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  • Memory Allocation by STL C++ Objects

    - by Vaibhav
    I am using malloc_stats() function to display the amount of "system bytes" and "in use" bytes used by the process. I wanted to know if the in use bytes also include the memory used by STL C++ Objects like map, vector, sets? If yes, is it safe to assume that this is only amount of memory that will be used by the process?

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  • Allocation Target of std::aligned_storage (stack or heap?)

    - by Zenikoder
    I've been trying to get my head around the TR1 addition known as aligned_storage. Whilst reading the following documents N2165, N3190 and N2140 I can't for the life of me see a statement where it clearly describes stack or heap nature of the memory being used. I've had a look at the implementation provided by msvc2010, boost and gcc they all provide a stack based solution centered around the use of a union. In short: Is the memory type (stack or heap) used by aligned_storage implementation defined or is it always meant to be stack based? and, What the is the specific document that defines/determines that?

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  • C# memory / allocation cleanup

    - by Number8
    Some near-code to try to illustrate the question, when are objects marked as available to be garbage-collected -- class ToyBox { public List<Toy> Toys = new List<Toy>(); } class Factory { public ToyBox GetToys() { ToyBox tb = new ToyBox(); tb.Toys.Add(new Toy()); tb.Toys.Add(new Toy()); return tb; } } main() { ToyBox tb = Factory.GetToys(); // After tb is used, does all the memory get cleaned up when tb goes out of scope? } Factory.GetToys() allocates memory. When is that memory cleaned up? I assume that when Factoy.GetToys() returns the ToyBox object, the only reference to the ToyBox object is the one in main(), so when that reference goes out of scope, the Toy objects and the ToyBox object are marked for garbage collection. Is that right? Thanks for any insights...

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  • C++/Qt - Memory allocation question

    - by HardCoder1986
    Hello! I recently started investigating Qt for myself and have the following question: Suppose I have some QTreeWidget* widget. At some moment I want to add some items to it and this is done via the following call: QList<QTreeWidgetItem*> items; // Prepare the items QTreeWidgetItem* item1 = new QTreeWidgetItem(...); QTreeWidgetItem* item2 = new QTreeWidgetItem(...); items.append(item1); items.append(item2); widget->addTopLevelItems(items); So far it looks ok, but I don't actually understand who should control the objects' lifetime. I should explain this with an example: Let's say, another function calls widget->clear();. I don't know what happens beneath this call but I do think that memory allocated for item1 and item2 doesn't get disposed here, because their ownage wasn't actually transfered. And, bang, we have a memory leak. The question is the following - does Qt have something to offer for this kind of situation? I could use boost::shared_ptr or any other smart pointer and write something like shared_ptr<QTreeWidgetItem> ptr(new QTreeWidgetItem(...)); items.append(ptr.get()); but I don't know if the Qt itself would try to make explicit delete calls on my pointers (which would be disastrous since I state them as shared_ptr-managed). How would you solve this problem? Maybe everything is evident and I miss something really simple?

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  • Allocation of IP Address in Ad hoc systems

    - by Kasturi
    Me and my friends play Age of Empires every weekend and create an Ad-hoc network each time before playing. But each time we all get the SAME IP Address even if a new ad-hoc network is created. Is this something to do with the Game's algorithm or does the laptop remember our previous IP Address. EDIT: What is the algorithm that is used to distribute the IP Addresses? If the algorithm uses random function how come same IP addresses are being allocated.

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  • C++ std::vector memory/allocation

    - by aaa
    from a previous question about vector capacity, http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2663170/stdvector-capacity-after-copying, Mr. Bailey said: In current C++ you are guaranteed that no reallocation occurs after a call to reserve until an insertion would take the size beyond the value of the previous call to reserve. Before a call to reserve, or after a call to reserve when the size is between the value of the previous call to reserve and the capacity the implementation is allowed to reallocate early if it so chooses. So, if I understand correctly, in order to assure that no relocation happens until capacity is exceeded, I must do reserve twice? can you please clarify it? I am using vector as a memory stack like this: std::vector<double> memory; memory.reserve(size); memory.insert(memory.end(), matrix.data().begin(), matrix.data().end()); // smaller than size size_t offset = memory.size(); memory.resize(memory.capacity(), 0); I need to guarantee that relocation does not happen in the above. thank you. ps: I would also like to know if there is a better way to manage memory stack in similar manner other than vector

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  • Basic C question, concerning memory allocation and value assignment

    - by VHristov
    Hi there, I have recently started working on my master thesis in C that I haven't used in quite a long time. Being used to Java, I'm now facing all kinds of problems all the time. I hope someone can help me with the following one, since I've been struggling with it for the past two days. So I have a really basic model of a database: tables, tuples, attributes and I'm trying to load some data into this structure. Following are the definitions: typedef struct attribute { int type; char * name; void * value; } attribute; typedef struct tuple { int tuple_id; int attribute_count; attribute * attributes; } tuple; typedef struct table { char * name; int row_count; tuple * tuples; } table; Data is coming from a file with inserts (generated for the Wisconsin benchmark), which I'm parsing. I have only integer or string values. A sample row would look like: insert into table values (9205, 541, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0, 1, 9205, 10, 11, 'HHHHHHH', 'HHHHHHH', 'HHHHHHH'); I've "managed" to load and parse the data and also to assign it. However, the assignment bit is buggy, since all values point to the same memory location, i.e. all rows look identical after I've loaded the data. Here is what I do: char value[10]; // assuming no value is longer than 10 chars int i, j, k; table * data = (table*) malloc(sizeof(data)); data->name = "table"; data->row_count = number_of_lines; data->tuples = (tuple*) malloc(number_of_lines*sizeof(tuple)); tuple* current_tuple; for(i=0; i<number_of_lines; i++) { current_tuple = &data->tuples[i]; current_tuple->tuple_id = i; current_tuple->attribute_count = 16; // static in our system current_tuple->attributes = (attribute*) malloc(16*sizeof(attribute)); for(k = 0; k < 16; k++) { current_tuple->attributes[k].name = attribute_names[k]; // for int values: current_tuple->attributes[k].type = DB_ATT_TYPE_INT; // write data into value-field int v = atoi(value); current_tuple->attributes[k].value = &v; // for string values: current_tuple->attributes[k].type = DB_ATT_TYPE_STRING; current_tuple->attributes[k].value = value; } // ... } While I am perfectly aware, why this is not working, I can't figure out how to get it working. I've tried following things, none of which worked: memcpy(current_tuple->attributes[k].value, &v, sizeof(int)); This results in a bad access error. Same for the following code (since I'm not quite sure which one would be the correct usage): memcpy(current_tuple->attributes[k].value, &v, 1); Not even sure if memcpy is what I need here... Also I've tried allocating memory, by doing something like: current_tuple->attributes[k].value = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int)); only to get "malloc: * error for object 0x100108e98: incorrect checksum for freed object - object was probably modified after being freed." As far as I understand this error, memory has already been allocated for this object, but I don't see where this happened. Doesn't the malloc(sizeof(attribute)) only allocate the memory needed to store an integer and two pointers (i.e. not the memory those pointers point to)? Any help would be greatly appreciated! Regards, Vassil

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  • How to increase memory allocation to program

    - by Vaibhav
    When I try to initialize a 3D array of size 300*300*4 in a C program, my program stops running and reports stack overflow error. The system I am using has 3GB RAM, which should be sufficeint. Is there any way to increase memory allocated to a program? I am using Dev C++ on Windows Vista.

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  • C++: Allocation of variables in a loop

    - by Rosarch
    Let's say I have a loop like this: vector<shared_ptr<someStruct>> vec; int i = 0; while (condition) { i++ shared_ptr<someStruct> sps(new someStruct()); WCHAR wchr[20]; memset(wchr, i, 20); sps->pwsz = wchr; vec.push_back(sps); } At the end of this loop, I see that for each sps element of the vector, sps->pwsz is the same. Is this because I'm passing a pointer to memory allocated in a loop, which is destructed after each iteration, and then refilling that same memory on the next iteration?

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  • Objective-C: Allocation in one thread and release in other

    - by user423977
    Hi I am doing this in my Main Thread: CCAnimation *anim; //class variable [NSThread detachNewThreadSelector:@selector(loadAimation) toTarget:self withObject:nil]; In loadAimation: -(void) loadAimation { NSAutoreleasePool *autoreleasepool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; anim = [[CCAnimaton alloc] init]; [autoreleasepool drain]; } And in main thread I release it: [anim release]; Now I want to ask if this is fine regarding memory management.

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  • Limiting object allocation over multiple threads

    - by John
    I have an application which retrieves and caches the results of a clients query. The client then requests different chunks of data and the application sends the relevant results and removes them from the cache. A new requirement for this application is that there needs to be a run-time configurable maximum number of results which may be cached. I've taken the naive approach and implemented this by using a counter under a lock which is incremented every time a result is cached and decremented whenever a result is removed from the cache. Unfortunately, this has drastically reduced the applications performance when processing a large number of concurrent requests. I have tried both a critical section lock and spin-lock; the performance improves a bit with a spin-lock, but is still unacceptably slow. Is there a better way to solve this problem which may improve performance? Right now I have a thread pool that services requests and each request is tied to a Request object which stores that cached results for that particular request. Here is a simplified pseudo code version of my current implementation: void ResultCallback( Result result, Request *request ) { lock totalResultsCached lock cachedLimit if( totalResultsCached + 1 > cachedLimit ) { unlock cachedLimit unlock totalResultsCached //cancel the request return; } ++totalResultsCached; unlock cachedLimit unlock totalResultsCached request.add(result) } void SendResults( int resultsToSend, Request *request ) { while ( resultsToSend > 0 ) { send(request.remove()) lock totalResultsCached --totalResultsCached unlock totalResultsCached --resultsToSend; } }

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  • Dynamic allocation in C

    - by Kerby82
    I'm writing a program and I have the following problem: char *tmp; sprintf (tmp,"%ld",(long)time_stamp_for_file_name); Could someone explain how much memory allocate for the string tmp. How many chars are a long variable? Thank you, I would appreciate also a link to an exahustive resource on this kind of information. Thank you

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  • dynamic memory allocation [closed]

    - by gcc
    i wanna write a program that creates (allocating memory) and manipulates (adding elements and increasing memory etc.) integer arrays dynamically according to given input sequences. input sequence which starts with the maximum number of arrays, includes integers to be put into arrays and some one letter characters which are commands to carry out some tasks (activating next array, deleting an array etc). also, i wanna create *c_arrays which is the address of the array whose elements are the actual capacities (How many integer slots are already allocated for an array?) of arrays how should i organize(set up) the algorithm?

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  • Dynamic memory allocation with default values

    - by viswanathan
    class A { private: int m_nValue; public: A() { m_nValue = 0; } A(int nValue) { m_nValue = nValue); ~A() {} } Now in main if i call A a(2);// 2 will be assigned for m_nValue of object A. Now how do we do this if i want to define an array of objects. Also how do we do this if i dynamically create objects using operator new like A *pA; pA = new A[5];// while creating the object i want the parameterised constructor to be //called I hope the question is clear. Do let me know if more explanation is needed

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  • Are there any empirical studies on the effect of different languages on software quality?

    - by jgre
    The proponents of functional programming languages assert that functional programming makes it easier to reason about code. Those in favor of statically typed languages say that their compilers catch enough errors to make up for the additional complexity of type systems. But everything I read on these topics is based on rational argument, not on empirical data. Are there any empirical studies on what effects the different categories of programming languages have on defect rates or other quality metrics? (The answers to this question seem to indicate that there are no such studies, at least not for the dynamic vs. static debate)

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  • Building dynamic OLAP data marts on-the-fly

    - by DrJohn
    At the forthcoming SQLBits conference, I will be presenting a session on how to dynamically build an OLAP data mart on-the-fly. This blog entry is intended to clarify exactly what I mean by an OLAP data mart, why you may need to build them on-the-fly and finally outline the steps needed to build them dynamically. In subsequent blog entries, I will present exactly how to implement some of the techniques involved. What is an OLAP data mart? In data warehousing parlance, a data mart is a subset of the overall corporate data provided to business users to meet specific business needs. Of course, the term does not specify the technology involved, so I coined the term "OLAP data mart" to identify a subset of data which is delivered in the form of an OLAP cube which may be accompanied by the relational database upon which it was built. To clarify, the relational database is specifically create and loaded with the subset of data and then the OLAP cube is built and processed to make the data available to the end-users via standard OLAP client tools. Why build OLAP data marts? Market research companies sell data to their clients to make money. To gain competitive advantage, market research providers like to "add value" to their data by providing systems that enhance analytics, thereby allowing clients to make best use of the data. As such, OLAP cubes have become a standard way of delivering added value to clients. They can be built on-the-fly to hold specific data sets and meet particular needs and then hosted on a secure intranet site for remote access, or shipped to clients' own infrastructure for hosting. Even better, they support a wide range of different tools for analytical purposes, including the ever popular Microsoft Excel. Extension Attributes: The Challenge One of the key challenges in building multiple OLAP data marts based on the same 'template' is handling extension attributes. These are attributes that meet the client's specific reporting needs, but do not form part of the standard template. Now clearly, these extension attributes have to come into the system via additional files and ultimately be added to relational tables so they can end up in the OLAP cube. However, processing these files and filling dynamically altered tables with SSIS is a challenge as SSIS packages tend to break as soon as the database schema changes. There are two approaches to this: (1) dynamically build an SSIS package in memory to match the new database schema using C#, or (2) have the extension attributes provided as name/value pairs so the file's schema does not change and can easily be loaded using SSIS. The problem with the first approach is the complexity of writing an awful lot of complex C# code. The problem of the second approach is that name/value pairs are useless to an OLAP cube; so they have to be pivoted back into a proper relational table somewhere in the data load process WITHOUT breaking SSIS. How this can be done will be part of future blog entry. What is involved in building an OLAP data mart? There are a great many steps involved in building OLAP data marts on-the-fly. The key point is that all the steps must be automated to allow for the production of multiple OLAP data marts per day (i.e. many thousands, each with its own specific data set and attributes). Now most of these steps have a great deal in common with standard data warehouse practices. The key difference is that the databases are all built to order. The only permanent database is the metadata database (shown in orange) which holds all the metadata needed to build everything else (i.e. client orders, configuration information, connection strings, client specific requirements and attributes etc.). The staging database (shown in red) has a short life: it is built, populated and then ripped down as soon as the OLAP Data Mart has been populated. In the diagram below, the OLAP data mart comprises the two blue components: the Data Mart which is a relational database and the OLAP Cube which is an OLAP database implemented using Microsoft Analysis Services (SSAS). The client may receive just the OLAP cube or both components together depending on their reporting requirements.  So, in broad terms the steps required to fulfil a client order are as follows: Step 1: Prepare metadata Create a set of database names unique to the client's order Modify all package connection strings to be used by SSIS to point to new databases and file locations. Step 2: Create relational databases Create the staging and data mart relational databases using dynamic SQL and set the database recovery mode to SIMPLE as we do not need the overhead of logging anything Execute SQL scripts to build all database objects (tables, views, functions and stored procedures) in the two databases Step 3: Load staging database Use SSIS to load all data files into the staging database in a parallel operation Load extension files containing name/value pairs. These will provide client-specific attributes in the OLAP cube. Step 4: Load data mart relational database Load the data from staging into the data mart relational database, again in parallel where possible Allocate surrogate keys and use SSIS to perform surrogate key lookup during the load of fact tables Step 5: Load extension tables & attributes Pivot the extension attributes from their native name/value pairs into proper relational tables Add the extension attributes to the views used by OLAP cube Step 6: Deploy & Process OLAP cube Deploy the OLAP database directly to the server using a C# script task in SSIS Modify the connection string used by the OLAP cube to point to the data mart relational database Modify the cube structure to add the extension attributes to both the data source view and the relevant dimensions Remove any standard attributes that not required Process the OLAP cube Step 7: Backup and drop databases Drop staging database as it is no longer required Backup data mart relational and OLAP database and ship these to the client's infrastructure Drop data mart relational and OLAP database from the build server Mark order complete Start processing the next order, ad infinitum. So my future blog posts and my forthcoming session at the SQLBits conference will all focus on some of the more interesting aspects of building OLAP data marts on-the-fly such as handling the load of extension attributes and how to dynamically alter the structure of an OLAP cube using C#.

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  • How does the GPL static vs. dynamic linking rule apply to interpreted languages?

    - by ekolis
    In my understanding, the GPL prohibits static linking from non-GPL code to GPL code, but permits dynamic linking from non-GPL code to GPL code. So which is it when the code in question is not linked at all because the code is written in an interpreted language (e.g. Perl)? It would seem to be too easy to exploit the rule if it was considered dynamic linking, but on the other hand, it would also seem to be impossible to legally reference GPL code from non-GPL code if it was considered static! Compiled languages at least have a distinction between static and dynamic linking, but when all "linking" is just running scripts, it's impossible to tell what the intent is without an explicit license! Or is my understanding of this issue incorrect, rendering the question moot? I've also heard of a "classpath exception" which involves dynamic linking; is that not part of the GPL but instead something that can be added on to it, so dynamic linking is only allowed when the license includes this exception?

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  • Scripting Part 1

    - by rbishop
    Dynamic Scripting is a large topic, so let me get a couple of things out of the way first. If you aren't familiar with JavaScript, I can suggest CodeAcademy's JavaScript series. There are also many other websites and books that cover JavaScript from every possible angle.The second thing we need to deal with is JavaScript as a programming language versus a JavaScript environment running in a web browser. Many books, tutorials, and websites completely blur these two together but they are in fact completely separate. What does this really mean in relation to DRM? Since DRM isn't a web browser, there are no document, window, history, screen, or location objects. There are no events like mousedown or click. Trying to call alert('hello!') in DRM will just cause an error. Those concepts are all related to an HTML document (web page) and are part of the Browser Object Model or Document Object Model. DRM has its own object model that exposes DRM-related objects. In practice, feel free to use those sorts of tutorials or practice within your browser; Many of the concepts are directly translatable to writing scripts in DRM. Just don't try to call document.getElementById in your property definition!I think learning by example tends to work the best, so let's try getting a list of all the unique property values for a given node and its children. var uniqueValues = {}; var childEnumerator = node.GetChildEnumerator(); while(childEnumerator.MoveNext()) { var propValue = childEnumerator.GetCurrent().PropValue("Custom.testpropstr1"); print(propValue); if(propValue != null && propValue != '' && !uniqueValues[propValue]) uniqueValues[propValue] = true; } var result = ''; for(var value in uniqueValues){ result += "Found value " + value + ","; } return result;  Now lets break this down piece by piece. var uniqueValues = {}; This declares a variable and initializes it as a new empty Object. You could also have written var uniqueValues = new Object(); Why use an object here? JavaScript objects can also function as a list of keys and we'll use that later to store each property value as a key on the object. var childEnumerator = node.GetChildEnumerator(); while(childEnumerator.MoveNext()) { This gets an enumerator for the node's children. The enumerator allows us to loop through the children one by one. If we wanted to get a filtered list of children, we would instead use ChildrenWith(). When we reach the end of the child list, the enumerator will return false for MoveNext() and that will stop the loop. var propValue = childEnumerator.GetCurrent().PropValue("Custom.testpropstr1"); print(propValue); if(propValue != null && propValue != '' && !uniqueValues[propValue]) uniqueValues[propValue] = true; } This gets the node the enumerator is currently pointing at, then calls PropValue() on it to get the value of a property. We then make sure the prop value isn't null or the empty string, then we make sure the value doesn't already exist as a key. Assuming it doesn't we add it as a key with a value (true in this case because it makes checking for an existing value faster when the value exists). A quick word on the print() function. When viewing the prop grid, running an export, or performing normal DRM operations it does nothing. If you have a lot of print() calls with complicated arguments it can slow your script down slightly, but otherwise has no effect. But when using the script editor, all the output of print() will be shown in the Warnings area. This gives you an extremely useful debugging tool to see what exactly a script is doing. var result = ''; for(var value in uniqueValues){ result += "Found value " + value + ","; } return result; Now we build a string by looping through all the keys in uniqueValues and adding that value to our string. The last step is to simply return the result. Hopefully this small example demonstrates some of the core Dynamic Scripting concepts. Next time, we can try checking for node references in other hierarchies to see if they are using duplicate property values.

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  • Is type safety worth the trade-offs?

    - by Prof Plum
    I began coding in in Python primarily where there is no type safety, then moved to C# and Java where there is. I found that I could work a bit more quickly and with less headaches in Python, but then again, my C# and Java apps are at much higher level of complexity so I have never given Python a true stress test I suppose. The Java and C# camps make it sound like without the type safety in place, most people would be running into all sorts of horrible bugs left an right and it would be more trouble than its worth. This is not a language comparison, so please do not address issues like compiled vs interpreted. Is type safety worth the hit to speed of development and flexibilty? WHY? to the people who wanted an example of the opinion that dynamic typing is faster: "Use a dynamically typed language during development. It gives you faster feedback, turn-around time, and development speed." - http://blog.jayway.com/2010/04/14/static-typing-is-the-root-of-all-evil/

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  • At what point should data be sent back to server?

    - by whamsicore
    A good example would be the stackexchange "rate" button. When a post is upvoted the arrow changes color immediately. However there is a grace period for one to edit one's vote decision (oops! voted by mistake?). Is the upvote action processed immediately or does is only process after a set time period, or when the user leaves the page? How exactly is this rating processed? What is the standard for handling dynamic page edits (e.g. stackexchange rating, facebook posts?)

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  • How to solve linear recurrences involving two functions?

    - by Aditya Bahuguna
    Actually I came across a question in Dynamic Programming where we need to find the number of ways to tile a 2 X N area with tiles of given dimensions.. Here is the problem statement Now after a bit of recurrence solving I came out with these. F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) + 2G(n-1), and G(n) = G(n-1) + F(n-1) I know how to solve LR model where one function is there.For large N as is the case in the above problem we can do the matrix exponentiation and achieve O(k^3log(N)) time where k is the minimum number such that for all km F(n) does not depend on F(n-k). The method of solving linear recurrence with matrix exponentiation as it is given in that blog. Now for the LR involving two functions can anyone suggest an approach feasible enough for large N.

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  • Can there be an Environment that Reacts to Weather changes in-game?

    - by The415
    Just to be straightforward, I am completely new to many aspects of coding and am searching for different specs and guidelines to aid me on my journey to crafting a wonderful game in Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4. I had some recent thoughts about the possibility of creating an environment in a game that interacts with weather (Rain, Snow, Storms) Is it possible to make an environment that can simulate weather changes in a game? I wrote notes on this for weeks now. I was thinking that an increase on environments occlusion maps was necessary for creating the effect of rain on windows, as well as making a flowing liquid surface on windows that is only visible in rain. I was also considering the idea of additive bump-maps on meshes for snow, to simulate accumulation. Are these elements dynamic in Unreal 4? Can I implement them?

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  • Need to organize words based on their components, any other way aside from brute force?

    - by Lathan
    I'm not sure if this process has a name. I have some words (about 9,000). They are in Japanese, but I'll try to explain this using English words. I want to categorize the words by the components (in English, letters). A B C act bar play This should create: A: play B: bar C: act Now, 'a' appears in all 3 words, but I want to make sure that each category (letter) has at least word. Now, it would make sense to delete a word after it's used, but there are a few cases where 2 letters make up one word and that's each letter's only word--so I'd like to account for that somehow. Is there an approach for solving this aside from brute force? Dynamic programming perhaps? Even a name for this process (if it exists) would be great.

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