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  • Conversion constructor vs. conversion operator: precedence

    - by GRB
    Reading some questions here on SO about conversion operators and constructors got me thinking about the interaction between them, namely when there is an 'ambiguous' call. Consider the following code: class A; class B { public: B(){} B(const A&) //conversion constructor { cout << "called B's conversion constructor" << endl; } }; class A { public: operator B() //conversion operator { cout << "called A's conversion operator" << endl; return B(); } }; int main() { B b = A(); //what should be called here? apparently, A::operator B() return 0; } The above code displays "called A's conversion operator", meaning that the conversion operator is called as opposed to the constructor. If you remove/comment out the operator B() code from A, the compiler will happily switch over to using the constructor instead (with no other changes to the code). My questions are: Since the compiler doesn't consider B b = A(); to be an ambiguous call, there must be some type of precedence at work here. Where exactly is this precedence established? (a reference/quote from the C++ standard would be appreciated) From an object-oriented philosophical standpoint, is this the way the code should behave? Who knows more about how an A object should become a B object, A or B? According to C++, the answer is A -- is there anything in object-oriented practice that suggests this should be the case? To me personally, it would make sense either way, so I'm interested to know how the choice was made. Thanks in advance

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  • The EXCEPT and INTERSECT Operators in SQL Server

    The UNION, EXCEPT and INTERSECT operators of SQL enable you to combine more than one SELECT statement to form a single result set. Rob Sheldon explains all, with plenty of examples. Join SQL Backup’s 35,000+ customers to compress and strengthen your backups "SQL Backup will be a REAL boost to any DBA lucky enough to use it." Jonathan Allen. Download a free trial now.

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  • Bringing Alerts and Operators together with Notifications

    - by fatherjack
    I have covered SQL Server Alerts (Alerts are good, arent they?) on this blog before and I more recently did a post regarding Notifications (Are your Jobs talking to you) and how they should be configured. Now we need to check that these things are linked up so that when an Alert condition is met that you get the appropriate Notifications sent to Operators. Straight into the code we need and then a review of what it does ... DECLARE @ChosenOperator SYSNAME DECLARE @FailSafeOp TABLE ...(read more)

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  • What is the justification for Python's power operator associating to the right?

    - by Pieter Müller
    I am writing code to parse mathematical expression strings, and noticed that the order in which chained power operators are evaluated in Python differs from the order in Excel. From http://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html: "Thus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, the operators are evaluated from right to left (this does not constrain the evaluation order for the operands): -1*2 results in -1."* This means that, in Python: 2**2**3 is evaluated as 2**(2**3) = 2**8 = 256 In Excel, it works the other way around: 2^2^3 is evaluated as (2^2)^3 = 4^3 = 64 I now have to choose an implementation for my own parser. The Excel order is easier to implement, as it mirrors the evaluation order of multiplication. I asked some people around the office what their gut feel was for the evaluation of 2^2^3 and got mixed responses. Does anybody know of any good reasons or conciderations in favour of the Python implementation? And if you don't have an answer, please comment with the result you get from gut feel - 64 or 256?

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  • Arguments for or against using Try/Catch as logical operators

    - by James P. Wright
    I just discovered some lovely code in our companies app that uses Try-Catch blocks as logical operators. Meaning, "do some code, if that throws this error, do this code, but if that throws this error do this 3rd thing instead". It uses "Finally" as the "else" statement it appears. I know that this is wrong inherently, but before I go picking a fight I was hoping for some well thought out arguments. And hey, if you have arguments FOR the use of Try-Catch in this manner, please do tell. EDIT For any who are wondering, the language is C# and the code in question is about 30+ lines and is looking for specific exceptions, it is not handling ALL exceptions.

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  • Implementing comparision operators via 'tuple' and 'tie', a good idea?

    - by Xeo
    (Note: tuple and tie can be taken from Boost or C++11.) When writing small structs with only two elements, I sometimes tend to choose a std::pair, as all important stuff is already done for that datatype, like operator< for strict-weak-ordering. The downsides though are the pretty much useless variable names. Even if I myself created that typedef, I won't remember 2 days later what first and what second exactly was, especially if they are both of the same type. This gets even worse for more than two members, as nesting pairs pretty much sucks. The other option for that is a tuple, either from Boost or C++11, but that doesn't really look any nicer and clearer. So I go back to writing the structs myself, including any needed comparision operators. Since especially the operator< can be quite cumbersome, I thought of circumventing this whole mess by just relying on the operations defined for tuple: Example of operator<, e.g. for strict-weak-ordering: bool operator<(MyStruct const& lhs, MyStruct const& rhs){ return std::tie(lhs.one_member, lhs.another, lhs.yet_more) < std::tie(rhs.one_member, rhs.another, rhs.yet_more); } (tie makes a tuple of T& references from the passed arguments.) Edit: The suggestion from @DeadMG to privately inherit from tuple isn't a bad one, but it got quite some drawbacks: If the operators are free-standing (possibly friends), I need to inherit publicly With casting, my functions / operators (operator= specifically) can be easily bypassed With the tie solution, I can leave out certain members if they don't matter for the ordering Are there any drawbacks in this implementation that I need to consider?

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  • Working with Reporting Services Filters – Part 3: The TOP and BOTTOM Operators

    - by smisner
    Thus far in this series, I have described using the IN operator and the LIKE operator. Today, I’ll continue the series by reviewing the TOP and BOTTOM operators. Today, I happened to be working on an example of using the TOP N operator and was not successful on my first try because the behavior is just a bit different than we find when using an “equals” comparison as I described in my first post in this series. In my example, I wanted to display a list of the top 5 resellers in the United States for AdventureWorks, but I wanted it based on a filter. I started with a hard-coded filter like this: Expression Data Type Operator Value [ResellerSalesAmount] Float Top N 5 And received the following error: A filter value in the filter for tablix 'Tablix1' specifies a data type that is not supported by the 'TopN' operator. Verify that the data type for each filter value is Integer. Well, that puzzled me. Did I really have to convert ResellerSalesAmount to an integer to use the Top N operator? Just for kicks, I switched to the Top % operator like this: Expression Data Type Operator Value [ResellerSalesAmount] Float Top % 50 This time, I got exactly the results I expected – I had a total of 10 records in my dataset results, so 50% of that should yield 5 rows in my tablix. So thinking about the problem with Top N some  more, I switched the Value to an expression, like this: Expression Data Type Operator Value [ResellerSalesAmount] Float Top N =5 And it worked! So the value for Top N or Top % must reflect a number to plug into the calculation, such as Top 5 or Top 50%, and the expression is the basis for determining what’s in that group. In other words, Reporting Services will sort the rows by the expression – ResellerSalesAmount in this case – in descending order, and then filter out everything except the topmost rows based on the operator you specify. The curious thing is that, if you’re going to hard-code the value, you must enter the value for Top N with an equal sign in front of the integer, but you can omit the equal sign when entering a hard-coded value for Top %. This experience is why working with Reporting Services filters is not always intuitive! When you use a report parameter to set the value, you won’t have this problem. Just be sure that the data type of the report parameter is set to Integer. Jessica Moss has an example of using a Top N filter in a tablix which you can view here. Working with Bottom N and Bottom % works similarly. You just provide a number for N or for the percentage and Reporting Services works from the bottom up to determine which rows are kept and which are excluded.

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  • Bitwise operators in DX9 ps_2_0 shader

    - by lapin
    I've got the following code in a shader: // v & y are both floats nPixel = v; nPixel << 8; nPixel |= y; and this gives me the following error in compilation: shader.fx(80,10): error X3535: Bitwise operations not supported on legacy targets. shader.fx(92,18): ID3DXEffectCompiler::CompileEffect: There was an error compiling expression ID3DXEffectCompiler: Compilation failed The error is on the following line: nPixel |= y; What am I doing wrong here?

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  • LINQ and conversion operators

    - by vik20000in
    LINQ has a habit of returning things as IEnumerable. But we have all been working with so many other format of lists like array ilist, dictionary etc that most of the time after having the result set we want to get them converted to one of our known format. For this reason LINQ has come up with helper method which can convert the result set in the desired format. Below is an example var sortedDoubles =         from d in doubles         orderby d descending         select d;     var doublesArray = sortedDoubles.ToArray(); This way we can also transfer the data to IList and Dictionary objects. Let’s say we have an array of Objects. The array contains all different types of data like double, int, null, string etc and we want only one type of data back then also we can use the helper function ofType. Below is an example     object[] numbers = { null, 1.0, "two", 3, "four", 5, "six", 7.0 };     var doubles = numbers.OfType<double>(); Vikram

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  • Compound assignment operators in Python's Numpy library

    - by Leonard
    The "vectorizing" of fancy indexing by Python's numpy library sometimes gives unexpected results. For example: import numpy a = numpy.zeros((1000,4), dtype='uint32') b = numpy.zeros((1000,4), dtype='uint32') i = numpy.random.random_integers(0,999,1000) j = numpy.random.random_integers(0,3,1000) a[i,j] += 1 for k in xrange(1000): b[i[k],j[k]] += 1 Gives different results in the arrays 'a' and 'b' (i.e. the appearance of tuple (i,j) appears as 1 in 'a' regardless of repeats, whereas repeats are counted in 'b'). This is easily verified as follows: numpy.sum(a) 883 numpy.sum(b) 1000 It is also notable that the fancy indexing version is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the for loop. My question is: "Is there an efficient way for numpy to compute the repeat counts as implemented using the for loop in the provided example?"

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  • Learning about C Bitshift Operators

    - by Chris Hammond
    So I was doing some reading tonight on my Nerdkit , I had planned to actually do some playing around with it, but decided just to read a bit. I’ve never coded in C, I did C++ in College (not very well) and do most of my development in C# these days (when I’m doing code, mostly for fun). While all similar, there are a few differences, so doing things in C is a learning experience. There was some practice questions for AND and OR using Binary. Here are some examples. When comparing binary with AND ...(read more)

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  • Parent-child hierarchies and unary operators in PowerPivot

    - by Marco Russo (SQLBI)
    Alberto wrote an excellent post describing how to implement the Unary Operator feature (which is present in Analysis Services) in PowerPivot (there was a previous post about parent-child hierarchies, too). I have to say that the solution is not so easy to implement as in Analysis Services, but it just works and, from a practical point of view, it is not so difficult to implement if you understand how it works and accept its limitations (only sum and subtractions are supported). I think that many...(read more)

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