type/Model: 86773RG Machine Serial Number: 99ZL816 Part Number: 39R8561 FRU Number: 39R8563 FRU Serial Number: YK109174W1HV Manufacturer ID: IBM Hardware Revision: 3 (decimal) Manufacture Date: 18 (wk), 07 (yr) UUID: 42E1 5D2F D7BF 41A6 A4A2 48D1 3FB7 0540 (hex) Type Code: 97 (decimal) Sub-type Code: 0 (decimal) IANA Num: 336 (decimal) Product ID: 8 (decimal) Manufacturer Sub ID: FOXC Enviroment data: -------------- Type: : POWER_USAGE Unit: : WATTS Reading: : 0xa Sensor Label: : Midplane Sensor ID: : 0x0 MGMT MOD (Advanced Management Module) in MGMT_MOD slot: 01 TopoPath is "CHASSIS[1]/MGMT_MOD[1]". Description : Advanced Management Module Name : kant Width : 1 Component Role : Primary Component Type : MGMT MOD Insert Time : 28050132 Inventory: VPD ID: 288 (decimal) POS ID EXT: 0 (decimal) POS ID: 4 (decimal) Part Number: 39Y9659 FRU Number: 39Y9661 FRU Serial Number: YK11836CE2RC Manufacturer ID: IBM Hardware Revision: 4 (decimal) Manufacture Date: 50 (wk), 06 (yr) UUID: 1D95 9937 8CA5 11DB 9499 0014 5EDF 1C98 (hex) Type Code: 81 (decimal) Sub-type Code: 1 (decimal) IANA Num: 20301 (decimal) Product ID: 65 (decimal) Manufacturer Sub ID: ASUS Firmware data: Type : AMM firmware Build ID : BPET50P File Name : CNETCMUS.PKT Release Date : 03/26/2010 Release Level : 50 Revision - Major: 80 Port info: ======================================================== Topology Path ID : 1 Label : External Phy Orientation : EXTERNAL Port Number : 1 Type : MGT Physical Meidum : Copper Number of Link Intferfaces : 1 ------------------------------------ Link Ifc ID Number : 1 Link Ifc Transport Protocol : ENET Link Ifc Addr Type : MAC Link Ifc Burned-in Addr : xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx Link Ifc Admin Addr : 00:00:00:00:00:00 Link Ifc Addr in use : xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx ---------------------------------------------------------- Configuration behaviors: Save Only Enviroment data: -------------- Type: : TEMPERATURE Unit: : DEGREES_C Reading: : 38.00 Sensor Label: : MM Ambient Sensor ID: : 0x0 -------------- Type: : VOLTAGE Unit: : VOLTS Reading: : +4.81 Sensor Label: : +5V Sensor ID: : 0x1b -------------- Type: : VOLTAGE Unit: : VOLTS Reading: : +3.26 Sensor Label: : +3.3V Sensor ID: : 0x19 -------------- Type: : VOLTAGE Unit: : VOLTS Reading: : +11.97 Sensor Label: : +12V Sensor ID: : 0x16 -------------- Type: : VOLTAGE Unit: : VOLTS Reading: : -4.88 Sensor Label: : -5V Sensor ID: : 0x1e -------------- Type: : VOLTAGE Unit: : VOLTS Reading: : +2.47 Sensor Label: : +2.5V Sensor ID: : 0x18 -------------- Type: : VOLTAGE Unit: : VOLTS Reading: : +1.76 Sensor Label: : +1.8V Sensor ID: : 0x15 -------------- Type: : POWER_USAGE Unit: : WATTS Reading: : 0x19 Sensor Label: : kant Sensor ID: : 0x0

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  • Diving into OpenStack Network Architecture - Part 1

    - by Ronen Kofman
    v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} rkofman Normal rkofman 83 3045 2014-05-23T21:11:00Z 2014-05-27T06:58:00Z 3 1883 10739 Oracle Corporation 89 25 12597 12.00 140 Clean Clean false false false false EN-US X-NONE HE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} Before we begin OpenStack networking has very powerful capabilities but at the same time it is quite complicated. In this blog series we will review an existing OpenStack setup using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview and explain the different network components through use cases and examples. The goal is to show how the different pieces come together and provide a bigger picture view of the network architecture in OpenStack. This can be very helpful to users making their first steps in OpenStack or anyone wishes to understand how networking works in this environment.  We will go through the basics first and build the examples as we go. According to the recent Icehouse user survey and the one before it, Neutron with Open vSwitch plug-in is the most widely used network setup both in production and in POCs (in terms of number of customers) and so in this blog series we will analyze this specific OpenStack networking setup. As we know there are many options to setup OpenStack networking and while Neturon + Open vSwitch is the most popular setup there is no claim that it is either best or the most efficient option. Neutron + Open vSwitch is an example, one which provides a good starting point for anyone interested in understanding OpenStack networking. Even if you are using different kind of network setup such as different Neutron plug-in or even not using Neutron at all this will still be a good starting point to understand the network architecture in OpenStack. The setup we are using for the examples is the one used in the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview. Installing it is simple and it would be helpful to have it as reference. In this setup we use eth2 on all servers for VM network, all VM traffic will be flowing through this interface.The Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview is using VLANs for L2 isolation to provide tenant and network isolation. The following diagram shows how we have configured our deployment: This first post is a bit long and will focus on some basic concepts in OpenStack networking. The components we will be discussing are Open vSwitch, network namespaces, Linux bridge and veth pairs. Note that this is not meant to be a comprehensive review of these components, it is meant to describe the component as much as needed to understand OpenStack network architecture. All the components described here can be further explored using other resources. Open vSwitch (OVS) In the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview OVS is used to connect virtual machines to the physical port (in our case eth2) as shown in the deployment diagram. OVS contains bridges and ports, the OVS bridges are different from the Linux bridge (controlled by the brctl command) which are also used in this setup. To get started let’s view the OVS structure, use the following command: # ovs-vsctl show 7ec51567-ab42-49e8-906d-b854309c9edf     Bridge br-int         Port br-int             Interface br-int type: internal         Port "int-br-eth2"             Interface "int-br-eth2"     Bridge "br-eth2"         Port "br-eth2"             Interface "br-eth2" type: internal         Port "eth2"             Interface "eth2"         Port "phy-br-eth2"             Interface "phy-br-eth2" ovs_version: "1.11.0" We see a standard post deployment OVS on a compute node with two bridges and several ports hanging off of each of them. The example above is a compute node without any VMs, we can see that the physical port eth2 is connected to a bridge called “br-eth2”. We also see two ports "int-br-eth2" and "phy-br-eth2" which are actually a veth pair and form virtual wire between the two bridges, veth pairs are discussed later in this post. When a virtual machine is created a port is created on one the br-int bridge and this port is eventually connected to the virtual machine (we will discuss the exact connectivity later in the series). Here is how OVS looks after a VM was launched: # ovs-vsctl show efd98c87-dc62-422d-8f73-a68c2a14e73d     Bridge br-int         Port "int-br-eth2"             Interface "int-br-eth2"         Port br-int             Interface br-int type: internal         Port "qvocb64ea96-9f" tag: 1             Interface "qvocb64ea96-9f"     Bridge "br-eth2"         Port "phy-br-eth2"             Interface "phy-br-eth2"         Port "br-eth2"             Interface "br-eth2" type: internal         Port "eth2"             Interface "eth2" ovs_version: "1.11.0" Bridge "br-int" now has a new port "qvocb64ea96-9f" which connects to the VM and tagged with VLAN 1. Every VM which will be launched will add a port on the “br-int” bridge for every network interface the VM has. Another useful command on OVS is dump-flows for example: # ovs-ofctl dump-flows br-int NXST_FLOW reply (xid=0x4): cookie=0x0, duration=735.544s, table=0, n_packets=70, n_bytes=9976, idle_age=17, priority=3,in_port=1,dl_vlan=1000 actions=mod_vlan_vid:1,NORMAL cookie=0x0, duration=76679.786s, table=0, n_packets=0, n_bytes=0, idle_age=65534, hard_age=65534, priority=2,in_port=1 actions=drop cookie=0x0, duration=76681.36s, table=0, n_packets=68, n_bytes=7950, idle_age=17, hard_age=65534, priority=1 actions=NORMAL As we see the port which is connected to the VM has the VLAN tag 1. However the port on the VM network (eth2) will be using tag 1000. OVS is modifying the vlan as the packet flow from the VM to the physical interface. In OpenStack the Open vSwitch agent takes care of programming the flows in Open vSwitch so the users do not have to deal with this at all. If you wish to learn more about how to program the Open vSwitch you can read more about it at http://openvswitch.org looking at the documentation describing the ovs-ofctl command. Network Namespaces (netns) Network namespaces is a very cool Linux feature can be used for many purposes and is heavily used in OpenStack networking. Network namespaces are isolated containers which can hold a network configuration and is not seen from outside of the namespace. A network namespace can be used to encapsulate specific network functionality or provide a network service in isolation as well as simply help to organize a complicated network setup. Using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview we are using the latest Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel R3 (UEK3), this kernel provides a complete support for netns. Let's see how namespaces work through couple of examples to control network namespaces we use the ip netns command: Defining a new namespace: # ip netns add my-ns # ip netns list my-ns As mentioned the namespace is an isolated container, we can perform all the normal actions in the namespace context using the exec command for example running the ifconfig command: # ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           LOOPBACK  MTU:16436 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) We can run every command in the namespace context, this is especially useful for debug using tcpdump command, we can ping or ssh or define iptables all within the namespace. Connecting the namespace to the outside world: There are various ways to connect into a namespaces and between namespaces we will focus on how this is done in OpenStack. OpenStack uses a combination of Open vSwitch and network namespaces. OVS defines the interfaces and then we can add those interfaces to namespace. So first let's add a bridge to OVS: # ovs-vsctl add-br my-bridge Now let's add a port on the OVS and make it internal: # ovs-vsctl add-port my-bridge my-port # ovs-vsctl set Interface my-port type=internal And let's connect it into the namespace: # ip link set my-port netns my-ns Looking inside the namespace: # ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           LOOPBACK  MTU:65536 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) my-port   Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 22:04:45:E2:85:21           BROADCAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) Now we can add more ports to the OVS bridge and connect it to other namespaces or other device like physical interfaces. Neutron is using network namespaces to implement network services such as DCHP, routing, gateway, firewall, load balance and more. In the next post we will go into this in further details. Linux Bridge and veth pairs Linux bridge is used to connect the port from OVS to the VM. Every port goes from the OVS bridge to a Linux bridge and from there to the VM. The reason for using regular Linux bridges is for security groups’ enforcement. Security groups are implemented using iptables and iptables can only be applied to Linux bridges and not to OVS bridges. Veth pairs are used extensively throughout the network setup in OpenStack and are also a good tool to debug a network problem. Veth pairs are simply a virtual wire and so veths always come in pairs. Typically one side of the veth pair will connect to a bridge and the other side to another bridge or simply left as a usable interface. In this example we will create some veth pairs, connect them to bridges and test connectivity. This example is using regular Linux server and not an OpenStack node: Creating a veth pair, note that we define names for both ends: # ip link add veth0 type veth peer name veth1 # ifconfig -a . . veth0     Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 5E:2C:E6:03:D0:17           BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) veth1     Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr E6:B6:E2:6D:42:B8           BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) . . To make the example more meaningful this we will create the following setup: veth0 => veth1 => br-eth3 => eth3 ======> eth2 on another Linux server br-eth3 – a regular Linux bridge which will be connected to veth1 and eth3 eth3 – a physical interface with no IP on it, connected to a private network eth2 – a physical interface on the remote Linux box connected to the private network and configured with the IP of 50.50.50.1 Once we create the setup we will ping 50.50.50.1 (the remote IP) through veth0 to test that the connection is up: # brctl addbr br-eth3 # brctl addif br-eth3 eth3 # brctl addif br-eth3 veth1 # brctl show bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces br-eth3         8000.00505682e7f6       no              eth3                                                         veth1 # ifconfig veth0 50.50.50.50 # ping -I veth0 50.50.50.51 PING 50.50.50.51 (50.50.50.51) from 50.50.50.50 veth0: 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.454 ms 64 bytes from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.298 ms When the naming is not as obvious as the previous example and we don't know who are the paired veth interfaces we can use the ethtool command to figure this out. The ethtool command returns an index we can look up using ip link command, for example: # ethtool -S veth1 NIC statistics: peer_ifindex: 12 # ip link . . 12: veth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 Summary That’s all for now, we quickly reviewed OVS, network namespaces, Linux bridges and veth pairs. These components are heavily used in the OpenStack network architecture we are exploring and understanding them well will be very useful when reviewing the different use cases. In the next post we will look at how the OpenStack network is laid out connecting the virtual machines to each other and to the external world. @RonenKofman

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  • Comparison of Architecture presentation patterns MVP(SC),MVP(PV),PM,MVVM and MVC

    This article will compare four important architecture presentation patterns i.e. MVP(SC),MVP(PV),PM,MVVM and MVC. Many developers are confused around what is the difference between these patterns and when should we use what. This article will first kick start with a background and explain different...Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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  • Comparison of Architecture presentation patterns MVP(SC),MVP(PV),PM,MVVM and MVC

    This article will compare four important architecture presentation patterns i.e. MVP(SC),MVP(PV),PM,MVVM and MVC. Many developers are confused around what is the difference between these patterns and when should we use what. This article will first kick start with a background and explain different...Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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  • Visio Architecture Diagram [closed]

    - by Mike
    I am using Visio to create an architecture diagram similar to the following Windows block diagram: Are there components available in Visio to make a diagram like this? I can do it manually by using the open/closed bar shape from Blocks and then adding the text as textboxes but it means I have to worry about sizing/offsetting text for each black box. Is anyone aware of whether there is some built-in shape already for this?

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