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  • linked list elements gone?

    - by Hristo
    I create a linked list dynamically and initialize the first node in main(), and I add to the list every time I spawn a worker process. Before the worker process exits, I print the list. Also, I print the list inside my sigchld signal handler. in main(): head = NULL; tail = NULL; // linked list to keep track of worker process dll_node_t *node; node = (dll_node_t *) malloc(sizeof(dll_node_t)); // initialize list, allocate memory append_node(node); node->pid = mainPID; // the first node is the MAIN process node->type = MAIN; in a fork()'d process: // add to list dll_node_t *node; node = (dll_node_t *) malloc(sizeof(dll_node_t)); append_node(node); node->pid = mmapFileWorkerStats->childPID; node->workerFileName = mmapFileWorkerStats->workerFileName; node->type = WORK; functions: void append_node(dll_node_t *nodeToAppend) { /* * append param node to end of list */ // if the list is empty if (head == NULL) { // create the first/head node head = nodeToAppend; nodeToAppend->prev = NULL; } else { tail->next = nodeToAppend; nodeToAppend->prev = tail; } // fix the tail to point to the new node tail = nodeToAppend; nodeToAppend->next = NULL; } finally... the signal handler: void chld_signalHandler() { dll_node_t *temp1 = head; while (temp1 != NULL) { printf("2. node's pid: %d\n", temp1->pid); temp1 = temp1->next; } int termChildPID = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG); dll_node_t *temp = head; while (temp != NULL) { if (temp->pid == termChildPID) { printf("found process: %d\n", temp->pid); } temp = temp->next; } return; } Is it true that upon the worker process exiting, the SIGCHLD signal handler is triggered? If so, that would mean that after I print the tree before exiting, the next thing I do is in the signal handler which is print the tree... which would mean i would print the tree twice? But the tree isn't the same. The node I add in the worker process doesn't exist when I print in the signal handler or at the very end of main(). Any idea why? Thanks, Hristo

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  • Consolidating coding styles: Funcs, private method, single method classes

    - by jdoig
    Hi all, We currently have 3 devs with, some, conflicting styles and I'm looking for a way to bring peace to the kingdom... The Coders: Foo 1: Likes to use Func's & Action's inside public methods. He uses actions to alias off lengthy method calls and Func's to perform simple tasks that can be expressed in 1 or 2 lines and will be used frequently through out the code Pros: The main body of his code is succinct and very readable, often with only one or 2 public methods per class and rarely any private methods. Cons: The start of methods contain blocks of lambda rich code that other developers don't enjoy reading; and, on occasion, can contain higher order functions that other dev's REALLY don't like reading. Foo 2: Likes to create a private method for (almost) everything the public method will have to do . Pros: Public methods remain small and readable (to all developers). Cons: Private methods are numerous. With private methods that call into other private methods, that call into... etc, etc. Making code hard to navigate. Foo 3: Likes to create a public class with a, single, public method for every, non-trivial, task that needs performing, then dependency inject them into other objects. Pros: Easily testable, easy to understand (one object, one responsibility). Cons: project gets littered by classes, opening multiple class files to understand what code does makes navigation awkward. It would be great to take the best of all these techniques... Foo-1 Has really nice, readable (almost dsl-like) code... for the most part, except for all the Action and Func lambda shenanigans bulked together at the start of a method. Foo-3 Has highly testable and extensible code that just feels a bit "belt-&-braces" for some solutions and has some code-navigation niggles (constantly hitting F12 in VS and opening 5 other .cs files to find out what a single method does). And Foo-2... Well I'm not sure I like anything about the one-huge .cs file with 2 public methods and 12 private ones, except for the fact it's easier for juniors to dig into. I admit I grossly over-simplified the explanations of those coding styles; but if any one knows of any patterns, practices or diplomatic-manoeuvres that can help unite our three developers (without just telling any of them to just "stop it!") that would be great. From a feasibility standpoint : Foo-1's style meets with the most resistance due to some developers finding lambda and/or Func's hard to read. Foo-2's style meets with a less resistance as it's just so easy to fall into. Foo-3's style requires the most forward thinking and is difficult to enforce when time is short. Any ideas on some coding styles or conventions that can make this work?

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  • AJAX response not valid in C++ but Apache

    - by fehergeri
    I want to make a server written in C++ to power my game. I learned the basics of sockets and wrote a basic chat program that worked well. Now I want to create an HTTP server like Apache, but only for the AJAX request-response part. I think just for the beginning i copied one Apache response text, and i sent the exact response with the C++ server program. The problem that is that the browser (Firefox) connnects to the apache and everything works fine, except all of the requests get a correct response. But if i send this with the C++ client, then FireBug tells me that the response status is OK (200) but there is no actual response text. (How is this possible?) This response-text is exactly the same what apache sends. I made a bit-bit comparison and they were the same. The php file wich is the original response <?php echo "AS";echo rand(0,9); ?> And the origional source code: Socket.h http://pastebin.com/bW9qxtrR Socket.cpp http://pastebin.com/S3c8RFM7 main.cpp http://pastebin.com/ckExuXsR index.html http://pastebin.com/mcfEEqPP < this is the requester file. ajax.js http://pastebin.com/uXJe9hVC benchmark.js http://pastebin.com/djSYtKg9 jQuery is not needed. The main.cpp there is lot of trash code like main3 and main4 functions, these do not affect the result. I know that the response stuff in the C++ code is not really good because the connection closing is not the best; I will fix that later now I want to send a success response first. UPDATE: now i tested today a lot again and i find out there is no problem with the socket. I used the fiddler program to capture the the good answer and to capture the bad. They were the same. After this i turned off my socket application, and forced fiddler to auto respond, and the answer from the 'bad' answer still bat. So after that i replaced the bad with the good and nothing happedned. The bad answer with the good text still bad on the :8888 port but the other on the original :80 port was good, but they were absolutly the same and the same program sended it (fiddler) i think there is something missing if the response is not on the same server address (even not the same port). UPDATE: oh my god! i cant send ajax request to a remote server. now i know this.

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  • Best method for converting several sets of numbers with several different ratios

    - by C Patton
    I'm working on an open-source harm reduction application for opioid addicts. One of the features in this application is the conversion (in mg/mcg) between common opioids, so people don't overdose by accident. If you're morally against opioid addiction and wouldn't respond because of your morals, please consider that this application is for HARM REDUCTION.. So people don't end up dead. I have this data.. 3mg morphine IV = 10mcg fentanyl IV 2mg morphine oral = 1mg oxycodone oral 3mg oral morphine = 1mg oxymorphone oral 7.0mg morphine oral = 1mg hydromorphone oral 1mg morphine iv = .10mg oxymorphone iv 1mg morphine oral = 1mg hydrocodone oral 1mg morphine oral = 6.67mg codeine oral 1mg morphine oral = .10mg methadone oral And I have a textbox that is the source dosage in mg (a double) that the user can enter in. Underneath this, I have radio boxes for the source substance (ie: morphine) and the destination substance (ie oxycodone) for conversion.. I've been trying to think of the most efficient way to do this, but nearly every seems sloppy. If I were to do something like public static double MorphinetoOxycodone(string morphineValue) { double morphine = Double.Parse(morphineValue); return (morphine / 2 ); } I would also have to make a function for OxycodonetoMorphine, OxycodonetoCodeine, etc.. and then would end up with dozens functions.. There must be an easier way than this that I'm missing. If you'll notice, all of my conversions use morphine as the base value.. what might be the easiest way to use the morphine value to convert one opioid to another? For example, if 1mg morphine oral is equal to 1mg hydrocodone and 1mg morphine oral is equal to .10mg methadone, wouldn't I just multiply 1*.10 to get the hydrocodone-methadone value? Implementing this idea is what I'm having the most trouble with. Any help would be GREATLY appreciated.. and if you'd like, I would add your name/nickname to the credits in this program. It's possible that many, many people around the world will use this (I'm translating it into several languages as well) and to know that your work could've helped an addict from dying.. I think that's a great thing :) -cory

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  • How to properly downcast in C# with a SWIG generated interface?

    - by JG
    I've got a very large and mature C++ code base that I'm trying to use SWIG on to generate a C# interface for. I cannot change the actual C++ code itself but we can use whatever SWIG offers in the way of extending/updating it. I'm facing an issue where a function C++ is written as such: A* SomeClass::next(A*) The caller might do something like: A* acurr = 0; while( (acurr = sc->next(acurr)) != 0 ){ if( acurr isoftype B ){ B* b = (B*)a; ...do some stuff with b.. } elseif( acurr isoftype C ) ... } Essentially, iterating through a container elements that depending on their true type, do something different. The SWIG generated C# layer for the "next" function unfortunately does the following: return new A(); So the calling code in C# land cannot determine if the returned object is actually a derived class or not, it actually appears to always be the base class (which does make sense). I've come across several solutions: Use the %extend SWIG keyword to add a method on an object and ultimately call dynamic_cast. The downside to this approach, as I see it, is that this requires you to know the inheritance hierarchy. In my case it is rather huge and I see this is as a maintenance issue. Use the %factory keyword to supply the method and the derived types and have SWIG automatically generate the dynamic_cast code. This appears to be a better solution that the first, however upon a deeper look it still requires you to hunt down all the methods and all the possible derived types it could return. Again, a huge maintenance issue. I wish I had a doc link for this but I can't find one. I found out about this functionality by looking through the example code that comes with SWIG. Create a C# method to create an instance of the derived object and transfer the cPtr to the new instance. While I consider this clumsy, it does work. See an example below. public static object castTo(object fromObj, Type toType) { object retval = null; BaseClass fromObj2 = fromObj as BaseClass; HandleRef hr = BaseClass.getCPtr(fromObj2); IntPtr cPtr = hr.Handle; object toObj = Activator.CreateInstance(toType, cPtr, false); // make sure it actually is what we think it is if (fromObj.GetType().IsInstanceOfType(toObj)) { return toObj; } return retval; } Are these really the options? And if I'm not willing to dig through all the existing functions and class derivations, then I'm left with #3? Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Bracketing algorithm when root finding. Single root in "quadratic" function

    - by Ander Biguri
    I am trying to implement a root finding algorithm. I am using the hybrid Newton-Raphson algorithm found in numerical recipes that works pretty nicely. But I have a problem in bracketing the root. While implementing the root finding algorithm I realised that in several cases my functions have 1 real root and all the other imaginary (several of them, usually 6 or 9). The only root I am interested is in the real one so the problem is not there. The thing is that the function approaches the root like a cubic function, touching with the point the y=0 axis... Newton-Rapson method needs some brackets of different sign and all the bracketing methods I found don't work for this specific case. What can I do? It is pretty important to find that root in my program... EDIT: more problems: sometimes due to reaaaaaally small numerical errors, say a variation of 1e-6 in some value the "cubic" function does NOT have that real root, it is just imaginary with a neglectable imaginary part... (checked with matlab) EDIT 2: Much more information about the problem. Ok, I need root finding algorithm. Info I have: The root I need to find is between [0-1] , if there are more roots outside that part I am not interested in them. The root is real, there may be imaginary roots, but I don't want them. Probably all the rest of the roots will be imaginary The root may be double in that point, but I think that actually doesn't mater in numerical analysis problems I need to use the root finding algorithm several times during the overall calculations, but the function will always be a polynomial In one of the particular cases of the root finding, my polynomial will be similar to a quadratic function that touches Y=0 with the point. Example of a real case: The coefficient may not be 100% precise and that really slight imprecision may make the function not to touch the Y=0 axis. I cannot solve for this specific case because in other cases it may be that the polynomial is pretty normal and doesn't make any "strange" thing. The method I am actually using is NewtonRaphson hybrid, where if the derivative is really small it makes a bisection instead of NewRaph (found in numerical recipes). Matlab's answer to the function on the image: roots: 0.853553390593276 + 0.353553390593278i 0.853553390593276 - 0.353553390593278i 0.146446609406726 + 0.353553390593273i 0.146446609406726 - 0.353553390593273i 0.499999999999996 + 0.000000040142134i 0.499999999999996 - 0.000000040142134i The function is a real example I prepared where I know that the answer I want is 0.5 Note: I still haven't check completely some of the answers I you people have give me (Thank you!), I am just trying to give al the information I already have to complete the question.

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  • NewBie Question, jQuery: How can we implement if...else logic and call function

    - by Rachel
    I am new to jQuery and so don't mind this question if it sounds stupid but here is something that I am trying to do : I have 3 functions like: AddToCart Function which adds item to the shopping cart: //offer_id is the offer which we are trying to add to cart. addToCart: function(offer_id) { this.submit({action: 'add', 'offer_id': offer_id}, {'app_server_url': this.app_server_url}); }, RemoveFromCart which removes data from the cart //target is link clicked and event is the click event. removeFromCart: function(target, event) { this.uniqueElmt('cart_table').find('.sb_item_remove').unbind('click'); var offer_id = $(target).parent().find('.offer_id').html(); this.submit({action: 'remove', 'offer_id': offer_id, 'next_action': this.config.current_action}, {'app_server_url': this.app_server_url}); }, Get the current state of the cart //return string which represents current state of cart. getCartItems: function() { return this.contents; } Now I am trying to do 3 things: if there is no content in cart and addToCart is called than some action, so basically here we need to check the current state of cart and that is obtained by calling getCartItems and if it is Null and than if addToCart is called than we perform some action if there is content in the cart and addToCart is called than some action,so basically here we need to check the current state of cart and that is obtained by calling getCartItems and check if it is Null or not and than if addToCart is called than we perform some action if we had some content in the cart. if there is content in the cart and removeFromCart is called some action, so basically here we need to check the current state of cart and that is obtained by calling getCartItems and if it is not Null and if removeFromCart is called than we perform some action Pseudocode of what I am trying to do: if there is no content in cart and addToCart is called than $(document).track( { 'module' : 'Omniture', 'event' : 'instant', 'args' : { 'linkTrackVars' : 'products,events', 'linkTrackEvents' : 'scAdd,scOpen', 'linkType' : 'o', 'linkName' : 'Cart : First Product Added' // could be blank, but can include event name as added feature 'svalues' : { 'products' : ';OFFERID1[,;OFFERID2]', 'events' : 'scAdd,scOpen', }, } 'defer' : '0' } ); if there is content in the cart and addToCart is called than $(document).track( { 'module' : 'Omniture', 'event' : 'instant', 'args' : { 'linkTrackVars' : 'products,events', 'linkTrackEvents' : 'scAdd', 'linkType' : 'o', 'linkName' : 'Cart : Product Added' // could be blank, but can include event name as added feature 'svalues' : { 'products' : ';OFFERID1[,;OFFERID2]', 'events' : 'scAdd', }, }, 'defer' : '0' } ); if there is content in the cart and removeFromCart is called $(document).track( { 'module' : 'Omniture', 'event' : 'instant', 'args' : { 'linkTrackVars' : 'products,events', 'linkTrackEvents' : 'scRemove', 'linkType' : 'o', 'linkName' : 'Cart : Product Removed' // could be blank, but can include event name as added feature 'svalues' : { 'products' : ';OFFERID1[,;OFFERID2]', 'events' : 'scRemove', }, } 'defer' : '0' } ); My basic concern is that am complete newbie to jQuery and JavaScript and so am not sure how can I implement if...else logic and how can I call a funtion using jQuery/JavaScript.

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  • Abstract Data Type: Any1 can help me this? thanks..

    - by Aga Hibaya
    Objectives: Implement the Abstract Data Type (ADT) List using dynamically allocated arrays and structures. Description A LIST is an ordered collection of items where items may be inserted anywhere in the list. Implement a LIST using an array as follows: struct list { int *items; // pointer to the array int size; // actual size of the array int count; // number of items in the array }; typedef struct list *List; // pointer to the structure Implement the following functions: a) List newList(int size); - will create a new List and return its pointer. Allocate space for the structure, allocate space for the array, then initialize size and count, return the pointer. b) void isEmpty(List list); c) void display(List list); d) int contains(List list, int item); e) void remove(List list, int i) ; f) void insertAfter(List list,int item, int i); g) void addEnd(List list,int item) - add item at the end of the list – simply store the data at position count, then increment count. If the array is full, allocate an array twice as big as the original. count = 5 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 10 15 20 30 addEnd(list,40) will result to count = 6 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 10 15 20 30 40 h) void addFront(List list,int item) - shift all elements to the right so that the item can be placed at position 0, then increment count. Bonus: if the array is full, allocate an array twice as big as the original. count = 5 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 10 15 20 30 addFront(list,40) will result to count = 6 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 5 10 15 20 30 i) void removeFront(List list) - shift all elements to the left and decrement count; count = 6 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 5 10 15 20 30 removeFront(list) will result to count = 5 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 10 15 20 30 j) void remove(List list,int item) - get the index of the item in the list and then shift all elements to the count = 6 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 5 10 15 20 30 remove(list,10) will result to count = 5 size = 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 5 15 20 30 Remarks

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  • MATLAB: different function returns from command line and within function

    - by Myx
    Hello: I have an extremely bizzare situation: I have a function in MATLAB which calls three other main functions and produces two figures for me. The function reads in an input jpeg image, crops it, segments it using kmeans clustering, and outputs 2 figures to the screen - the original image and the clustered image with the cluster centers indicated. Here is the function in MATLAB: function [textured_avg_x photo_avg_x] = process_database_images() clear all warning off %#ok type_num_max = 3; % type is 1='texture', 2='graph', or 3='photo' type_num_max = 1; img_max_num_photo = 100; % 400 photo images img_max_num_other = 100; % 100 textured, and graph images for type_num = 1:2:type_num_max if(type_num == 3) img_num_max = img_max_num_photo; else img_num_max = img_max_num_other; end img_num_max = 1; for img_num = 1:img_num_max [type img] = load_image(type_num, img_num); %img = imread('..\images\445.jpg'); img = crop_image(img); [IDX k block_bounds features] = segment_image(img); end end end The function segment_image first shows me the color image that was passed in, performs kmeans clustering, and outputs the clustered image. When I run this function on a particular image, I get 3 clusters (which is not what I expect to get). When I run the following commands from the MATLAB command prompt: >> img = imread('..\images\texture\1.jpg'); >> img = crop_image(img); >> segment_image(img); then the first image that is displayed by segment_image is the same as when I run the function (so I know that the clustering is done on the same image) but the number of clusters is 16 (which is what I expect). In fact, when I run my process_database_images() function on my entire image database, EVERY image is evaluated to have 3 clusters (this is a problem), whereas when I test some images individually, I get in the range of 12-16 clusters, which is what I prefer and expect. Why is there such a discrepancy? Am I having some syntax bug in my process_database_images() function? If more code is required from me (i.e. segment_images function, or crop_image function), please let me know. Thanks.

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  • Magento: add product twice to cart, with different attributes!

    - by Peter
    Hello all, i have been working with this for a whole day but i cannot find any solution: I have a product (lenses), which has identical attributes, but user can choose one attribute set for one eye and another attribute set for another. On the frontend i got it ok, see it here: http://connecta.si/clarus/index.php/featured/acuvue-oasys-for-astigmatism.html So the user can select attributes for left or right eye, but it is the same product. I build a function, wich should take a product in a cart (before save), add other set of attributes, so there should be two products in the cart. What happens is there are two products, but with the same set of attributes??? Here is the snippet of the function: $req = Mage::app()-getRequest(); $request[’qty’] = 1; $request[’product’] = 15; $request[’uenc’] = $req-get(’uenc’); $request[’options’][1] = 1; $request[’options’][3] = 5; $request[’options’][2] = 3; $reqo = new Varien_Object($request); $newitem = $quote-addProduct($founditem-getProduct(), $reqo); //add another one ------------------------------------------ $request[’qty’] = 1; $request[’product’] = 15; $request[’uenc’] = $req-get(’uenc’); $request[’options’][1] = 2; $request[’options’][3] = 6; $request[’options’][2] = 4; $reqo = new Varien_Object($request); $newitem = $quote-addProduct($founditem-getProduct(), $reqo); Or another test, with some other functions (again, product added, with 2 quantity , but same attributes...): $req = Mage::app()-getRequest(); $request[’qty’] = 1; $request[’product’] = 15; $request[’uenc’] = $req-get(’uenc’); $request[’options’][1] = 2; $request[’options’][3] = 6; $request[’options’][2] = 4; $product = $founditem-getProduct(); $cart = Mage::getSingleton(’checkout/cart’); //delete all first… $cart-getItems()-clear()-save(); $reqo = new Varien_Object($request); $cart-addProduct($founditem-getProduct(), $reqo); $cart-getItems()-save(); $request[’options’][1] = 1; $request[’options’][3] = 5; $request[’options’][2] = 3; $reqo = new Varien_Object($request); $cart-addProduct($founditem-getProduct(), $reqo); $cart-getItems()-save(); i really dont know what more to do, please any advice, this is my first module in magento… thank you, Peter

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  • Actionscript base class in Flex AIR app

    - by Alan
    I'm trying to build a Flex AIR app using Flex Builder 3, which I'm just getting started with. In Flash CS4, there's a text field in the authoring environment where you can specify a class that will become the "base" class - your class inherits from Sprite and then "becomes" the Stage at runtime. Is there a a way to do the same thing with Flex/AIR? Failing that, can anyone explain how to create and use an external class? Originally I had this in TestApp.mxml: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <mx:WindowedApplication xmlns:mx="http://www.adobe.com/2006/mxml" layout="absolute"> <mx:Script source="TestApp.as"/> </mx:WindowedApplication> And this in TestApp.as: package { public class TestApp { public function TestApp() { trace('Hello World'); } } } That gives the error "packages cannot be nested", so I tried taking out the package statement: public class TestApp { public function TestApp() { trace('Hello World'); } } That gives an error "classes cannot be nested", so I finally gave up and tried to take out the class altogether, figuring I'd try to start with a bunch of functions instead: function init() { trace('Hello World'); } But that gives the error "A file found in a source-path must have an externally visible definition. If a definition in the file is meant to be externally visible, please put the definition in a package". I can't win! When I put my class in a package, it says I can't do that because it would be nested. When I don't, it says it needs to be in a package so it can be seen. Does anyone know how to fix this? If I can't do the custom-class-as-base-class thing, is there a way I could just have it like: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <mx:WindowedApplication xmlns:mx="http://www.adobe.com/2006/mxml" layout="absolute"> <mx:Script source="TestApp.as"/> <mx:Script> var app = new TestApp(); </mx:Script> </mx:WindowedApplication> At the moment I can't import the class definition at all, so even that won't work. Thanks in advance!

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  • Mocking a concrete class : templates and avoiding conditional compilation

    - by AshirusNW
    I'm trying to testing a concrete object with this sort of structure. class Database { public: Database(Server server) : server_(server) {} int Query(const char* expression) { server_.Connect(); return server_.ExecuteQuery(); } private: Server server_; }; i.e. it has no virtual functions, let alone a well-defined interface. I want to a fake database which calls mock services for testing. Even worse, I want the same code to be either built against the real version or the fake so that the same testing code can both: Test the real Database implementation - for integration tests Test the fake implementation, which calls mock services To solve this, I'm using a templated fake, like this: #ifndef INTEGRATION_TESTS class FakeDatabase { public: FakeDatabase() : realDb_(mockServer_) {} int Query(const char* expression) { MOCK_EXPECT_CALL(mockServer_, Query, 3); return realDb_.Query(); } private: // in non-INTEGRATION_TESTS builds, Server is a mock Server with // extra testing methods that allows mocking Server mockServer_; Database realDb_; }; #endif template <class T> class TestDatabaseContainer { public: int Query(const char* expression) { int result = database_.Query(expression); std::cout << "LOG: " << result << endl; return result; } private: T database_; }; Edit: Note the fake Database must call the real Database (but with a mock Server). Now to switch between them I'm planning the following test framework: class DatabaseTests { public: #ifdef INTEGRATION_TESTS typedef TestDatabaseContainer<Database> TestDatabase ; #else typedef TestDatabaseContainer<FakeDatabase> TestDatabase ; #endif TestDatabase& GetDb() { return _testDatabase; } private: TestDatabase _testDatabase; }; class QueryTestCase : public DatabaseTests { public: void TestStep1() { ASSERT(GetDb().Query(static_cast<const char *>("")) == 3); return; } }; I'm not a big fan of that compile-time switching between the real and the fake. So, my question is: Whether there's a better way of switching between Database and FakeDatabase? For instance, is it possible to do it at runtime in a clean fashion? I like to avoid #ifdefs. Also, if anyone has a better way of making a fake class that mimics a concrete class, I'd appreciate it. I don't want to have templated code all over the actual test code (QueryTestCase class). Feel free to critique the code style itself, too. You can see a compiled version of this code on codepad.

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  • How do I get the next token in a Cstring if I want to use it as an int? (c++)

    - by Van
    My objective is to take directions from a user and eventually a text file to move a robot. The catch is that I must use Cstrings(such as char word[];) rather than the std::string and tokenize them for use. the code looks like this: void Navigator::manualDrive() { char uinput[1]; char delim[] = " "; char *token; cout << "Enter your directions below: \n"; cin.ignore(); cin.getline (uinput, 256); token=strtok(uinput, delim); if(token == "forward") { int inches; inches=token+1; travel(inches); } } I've never used Cstrings I've never tokenized anything before, and I don't know how to write this. Our T.A.'s expect us to google and find all the answers because they are aware we've never been taught these methods. Everyone in my lab is having much more trouble than usual. I don't know the code to write but I know what I want my program to do. I want it to execute like this: 1) Ask for directions. 2) cin.getline the users input 3) tokenize the inputed string 4) if the first word token == "forward" move to the next token and find out how many inches to move forward then move forward 5) else if the first token == "turn" move to the next token. if the next token == "left" move to the next token and find out how many degrees to turn left I will have to do this for forward x, backward x, turn left x, turn right x, and stop(where x is in inches or degrees). I already wrote functions that tell the robot how to move forward an inch and turn in degrees. I just need to know how to convert the inputted strings to all lowercase letters and move from token to token and convert or extract the numbers from the string to use them as integers. If all is not clear you can read my lab write up at this link: http://www.cs.utk.edu/~cs102/robot_labs/Lab9.html If anything is unclear please let me know, and I will clarify as best I can.

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  • Difficulty adding widgets to django form.

    - by codingJoe
    I have a django app that tracks activities that can benefit a classroom. Using the django examples, I was able to build a form to enter this data. But when I try to add widgets to that form, things get tricky. What I want is a calendar widget that lets the user enter the 'activity_date' field using a widget. If I use Admin interface. The AdminDateWidget works fine. however. This particular user isn't allowed access to the admin interface so I need a different way to present this widget. Also I couldn't figure out how to make the bring the admin widget over into non-admin pages. So I tried a custom widget. This is the first custom widget I've built, so I'm not quite sure what is supposed to be going on here. Any Expert Advice? How do I get my date widget to work? # The Model class Activity(models.Model): activity_date = models.DateField() activity_type = models.CharField(max_length=50, choices=ACTIVITY_TYPES) activity_description = models.CharField(max_length=200) activity_duration= models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=4) est_attendance = models.IntegerField("Estimated attendance") # The Form class ActivityForm(forms.ModelForm): # The following line causes lockup if enabled. # With the DateTimeWidget removed, the form functions correctly except that there is no widget. #activity_date = forms.DateField(label=_('Date'), widget=DateTimeWidget) ##!!! Point of Error !!! class Meta: model = Activity fields = ('activity_date', 'activity_type', 'activity_description', 'activity_duration', 'est_attendance') def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(ActivityForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) instance = getattr(self, 'instance', None) edit_aid = kwargs.get('edit_aid', False) # On a different approach, the following also didn't work. #self.fields['activity_date'].widget = widgets.AdminDateWidget() # The Widget # Example referenced: http://djangosnippets.org/snippets/391/ calbtn = u""" <button id="calendar-trigger">...</button> <img src="%s/site_media/images/icon_calendar.gif" alt="calendar" id="%s_btn" style="cursor: pointer; border: 1px solid #8888aa;" title="Select date and time" onmouseover="this.style.background='#444444';" onmouseout="this.style.background=''" /> <script type="text/javascript"> Calendar.setup({ trigger : "calendar-trigger", inputField : "%s" }); </script>""" class DateTimeWidget(forms.widgets.TextInput): dformat = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M' def render(self, name, value, attrs=None): print "DTWgt render name=%s, value=%s" % name, value if value is None: value = '' final_attrs = self.build_attrs(attrs, type=self.input_type, name=name) if value != '': try: final_attrs['value'] = \ force_unicode(value.strftime(self.dformat)) except: final_attrs['value'] = \ force_unicode(value) if not final_attrs.has_key('id'): final_attrs['id'] = u'%s_id' % (name) id = final_attrs['id'] jsdformat = self.dformat #.replace('%', '%%') cal = calbtn % (settings.MEDIA_URL, id, id, jsdformat, id) a = u'<input%s />%s' % (forms.util.flatatt(final_attrs), cal) print "render return %s " % a return mark_safe(a) def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name): print "DTWgt value_from_datadict" dtf = forms.fields.DEFAULT_DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS empty_values = forms.fields.EMPTY_VALUES value = data.get(name, None) if value in empty_values: return None if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime): return value if isinstance(value, datetime.date): return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day) for format in dtf: try: return datetime.datetime(*time.strptime(value, format)[:6]) except ValueError: continue return None

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  • how i can use SAX parser

    - by moustafa
    This is what the result should look like when i parse it through a SAX parser http://img13.imageshack.us/img13/6950/75914446.jpg This is the XML source code from which i need to generate the display: <orders> <order> <count>37</count> <price>49.99</price> <book> <isbn>0130897930</isbn> <title>Core Web Programming Second Edition</title> <authors> <count>2</count> <author>Marty Hall</author> <author>Larry Brown</author> </authors> </book> </order> <order> <count>1</count> <price>9.95</price> <yacht> <manufacturer>Luxury Yachts, Inc.</manufacturer> <model>M-1</model> <standardFeatures oars="plastic" lifeVests="none">false</standardFeatures> </yacht> </order> <order> <count>3</count> <price>22.22</price> <book> <isbn>B000059Z4H</isbn> <title>Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix</title> <authors> <count>1</count> <author>J.K. Rowling</author> </authors> </book> </order> i really have no clue how to code the functions but i have just set up the parser $xmlParser = xml_parser_create("UTF-8"); xml_parser_set_option($xmlParser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, false); xml_set_element_handler($xmlParser, 'startElement', 'endElement'); xml_set_character_data_handler($xmlParser, 'HandleCharacterData'); $fileName = 'orders.xml'; if (!($fp = fopen($fileName, 'r'))){ die('Cannot open the XML file: ' . $fileName); } while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)){ $parsedOkay = xml_parse($xmlParser, $data, feof($fp)); if (!$parsedOkay){ print ("There was an error or the parser was finished."); break; } } xml_parser_free($xmlParser); function startElement($xmlParser, $name, $attribs) { } function endElement($parser, $name) { } function HandleCharacterData($parser, $data) { }

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  • Establishing a tcp connection from within a DLL

    - by Nicholas Hollander
    I'm trying to write a piece of code that will allow me to establish a TCP connection from within a DLL file. Here's my situation: I have a ruby application that needs to be able to send and receive data over a socket, but I can not access the native ruby socket methods because of the environment in which it will be running. I can however access a DLL file and run the functions within that, so I figured I would create a wrapper for winsock. Unfortunately, attempting to take a piece of code that should connect to a TCP socket in a normal C++ application throws a slew of LNK2019 errors that I can not for the life of me resolve. This is the method I'm using to connect: //Socket variable SOCKET s; //Establishes a connection to the server int server_connect(char* addr, int port) { //Start up Winsock WSADATA wsadata; int error = WSAStartup(0x0202, &wsadata); //Check if something happened if (error) return -1; //Verify Winock version if (wsadata.wVersion != 0x0202) { //Clean up and close WSACleanup(); return -2; } //Get the information needed to finalize a socket SOCKADDR_IN target; target.sin_family = AF_INET; //Address family internet target.sin_port = _WINSOCKAPI_::htons(port); //Port # target.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(addr); //Create the socket s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP); if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) { return -3; } //Try connecting if (connect(s, (SOCKADDR *)&target, sizeof(target)) == SOCKET_ERROR) { //Failed to connect return -4; } else { //Success return 1; } } The exact errors that I'm receiving are: Error 1 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _closesocket@4 referenced in function _server_disconnect [Project Path] Error 2 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _connect@12 referenced in function _server_connect [Project Path] Error 3 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _htons@4 referenced in function _server_connect [Project Path] Error 4 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _inet_addr@4 referenced in function _server_connect [Project Path] Error 5 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _socket@12 referenced in function _server_connect [Project Path] Error 6 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _WSAStartup@8 referenced in function _server_connect [Project Path] Error 7 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _WSACleanup@0 referenced in function _server_connect [Project Path] Error 8 error LNK1120: 7 unresolved externals [Project Path] 1 1 Many thanks!

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  • How to apply or chain multiple matching templates in XSLT?

    - by Ignatius
    I am working on a stylesheet employing many templates with match attributes: <xsl:template match="//one" priority="0.7"> <xsl:param name="input" select="."/> <xsl:value-of select="util:uppercase($input)"/> <xsl:next-match /> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="/stuff/one"> <xsl:param name="input" select="."/> <xsl:value-of select="util:add-period($input)"/> </xsl:template> <xsl:function name="util:uppercase"> <xsl:param name="input"/> <xsl:value-of select="upper-case($input)"/> </xsl:function> <xsl:function name="util:add-period"> <xsl:param name="input"/> <xsl:value-of select="concat($input,'.')"/> </xsl:function> What I would like to do is be able to 'chain' the two functions above, so that an input of 'string' would be rendered in the output as 'STRING.' (with the period.) I would like to do this in such a way that doesn't require knowledge of other templates in any other template. So, for instance, I would like to be able to add a "util:add-colon" method without having to open up the hood and monkey with the existing templates. I was playing around with the <xsl:next-match/> instruction to accomplish this. Adding it to the first template above does of course invoke both util:uppercase and util:add-period, but the output is an aggregation of each template output (i.e. 'STRINGstring.') It seems like there should be an elegant way to chain any number of templates together using something like <xsl:next-match/>, but have the output of each template feed the input of the next one in the chain. Am I overlooking something obvious?

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  • Strange behavior of move with strings

    - by Umair Ahmed
    I am testing some enhanced string related functions with which I am trying to use move as a way to copy strings around for faster, more efficient use without delving into pointers. While testing a function for making a delimited string from a TStringList, I encountered a strange issue. The compiler referenced the bytes contained through the index when it was empty and when a string was added to it through move, index referenced the characters contained. Here is a small downsized barebone code sample:- unit UI; interface uses System.SysUtils, System.Types, System.UITypes, System.Rtti, System.Classes, System.Variants, FMX.Types, FMX.Controls, FMX.Forms, FMX.Dialogs, FMX.Layouts, FMX.Memo; type TForm1 = class(TForm) Results: TMemo; procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); end; var Form1: TForm1; implementation {$R *.fmx} function StringListToDelimitedString ( const AStringList: TStringList; const ADelimiter: String ): String; var Str : String; Temp1 : NativeInt; Temp2 : NativeInt; DelimiterSize : Byte; begin Result := ' '; Temp1 := 0; DelimiterSize := Length ( ADelimiter ) * 2; for Str in AStringList do Temp1 := Temp1 + Length ( Str ); SetLength ( Result, Temp1 ); Temp1 := 1; for Str in AStringList do begin Temp2 := Length ( Str ) * 2; // Here Index references bytes in Result Move ( Str [1], Result [Temp1], Temp2 ); // From here the index seems to address characters instead of bytes in Result Temp1 := Temp1 + Temp2; Move ( ADelimiter [1], Result [Temp1], DelimiterSize ); Temp1 := Temp1 + DelimiterSize; end; end; procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); var StrList : TStringList; Str : String; begin // Test 1 : StringListToDelimitedString StrList := TStringList.Create; Str := ''; StrList.Add ( 'Hello1' ); StrList.Add ( 'Hello2' ); StrList.Add ( 'Hello3' ); StrList.Add ( 'Hello4' ); Str := StringListToDelimitedString ( StrList, ';' ); Results.Lines.Add ( Str ); StrList.Free; end; end. Please devise a solution and if possible, some explanation. Alternatives are welcome too.

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  • USB windows xp final USB access issues

    - by Lex Dean
    I basically understand you C++ people, Please do not get distracted because I'm writing in Delphi. I have a stable USB Listing method that accesses all my USB devices I get the devicepath, and this structure: TSPDevInfoData = packed record Size: DWORD; ClassGuid: TGUID; DevInst: DWORD; // DEVINST handle Reserved: DWord; end; I get my ProductID and VenderID successfully from my DevicePath Lists all USB devices connected to the computer at the time That enables me to access the registry data to each device in a stable way. What I'm lacking is a little direction Is friendly name able to be written inside the connected USB Micro chips by the firmware programmer? (I'm thinking of this to identify the device even further, or is this to help identify Bulk data transfer devices like memory sticks and camera's) Can I use SPDRP_REMOVAL_POLICY_OVERRIDE to some how reset these polices What else can I do with the registry details. Identifying when some one unplugs a device The program is using (in windows XP standard) I used a documented windows event that did not respond. Can I read a registry value to identify if its still connected? using CreateFileA (DevicePath) to send and receive data I have read when some one unplugs in the middle of a data transfer its difficult clearing resources. what can IoCreateDevice do for me and how does one use it for that task This two way point of connection status and system lock up situations is very concerning. Has some one read anything about this subject recently? My objectives are to 1. list connected USB devices identify a in development Micro Controller from everything else send and receive data in a stable and fast way to the limits of the controller No lock up's transferring data Note I'm not using any service packs I understand everything USB is in ANSI when windows xp is not and .Net is all about ANSI (what a waste of memory) I plan to continue this project into a .net at a later date as an addition. MSDN gives me Structures and Functions and what should link to what ok but say little to what they get used for. What is available in my language Delphi is way over priced that it needs a major price drop.

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  • How to get compatibility between C# and SQL2k8 AES Encryption?

    - by Victor Rodrigues
    I have an AES encryption being made on two columns: one of these columns is stored at a SQL Server 2000 database; the other is stored at a SQL Server 2008 database. As the first column's database (2000) doesn't have native functionality for encryption / decryption, we've decided to do the cryptography logic at application level, with .NET classes, for both. But as the second column's database (2008) allow this kind of functionality, we'd like to make the data migration using the database functions to be faster, since the data migration in SQL 2k is much smaller than this second and it will last more than 50 hours because of being made at application level. My problem started at this point: using the same key, I didn't achieve the same result when encrypting a value, neither the same result size. Below we have the full logic in both sides.. Of course I'm not showing the key, but everything else is the same: private byte[] RijndaelEncrypt(byte[] clearData, byte[] Key) { var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(); Rijndael algorithm = Rijndael.Create(); algorithm.Key = Key; algorithm.IV = InitializationVector; var criptoStream = new CryptoStream(memoryStream, algorithm.CreateEncryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write); criptoStream.Write(clearData, 0, clearData.Length); criptoStream.Close(); byte[] encryptedData = memoryStream.ToArray(); return encryptedData; } private byte[] RijndaelDecrypt(byte[] cipherData, byte[] Key) { var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(); Rijndael algorithm = Rijndael.Create(); algorithm.Key = Key; algorithm.IV = InitializationVector; var criptoStream = new CryptoStream(memoryStream, algorithm.CreateDecryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write); criptoStream.Write(cipherData, 0, cipherData.Length); criptoStream.Close(); byte[] decryptedData = memoryStream.ToArray(); return decryptedData; } This is the SQL Code sample: open symmetric key columnKey decryption by password = N'{pwd!!i_ll_not_show_it_here}' declare @enc varchar(max) set @enc = dbo.VarBinarytoBase64(EncryptByKey(Key_GUID('columnKey'), 'blablabla')) select LEN(@enc), @enc This varbinaryToBase64 is a tested sql function we use to convert varbinary to the same format we use to store strings in the .net application. The result in C# is: eg0wgTeR3noWYgvdmpzTKijkdtTsdvnvKzh+uhyN3Lo= The same result in SQL2k8 is: AI0zI7D77EmqgTQrdgMBHAEAAACyACXb+P3HvctA0yBduAuwPS4Ah3AB4Dbdj2KBGC1Dk4b8GEbtXs5fINzvusp8FRBknF15Br2xI1CqP0Qb/M4w I just didn't get yet what I'm doing wrong. Do you have any ideas? EDIT: One point I think is crucial: I have one Initialization Vector at my C# code, 16 bytes. This IV is not set at SQL symmetric key, could I do this? But even not filling the IV in C#, I get very different results, both in content and length.

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  • How do I recover from an unchecked exception?

    - by erickson
    Unchecked exceptions are alright if you want to handle every failure the same way, for example by logging it and skipping to the next request, displaying a message to the user and handling the next event, etc. If this is my use case, all I have to do is catch some general exception type at a high level in my system, and handle everything the same way. But I want to recover from specific problems, and I'm not sure the best way to approach it with unchecked exceptions. Here is a concrete example. Suppose I have a web application, built using Struts2 and Hibernate. If an exception bubbles up to my "action", I log it, and display a pretty apology to the user. But one of the functions of my web application is creating new user accounts, that require a unique user name. If a user picks a name that already exists, Hibernate throws an org.hibernate.exception.ConstraintViolationException (an unchecked exception) down in the guts of my system. I'd really like to recover from this particular problem by asking the user to choose another user name, rather than giving them the same "we logged your problem but for now you're hosed" message. Here are a few points to consider: There a lot of people creating accounts simultaneously. I don't want to lock the whole user table between a "SELECT" to see if the name exists and an "INSERT" if it doesn't. In the case of relational databases, there might be some tricks to work around this, but what I'm really interested in is the general case where pre-checking for an exception won't work because of a fundamental race condition. Same thing could apply to looking for a file on the file system, etc. Given my CTO's propensity for drive-by management induced by reading technology columns in "Inc.", I need a layer of indirection around the persistence mechanism so that I can throw out Hibernate and use Kodo, or whatever, without changing anything except the lowest layer of persistence code. As a matter of fact, there are several such layers of abstraction in my system. How can I prevent them from leaking in spite of unchecked exceptions? One of the declaimed weaknesses of checked exceptions is having to "handle" them in every call on the stack—either by declaring that a calling method throws them, or by catching them and handling them. Handling them often means wrapping them in another checked exception of a type appropriate to the level of abstraction. So, for example, in checked-exception land, a file-system–based implementation of my UserRegistry might catch IOException, while a database implementation would catch SQLException, but both would throw a UserNotFoundException that hides the underlying implementation. How do I take advantage of unchecked exceptions, sparing myself of the burden of this wrapping at each layer, without leaking implementation details?

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  • File sizing issue in DOS/FAT

    - by Heather
    I've been tasked with writing a data collection program for a Unitech HT630, which runs a proprietary DOS operating system that can run executables compiled for 16-bit MS DOS with some restrictions. I'm using the Digital Mars C/C++ compiler, which is working well thus far. One of the application requirements is that the data file must be human-readable plain text, meaning the file can be imported into Excel or opened by Notepad. I'm using a variable length record format much like CSV that I've successfully implemented using the C standard library file I/O functions. When saving a record, I have to calculate whether the updated record is larger or smaller than the version of the record currently in the data file. If larger, I first shift all records immediately after the current record forward by the size difference calculated before saving the updated record. EOF is extended automatically by the OS to accommodate the extra data. If smaller, I shift all records backwards by my calculated offset. This is working well, however I have found no way to modify the EOF marker or file size to ignore the data after the end of the last record. Most of the time records will grow in size because the data collection program will be filling some of the empty fields with data when saving a record. Records will only shrink in size when a correction is made on an existing entry, or on a normal record save if the descriptive data in the record is longer than what the program reads in memory. In the situation of a shrinking record, after the last record in the file I'm left with whatever data was sitting there before the shift. I have been writing an EOF delimiter into the file after a "shrinking record save" to signal where the end of my records are and space-filling the remaining data, but then I no longer have a clean file until a "growing record save" extends the size of the file over the space-filled area. The truncate() function in unistd.h does not work (I'm now thinking this is for *nix flavors only?). One proposed solution I've seen involves creating a second file and writing all the data you wish to save into that file, and then deleting the original. Since I only have 4MB worth of disk space to use, this works if the file size is less than 2MB minus the size of my program executable and configuration files, but would fail otherwise. It is very likely that when this goes into production, users would end up with a file exceeding 2MB in size. I've looked at Ralph Brown's Interrupt List and the interrupt reference in IBM PC Assembly Language and Programming and I can't seem to find anything to update the file size or similar. Is reducing a file's size without creating a second file even possible in DOS?

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  • How and why do I set up a C# build machine?

    - by mmr
    Hi all, I'm working with a small (4 person) development team on a C# project. I've proposed setting up a build machine which will do nightly builds and tests of the project, because I understand that this is a Good Thing. Trouble is, we don't have a whole lot of budget here, so I have to justify the expense to the powers that be. So I want to know: What kind of tools/licenses will I need? Right now, we use Visual Studio and Smart Assembly to build, and Perforce for source control. Will I need something else, or is there an equivalent of a cron job for running automated scripts? What, exactly, will this get me, other than an indication of a broken build? Should I set up test projects in this solution (sln file) that will be run by these scripts, so I can have particular functions tested? We have, at the moment, two such tests, because we haven't had the time (or frankly, the experience) to make good unit tests. What kind of hardware will I need for this? Once a build has been finished and tested, is it a common practice to put that build up on an ftp site or have some other way for internal access? The idea is that this machine makes the build, and we all go to it, but can make debug builds if we have to. How often should we make this kind of build? How is space managed? If we make nightly builds, should we keep around all the old builds, or start to ditch them after about a week or so? Is there anything else I'm not seeing here? I realize that this is a very large topic, and I'm just starting out. I couldn't find a duplicate of this question here, and if there's a book out there I should just get, please let me know. EDIT: I finally got it to work! Hudson is completely fantastic, and FxCop is showing that some features we thought were implemented were actually incomplete. We also had to change the installer type from Old-And-Busted vdproj to New Hotness WiX. Basically, for those who are paying attention, if you can run your build from the command line, then you can put it into hudson. Making the build run from the command line via MSBuild is a useful exercise in itself, because it forces your tools to be current.

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  • Good style for handling constructor failure of critical object

    - by mtlphil
    I'm trying to decide between two ways of instantiating an object & handling any constructor exceptions for an object that is critical to my program, i.e. if construction fails the program can't continue. I have a class SimpleMIDIOut that wraps basic Win32 MIDI functions. It will open a MIDI device in the constructor and close it in the destructor. It will throw an exception inherited from std::exception in the constructor if the MIDI device cannot be opened. Which of the following ways of catching constructor exceptions for this object would be more in line with C++ best practices Method 1 - Stack allocated object, only in scope inside try block #include <iostream> #include "simplemidiout.h" int main() { try { SimpleMIDIOut myOut; //constructor will throw if MIDI device cannot be opened myOut.PlayNote(60,100); //..... //myOut goes out of scope outside this block //so basically the whole program has to be inside //this block. //On the plus side, it's on the stack so //destructor that handles object cleanup //is called automatically, more inline with RAII idiom? } catch(const std::exception& e) { std::cout << e.what() << std::endl; std::cin.ignore(); return 1; } std::cin.ignore(); return 0; } Method 2 - Pointer to object, heap allocated, nicer structured code? #include <iostream> #include "simplemidiout.h" int main() { SimpleMIDIOut *myOut; try { myOut = new SimpleMIDIOut(); } catch(const std::exception& e) { std::cout << e.what() << std::endl; delete myOut; return 1; } myOut->PlayNote(60,100); std::cin.ignore(); delete myOut; return 0; } I like the look of the code in Method 2 better, don't have to jam my whole program into a try block, but Method 1 creates the object on the stack so C++ manages the object's life time, which is more in tune with RAII philosophy isn't it? I'm still a novice at this so any feedback on the above is much appreciated. If there's an even better way to check for/handle constructor failure in a siatuation like this please let me know.

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  • Error Handling for Application in PHP

    - by Zubair1
    I was wondering if someone can show me a good way to handle errors in my PHP app, that i am also easily able to reuse in my codes. So far i have been using the following functions: Inline Errors function display_errors_for($fieldname) { global $errors; if (isset($errors[$fieldname])) { return '<label for="' .$fieldname. '" class="error">' . ucfirst($errors[$fieldname]). '</label>'; } else { return false; } } All Errrors function display_all_errors($showCounter = true) { global $errors; $counter = 0; foreach ($errors as $errorFieldName => $errorText) { if ($showCounter == true) { $counter++; echo '<li>' . $counter . ' - <label for="' .$errorFieldName. '">' .$errorText. '</label></li>'; } else { echo '<li><label for="' .$errorFieldName. '">' .$errorText. '</label></li>'; } } } I have a $errors = array(); defined on the top of my global file, so it is appended to all files. The way i use it is that if i encounter an error, i push a new error key/value to the $errors array holder, something like the following: if (strlen($username) < 3) { $errors['username'] = "usernames cannot be less then 3 characters."; } This all works great and all, But i wondering if some one has a better approach for this? with classes? i don't think i want to use Exceptions with try/catch seems like an overkill to me. I'm planning to make a new app, and i'll be getting my hands wet with OOP alot, though i have already made apps using OOP but this time i'm planning to go even deeper and use OOP approach more extensively. What i have in mind is something like this, though its just a basic class i will add further detail to it as i go deeper and deeper in my app to see what it needs. class Errors { public $errors = array(); public function __construct() { // Initialize Default Values // Initialize Methods } public function __destruct() { //nothing here too... } public function add($errorField, $errorDesc) { if (!is_string($errorField)) return false; if (!is_string($errorDesc)) return false; $this->errors[$errorField] = $errorDesc; } public function display($errorsArray) { // code to iterate through the array and display all errors. } } Please share your thoughts, if this is a good way to make a reusable class to store and display errors for an entire app, or is getting more familiar with exceptions and try/catch my only choice?

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