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  • Required Working Precision for the BBP Algorithm?

    - by brainfsck
    Hello, I'm looking to compute the nth digit of Pi in a low-memory environment. As I don't have decimals available to me, this integer-only BBP algorithm in Python has been a great starting point. I only need to calculate one digit of Pi at a time. How can I determine the lowest I can set D, the "number of digits of working precision"? D=4 gives me many correct digits, but a few digits will be off by one. For example, computing digit 393 with precision of 4 gives me 0xafda, from which I extract the digit 0xa. However, the correct digit is 0xb. No matter how high I set D, it seems that testing a sufficient number of digits finds an one where the formula returns an incorrect value. I've tried upping the precision when the digit is "close" to another, e.g. 0x3fff or 0x1000, but cannot find any good definition of "close"; for instance, calculating at digit 9798 gives me 0xcde6 , which is not very close to 0xd000, but the correct digit is 0xd. Can anyone help me figure out how much working precision is needed to calculate a given digit using this algorithm? Thank you,

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  • Encoding / Error Correction Challenge

    - by emi1faber
    Is it mathematically feasible to encode and initial 4 byte message into 8 bytes and if one of the 8 bytes is completely dropped and another is wrong to reconstruct the initial 4 byte message? There would be no way to retransmit nor would the location of the dropped byte be known. If one uses Reed Solomon error correction with 4 "parity" bytes tacked on to the end of the 4 "data" bytes, such as DDDDPPPP, and you end up with DDDEPPP (where E is an error) and a parity byte has been dropped, I don't believe there's a way to reconstruct the initial message (although correct me if I am wrong)... What about multiplying (or performing another mathematical operation) the initial 4 byte message by a constant, then utilizing properties of an inverse mathematical operation to determine what byte was dropped. Or, impose some constraints on the structure of the message so every other byte needs to be odd and the others need to be even. Alternatively, instead of bytes, it could also be 4 decimal digits encoded in some fashion into 8 decimal digits where errors could be detected & corrected under the same circumstances mentioned above - no retransmission and the location of the dropped byte is not known. I'm looking for any crazy ideas anyone might have... Any ideas out there?

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  • Percentage calculation around 0.5 (0.4 = -20% and 0.6 = +20%)

    - by Micheal
    I'm in a strange situation where I have a value of 0.5 and I want to convert the values from 0.5 to 1 to be a percentage and from 0.5 to 0 to be a negative percentage. As it says in the title 0.4 should be -20%, 0.3 should be -40% and 0.1 should be -80%. I'm sure this is a simple problem, but my mind is just refusing to figure it out :) Can anyone help? :)

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  • Code Golf: Evaluating Mathematical Expressions

    - by Noldorin
    Challenge Here is the challenge (of my own invention, though I wouldn't be surprised if it has previously appeared elsewhere on the web). Write a function that takes a single argument that is a string representation of a simple mathematical expression and evaluates it as a floating point value. A "simple expression" may include any of the following: positive or negative decimal numbers, +, -, *, /, (, ). Expressions use (normal) infix notation. Operators should be evaluated in the order they appear, i.e. not as in BODMAS, though brackets should be correctly observed, of course. The function should return the correct result for any possible expression of this form. However, the function does not have to handle malformed expressions (i.e. ones with bad syntax). Examples of expressions: 1 + 3 / -8 = -0.5 (No BODMAS) 2*3*4*5+99 = 219 4 * (9 - 4) / (2 * 6 - 2) + 8 = 10 1 + ((123 * 3 - 69) / 100) = 4 2.45/8.5*9.27+(5*0.0023) = 2.68... Rules I anticipate some form of "cheating"/craftiness here, so please let me forewarn against it! By cheating, I refer to the use of the eval or equivalent function in dynamic languages such as JavaScript or PHP, or equally compiling and executing code on the fly. (I think my specification of "no BODMAS" has pretty much guaranteed this however.) Apart from that, there are no restrictions. I anticipate a few Regex solutions here, but it would be nice to see more than just that. Now, I'm mainly interested in a C#/.NET solution here, but any other language would be perfectly acceptable too (in particular, F# and Python for the functional/mixed approaches). I haven't yet decided whether I'm going to accept the shortest or most ingenious solution (at least for the language) as the answer, but I would welcome any form of solution in any language, except what I've just prohibited above! My Solution I've now posted my C# solution here (403 chars). Update: My new solution has beaten the old one significantly at 294 chars, with the help of a bit of lovely regex! I suspected that this will get easily beaten by some of the languages out there with lighter syntax (particularly the funcional/dynamic ones), and have been proved right, but I'd be curious if someone could beat this in C# still. Update I've seen some very crafty solutions already. Thanks to everyone who has posted one. Although I haven't tested any of them yet, I'm going to trust people and assume they at least work with all of the given examples. Just for the note, re-entrancy (i.e. thread-safety) is not a requirement for the function, though it is a bonus. Format Please post all answers in the following format for the purpose of easy comparison: Language Number of characters: ??? Fully obfuscated function: (code here) Clear/semi-obfuscated function: (code here) Any notes on the algorithm/clever shortcuts it takes.

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  • Best fit curve for trend line

    - by Dave Jarvis
    Problem Constraints Size of the data set, but not the data itself, is known. Data set grows by one data point at a time. Trend line is graphed one data point at a time (using a spline/Bezier curve). Graphs The collage below shows data sets with reasonably accurate trend lines: The graphs are: Upper-left. By hour, with ~24 data points. Upper-right. By day for one year, with ~365 data points. Lower-left. By week for one year, with ~52 data points. Lower-right. By month for one year, with ~12 data points. User Inputs The user can select: the type of time series (hourly, daily, monthly, quarterly, annual); and the start and end dates for the time series. For example, the user could select a daily report for 30 days in June. Trend Weight To calculate the window size (i.e., the number of data points to average when calculating the trend line), the following expression is used: data points / trend weight Where data points is derived from user inputs and trend weight is 6.4. Even though a trend weight of 6.4 produces good fits, it is rather arbitrary, and might not be appropriate for different user inputs. Question How should trend weight be calculated given the constraints of this problem?

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  • java jama array problem

    - by agazerboy
    Hi All, I asked a question before but duffymo said it is not clear so i am going to post it again here. I am using Jama api for SVD calculation. I know very well about jama and SVD. Jama does not work if your column are more than rows. I have this situation. What should I do?? any help? I can't transpose the matrix too as it can produce wrong results. Thanks. P.S: I am calculating LSI with the help of jama. I am going like column(docs) and rows ( terms )

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  • polynomial multiplication using fastfourier transform

    - by mawia
    i am going through the above topic from CLRS(CORMEN) (page 834) and I got stuck at this point. Can anybody please explain how the following expression, A(x)=A^{[0]}(x^2) +xA^{[1]}(x^2) follows from, n-1 ` S a_j x^j j=0 Where, A^{[0]} = a_0 + a_2x + a_4a^x ... a_{n-2}x^{\frac{n}{2-1}} A^{[1]} = a_1 + a_3x + a_5a^x ... a_{n-1}x^{\frac{n}{2-1}} WITH REGARDS THANKS

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  • Fast permutation -> number -> permutation mapping algorithms

    - by ijw
    I have n elements. For the sake of an example, let's say, 7 elements, 1234567. I know there are 7! = 5040 permutations possible of these 7 elements. I want a fast algorithm comprising two functions: f(number) maps a number between 0 and 5039 to a unique permutation, and f'(permutation) maps the permutation back to the number that it was generated from. I don't care about the correspondence between number and permutation, providing each permutation has its own unique number. So, for instance, I might have functions where f(0) = '1234567' f'('1234567') = 0 The fastest algorithm that comes to mind is to enumerate all permutations and create a lookup table in both directions, so that, once the tables are created, f(0) would be O(1) and f('1234567') would be a lookup on a string. However, this is memory hungry, particularly when n becomes large. Can anyone propose another algorithm that would work quickly and without the memory disadvantage?

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  • Division, Remainders and only Real Numbers Allowed

    - by Senica Gonzalez
    Trying to figure out this pseudo code. The following is assumed.... I can only use unsigned and signed integers (or long). Division returns a real number with no remainder. MOD returns a real number. Fractions and decimals are not handled. INT I = 41828; INT C = 15; INT D = 0; D = (I / 65535) * C; How would you handle a fraction (or decimal value) in this situation? Is there a way to use negative value to represent the remainder? In this example I/65535 should be 0.638, however, with the limitations, I get 0 with a MOD of 638. How can I then multiply by C to get the correct answer? Hope that makes sense.

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  • 3D World to Local transformation

    - by Bill Kotsias
    Hello. I am having a real headache trying to set a node's local position to match a given world position. I was given a solution but, AFAICS, it only takes into account orientation and position but NOT scaling : node_new_local_position = node_parent.derivedOrientation().Inverse() * ( world_position_to_match - node_parent.derivedPosition() ); The node in question is a child of node_parent; node_parent local and derived properties (orientation, position and scaling) are known, as well as its full matrix transform. All the positions are 3d vectors; the orientation is a quaternion; the full transform is a 4x4 matrix. Could someone please help me to modify the solution to support scaling in the node hierarchy? Many thanks in advance, Bill

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  • How to detect if an ellipse intersects(collides with) a circle

    - by php html
    I want to improve a collision system. Right now I detect if 2 irregular objects collide if their bounding rectangles collide. I want to obtain the for rectangle the corresponding ellipse while for the other one to use a circle. I found a method to obtain the ellipse coordinates but I have a problem when I try to detect if it intersects the circle. Do you know a algorithm to test if a circle intersects an ellipse?

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  • How to make ARGB transparency using bitwise operators.

    - by Smejda
    I need to make transparency, having 2 pixels: pixel1: {A, R, G, B} - foreground pixel pixel2: {A, R, G, B} - background pixel A,R,G,B are Byte values each color is represented by byte value now I'm calculating transparency as: newR = pixel2_R * alpha / 255 + pixel1_R * (255 - alpha) / 255 newG = pixel2_G * alpha / 255 + pixel1_G * (255 - alpha) / 255 newB = pixel2_B * alpha / 255 + pixel1_B * (255 - alpha) / 255 but it is too slow I need to do it with bitwise operators (AND,OR,XOR, NEGATION, BIT MOVE)

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  • Detecting Asymptotes in a Graph

    - by nasufara
    I am creating a graphing calculator in Java as a project for my programming class. There are two main components to this calculator: the graph itself, which draws the line(s), and the equation evaluator, which takes in an equation as a String and... well, evaluates it. To create the line, I create a Path2D.Double instance, and loop through the points on the line. To do this, I calculate as many points as the graph is wide (e.g. if the graph itself is 500px wide, I calculate 500 points), and then scale it to the window of the graph. Now, this works perfectly for most any line. However, it does not when dealing with asymptotes. If, when calculating points, the graph encounters a domain error (such as 1/0), the graph closes the shape in the Path2D.Double instance and starts a new line, so that the line looks mathematically correct. Example: However, because of the way it scales, sometimes it is rendered correctly, sometimes it isn't. When it isn't, the actual asymptotic line is shown, because within those 500 points, it skipped over x = 2.0 in the equation 1 / (x-2), and only did x = 1.98 and x = 2.04, which are perfectly valid in that equation. Example: In that case, I increased the window on the left and right one unit each. My question is: Is there a way to deal with asymptotes using this method of scaling so that the resulting line looks mathematically correct? I myself have thought of implementing a binary search-esque method, where, if it finds that it calculates one point, and then the next point is wildly far away from the last point, it searches in between those points for a domain error. I had trouble figuring out how to make it work in practice, however. Thank you for any help you may give!

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  • Laplacian of Gaussian

    - by Don
    I am having trouble implementing a LoG kernel. I am trying to implement 9x9 kernal with theta = 1.4 as shown in this link http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/log.htm. However, I am having difficulty with the formula itself.For whatever values I input into the formula, I don't get any of the values in a 9x9 LoG kernel with theta = 1. 4. If someone can provide an example of how they got one of the big values ie -40 or -23, or the code to implement it, It'd be greatly appreciated. Thank you

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  • probability and relative frequency

    - by Alexandru
    If I use relative frequency to estimate the probability of an event, how good is my estimate based on the number of experiments? Is standard deviation a good measure? A paper/link/online book would be perfect. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist

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  • How to find a binary logarithm very fast? (O(1) at best)

    - by psihodelia
    Is there any very fast method to find a binary logarithm of an integer number? For example, given a number x=52656145834278593348959013841835216159447547700274555627155488768 such algorithm must find y=log(x,2) which is 215. x is always a power of 2. The problem seems to be really simple. All what is required is to find the position of the most significant 1 bit. There is a well-known method FloorLog, but it is not very fast especially for the very long multi-words integers. What is the fastest method?

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  • Pool Billiard AI

    - by Sebi
    Im implementing a pool billiard game in Java and it all works fine. It is a multiplayer game, but nevertheless, it should also be possible to play it alone. For this purpose I'm trying to implement a simple KI. At the moment, the KI choose just randomly a direction and a random intensity of the impulse (don't know the correct english word for that). Of course this AI is very poor and unlikely to ever challenge a player. So i thought about improving the KI, but there are several hard to solve problems. First I thought of just choosing the nearest ball and to try to put it directly into the nearest hole. This isn't that bad, but if there other balls in the line between, it isn't really working anymore. Additionally this dosn't solve te problem of calculating the intensity of the impulse. So are there any general advice? Or any ideas? Best practices?

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  • Curve fitting: Find the smoothest function that satisfies a list of constraints.

    - by dreeves
    Consider the set of non-decreasing surjective (onto) functions from (-inf,inf) to [0,1]. (Typical CDFs satisfy this property.) In other words, for any real number x, 0 <= f(x) <= 1. The logistic function is perhaps the most well-known example. We are now given some constraints in the form of a list of x-values and for each x-value, a pair of y-values that the function must lie between. We can represent that as a list of {x,ymin,ymax} triples such as constraints = {{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0.00311936, 0.00416369}, {2, 0.0847077, 0.109064}, {3, 0.272142, 0.354692}, {4, 0.53198, 0.646113}, {5, 0.623413, 0.743102}, {6, 0.744714, 0.905966}} Graphically that looks like this: We now seek a curve that respects those constraints. For example: Let's first try a simple interpolation through the midpoints of the constraints: mids = ({#1, Mean[{#2,#3}]}&) @@@ constraints f = Interpolation[mids, InterpolationOrder->0] Plotted, f looks like this: That function is not surjective. Also, we'd like it to be smoother. We can increase the interpolation order but now it violates the constraint that its range is [0,1]: The goal, then, is to find the smoothest function that satisfies the constraints: Non-decreasing. Tends to 0 as x approaches negative infinity and tends to 1 as x approaches infinity. Passes through a given list of y-error-bars. The first example I plotted above seems to be a good candidate but I did that with Mathematica's FindFit function assuming a lognormal CDF. That works well in this specific example but in general there need not be a lognormal CDF that satisfies the constraints.

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  • An implementation of Sharir's or Aurenhammer's deterministic algorithm for calculating the intersect

    - by RGrey
    The problem of finding the intersection/union of 'N' discs/circles on a flat plane was first proposed by M. I. Shamos in his 1978 thesis: Shamos, M. I. “Computational Geometry” Ph.D. thesis, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 1978. Since then, in 1985, Micha Sharir presented an O(n log2n) time and O(n) space deterministic algorithm for the disc intersection/union problem (based on modified Voronoi diagrams): Sharir, M. Intersection and closest-pair problems for a set of planar discs. SIAM .J Comput. 14 (1985), pp. 448-468. In 1988, Franz Aurenhammer presented a more efficient O(n log n) time and O(n) space algorithm for circle intersection/union using power diagrams (generalizations of Voronoi diagrams): Aurenhammer, F. Improved algorithms for discs and balls using power diagrams. Journal of Algorithms 9 (1985), pp. 151-161. Earlier in 1983, Paul G. Spirakis also presented an O(n^2) time deterministic algorithm, and an O(n) probabilistic algorithm: Spirakis, P.G. Very Fast Algorithms for the Area of the Union of Many Circles. Rep. 98, Dept. Comput. Sci., Courant Institute, New York University, 1983. I've been searching for any implementations of the algorithms above, focusing on computational geometry packages, and I haven't found anything yet. As neither appear trivial to put into practice, it would be really neat if someone could point me in the right direction!

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  • Algorithm for dividing very large numbers

    - by pocoa
    I need to write an algorithm(I cannot use any 3rd party library, because this is an assignment) to divide(integer division, floating parts are not important) very large numbers like 100 - 1000 digits. I found http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_division algorithm but I don't know if it's the right way to go. Do you have any suggestions?

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