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• HDD situation - what would be best - data and backup

  - by Sam Johnson

  I just installed W8 on an Intel 330 180 GB SSD. I have 3 1TB HDDs. 1 HDD will be external for backup. 2 HDDs are then available for my PC. I do not need 2 TB of storage, so I thought I'd set these up to be exact clones of one another, so that if one dies I have a backup in the computer to go along with my external. Is this a good set up? How best would this be accomplished? I've heard people suggest RAID but I've never done RAID, have no idea what it is, and have no idea how to set it up in my BIOS. Thanks in advance

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• Suggestions for splitting server roles amongst Hyper-V virtual servers / RAID6 or RAID10? / AppAssure

  - by Anon

  We have 2 Hyper-V hosts at present running 1 virtual server that was converted from a physical box running all roles. My plan is to split the roles over various virtual machines, upgrading to the latest software versions as I go, and use the backup server as a standby in case the main server fails. AppAssure backup software has a feature called Virtual Standby, so the VHD's can be ready to be fired up on the backup server if necessary. Off-site backups will be done via external USB drive for now. I'm just seeking some input/suggestions into how I'm planning to split the roles out amongst various virtual servers. Also, I'm curious how to setup the storage on the servers. We do not have any NAS's, SAN'S or any budget for this. What would the best RAID level be to use? I'm thinking either RAID6 (which is currently used) however I'm concerned about the write speeds, or RAID10 but again I'm worried that I can only lose 1 drive (from the same mirror) as opposed to any 2 with RAID6. I realise I have a hot swap for this, but what if a further drive fails during a rebuild? Is the write penalty of RAID6 worth the extra reliability over RAID10? Or will it be too slow with all the roles I am planning, therefore RAID10 is my only real option? The reason for the needed redundancy is I am the only technician and I'm not always on-site. Options I've considered: 1) 5 drives in RAID6 set, 200gb for host OS, rest for VM storage. 1 drive for hot swap - this is how it is currently setup 2) 4 drives in RAID10 set, 200gb for host OS, rest for VM storage. 2 drives for hot swap 3) 4 drives in RAID10 set for VM storage, 2 drives in RAID1 set for host OS. No drives for hot swap - While this is probably the best option with the amount of drives I have, I don't like the idea of having no hot swap 4) 3 drives in RAID6 set for VM storage, 2 drives in RAID1 set for host OS. 1 drive for hot swap All options give us enough storage capacity for our files, etc. We don't have any budget for extra drives or extra hot swap HD chassis for the servers. We have about 70 clients and about 150 users. MAIN SERVER Intel Xeon 5520 @ 2.27 GHz (2 processors) 16GB RAM 6 x 1TB Seagate Barracuda ES.2 Enterprise SATA drives Intel SRCSATAWB RAID controller Virtual machine workload using Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2: DC01 - Active Directory Domain Controller / DNS server / Global catalog - 1GB RAM DC02 - Active Directory Domain Controller / DNS server / Global catalog - 1GB RAM Member Server - DHCP server, File server, Print server - 1GB RAM SCCM Member Server - 4GB RAM Third Party Software Member Server - A/V server, Ticketing software, etc - 4GB RAM Exchange 2007 - 4GB RAM - however we are probably migrating to a hosted solution, therefore freeing up resources BACKUP SERVER Intel Xeon E5410 @ 2.33GHz (2 processors) 16GB RAM 6 x 2TB WD RE4 SATA drives Intel SRCSASRB RAID controller Virtual machine workload using Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2: AppAssure backup software - 8GB RAM

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• FreeBSD after motherboard replacement; should I have any concerns?

  - by cc

  So after three years my motherboard (Asus M2N-0MX) has died off. As I go shopping for i's replacement tomorrow I have a concern about the data that I currently have on the drives wtihin. I'm currently running BSD 6.2, and am wondering if there would be any concern with installing a new OS on that system, would it be better to jsut install the latest BSD version, and are their any pitfalls that I should watch for to make sure I don't end up losing 750gb's of data. The setup consists of the following(to the best of my knowledge): Pioneer DVD drive 3ware RAID card four 250gb SATA drives in RAID 5 config thanks to anyone that can offer some advice, or just to confirm if I am over thinking things.

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• Reshape linux md raid5 that is already being reshaped?

  - by smammy

  I just converted my RAID1 array to a RAID5 array and added a third disk to it. I'd like to add a fourth disk without waiting fourteen hours for the first reshape to complete. I just did this: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdf1 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --raid-devices=3 --backup-file=/root/md0_n3.bak The entry in /proc/mdstat looks like this: md0 : active raid5 sdf1[2] sda1[0] sdb1[1] 976759936 blocks super 0.91 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] [>....................] reshape = 1.8% (18162944/976759936) finish=834.3min speed=19132K/sec Now I'd like to do this: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdd1 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --raid-devices=4 --backup-file=/root/md8_n4.bak Is this safe, or do I have to wait for the first reshape operation to complete? P.S.: I know I should have added both disks first, and then reshaped from 2 to 4 devices, but it's a little late for that.

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• Areca 1880ix RAID hangs

  - by Dave

  Areca RAID controller ARC-1880ix-12 (firmware 1.50) hangs when on high load. My setup is: Chenbro 3U chassis Intel S5500BC mainboard Xeon 5603 CPU 16GB of RAM 12 Seagate SAS drives ST32000645SS (2 of them as hot spare, 10 as RAID10) Mellanox Infiniband HBA card This server is working as external infiniband storage for Xen VMs. When load is quite big Areca's firmware hangs - it becomes unreachable even from Areca's ethernet adapter. After resetting the server power it returns to normal operation. While Areca is hanged I can confirm that it is powered (ethernet link is active) and Infiniband HBA works Ok. Thanks in advance for any idea or suggestion where the problem might be!

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• iSCSI SAN RAID 10 Performance -- Poor Read, Good Write

  - by Litzner

  I have a EqualLogic PS4000 SAN unit with the latest firmware, setup in RAID 10. I have 3 2TB Volumes on the SAN shared out via iSCSI on 2 eth ports on two different subnets. I have moved a test server over to this newly setup SAN, and my testing is showing me a problem. I am getting dismal read performance in everything except a test with 32 queue depth (see attach image) Write performance seems to be right about where it should be. I have tried MPIO on and off, on was slightly better but not much.

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• Completely replacing (upgrading) a RAID 5 array of disks on an ESXi server

  - by jshin47

  I have a development server that runs several VM on ESXi 5. It has an array of disks in the RAID 5 configuration where all of the disks are currently the same size. I would like to expand storage on this box greatly, but I am not sure what the smartest way to go about this would be. My current plan is to: Turn off all VM Copy VM folders from server to another location Verify that I can mount all the VM on the new location (ie that the copy went ok) Replace all the disks with new, bigger ones Reinstall ESXi5 Copy the VM back over This seems like it might take a while to accomplish and is not terribly slick, especially since I will have to reconfigure ESXi 5, but is there a smarter alternative?

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• Suggestions on providing HA access to an external (fibre) RAID subsystem

  - by user145198

  We are looking at upgrading our storage capacity with an external RAID subsystem that has redundant (2) fibre controllers, each controller has 4 x 8 Gbps fibre ports. I would like to make access to this storage system occur via HA Linux. Ideally I would connect 2 fibre ports from each controller into each Linux server, and then export either NFS or iSCSI via a 10 Gbe interface. I have seen plenty of references to DRBD, however all of those references tend to use block storage that is solely attached to each machine, rather than having a shared block storage device, so I am unsure if DRBD could (or should) be used in this case. Ideas?

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• end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector xxxxxxxxx

  - by muruga

  I have a IBM server. This server contains 3 hard disk with RAID 5. It was working fine earlier. Unfortunately this machine got the following error message. After that I have rebooted the systems. After that I am getting the following error message in kern.log and demsg kernel: [65896.678870] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 17430271 kernel: [69263.783957] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE,SUGGEST_OK : [69263.783957] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Sense Key : Hardware Error [current] kernel: [69263.783957] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Add. Sense: Internal target failure Whether it is kernel problem or hard disk problem or Raid problem

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• Setting up Ubuntu Server for hosting Java web applications

  - by Denis Hoss

  I'm trying to set up an Web Server running Ubuntu server to host some Java web applications, with MySQL running on it, an so on .. here is the tutorial I follow: perfect server ubuntu 11.10 The server configuration is: CPU S1155 INTEL Pentium G850 2.9GHz VGA 5GTs 3MB 65W MB Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H Ram 4x4Gb HDD 5x1TB Seagate (4 in RAID5 and 1 for Backup) The problem is that when I am trying to install the Server version of Ubuntu, when the installer asks me whether to activate ATA RAID Devices, and I click yes, he sees only that one, if I click no, he sees all 5 HDD's separate without any RAID, is this normal? I also tried to install the Desktop version on RAID5, but after restart, Ubuntu does't want to boot up, an underscore stands on the top of the screen. I am a newbie in servers and their configuration, in fact I am developer. I need a help from you guys.

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• Detaching EBS Volumes (in LVM) take a lot of time

  - by Cheezo

  I have an EC2 Instance(EBS Backed-root partition) with EBS volumes configured via LVM. I have formatted it as ext4 and can mount it to store data etc. Now i want take a snapshot of the root partition, hence in that case i go and detach the other non-root EBS volumes (configured in LVM). Here a regular detach does not work, and i have "force" detach almost always. Although, i another similar setup with RAID instead of LVM and there after stopping RAID, i can easily detach. The whole setup is running Ubuntu Maverick 10.10 Please assist me in the same.

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• RocketRaid gives me stuttering computer

  - by Dan

  I have a SANS DIGITAL TowerRAID TR8M-BP (with the RocketRaid 622 raid device) with 5 x SAMSUNG Spinpoint F4 HD204UI 2TB 5400 RPM SATA 3.0Gb/s harddrives in a raid 5. It connects via 2-esata cables. My drivers are up to date. When I'm writing data to the drives my computer stutters (meaning freezes for a 1/2 second every 2 seconds or so). My screen freezes, my music goes into a loop, its really annoying. I get the same thing in windows 7 as I do in linux. The only difference is it seems to happen less in linux, but occassionally linux will crash (I've never had linux crash for any other reason, so I'm assuming they have poor linux drivers and kernal mod). Any tips for how to deal with this? Thanks

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• cant recognize the path of hard drive which is not a part of an array

  - by Abhishek

  hi there, I have a problem on my server as below.. On my server i configured a raid array of 3 hard disks, in my c drive their is a web applications running on Apache Tomcat server. Now because of shortage of storage i entered a new hard disk to the server which is not a part of that raid array. Now through my web application i upload some images to new hard drive and file uploaded successfully but when through that same application, i try to retrieve those images and show on a web site i does not recognize that and dose not give any error. i try to access that drive with absolute path but it not works. Can any one help me to find the solution of this problem? Thank You in advance.

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• Raid-3 like software backup tool

  - by Chronial

  I have a lot of data (about 7 TB), stored across multiple hard-drives with varying sizes. I would like to have a backup of that data to be safe against drive failure. A RAID is not a good option for me, as I want to keep my cost low and be able to easily extend the storage capacity of my setup by buying an additional HD. I remember seeing a piece of software that generates parity data over all drives and stores that on an extra drive. That solution protects the setup from hard drive failure and works with varying drive sizes (as long as the parity drive is the biggest one). But I can’t seem to find that software again. Does anybody now what I’m talking about or have any other solution for my situation?

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• Force RAID to read exiled disk?

  - by user198847

  user user197015 asked on 1th of November the following question: "We have a RAID 6 array (Infortrend EonStor DS S16F) that recently had two disks fail. Immediately prior to replacing these two disks, a third, good, disk was accidentally ejected from the array. After reinserting this disk it is marked as "exiled" by the array's firmware, and so even after replacing the two failed disks with new ones the array refuses to rebuild the logical volume and remains inaccessible. Since the temporarily-ejected disk is still functional and nothing has been written to the array since it was ejected, it seems that it should theoretically be possible to recover all the data on the array, but how can we convince the array to use the data from the "exiled" disk? Thanks for any help or advice you can offer." Now I've got quite the same problem. The post has been deleted by the user, so I don#t know if he was successful. Is there anybody who can help me? Thank you!

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• RAID 5 heavy IO hard freezes Ubuntu: Why?

  - by Luke has no name

  I have a software RAID 5 partition on LVM in Ubuntu (desktop, actually, but I'm using it as a server). I have been rsyncing a ton of data to it, and the computer was hard freezing, as in I needed to press "Reset". So I thought it was rsync. But I decided I'd try a dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/to/raid5 and sure enough, the computer locked up. Did an identical dd to a JBOD partition on the same machine, and it didn't crash. Assuming a clean RAID5 partition, tri-core processor 2GB of ram, 6GB swap, what could be causing this?

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• Hot-swapping drives

  - by user57770

  I have hot swap drives and controllers, but have never actually used the hot swap capability. What is the procedure for doing so? Do I need to warn Linux that I'm about to pull a drive out? Should I do anything after I put a drive back in? Does it make a difference whether the drive is part of a RAID set? The drives are generally RAIDed, but not always. Any RAID sets are managed by Linux, rather than the controller. The machines are running Fedora and CentOS.

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• mirroing hard drives of different sizes

  - by user30472

  I have a dell server with two 18 gig drives in a Raid 1 config. I want to replace the drives with 400 gig drives. If I break the mirror and then remove one of the 18g drives, insert a 400g and create the mirror, then do the same process again with the other 400g drive, what will I have? I would like to think I would have a new 400g raid 1 drive. But I seem to remember that this process might result in only 18g of useable space on the 400g drives. Anyone know for sure? Thank

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• high load average, high wait, dmesg raid error messages (debian nfs server)

  - by John Stumbles

  Debian 6 on HP proliant (2 CPU) with raid (2*1.5T RAID1 + 2*2T RAID1 joined RAID0 to make 3.5T) running mainly nfs & imapd (plus samba for windows share & local www for previewing web pages); with local ubuntu desktop client mounting $HOME, laptops accessing imap & odd files (e.g. videos) via nfs/smb; boxes connected 100baseT or wifi via home router/switch uname -a Linux prole 2.6.32-5-686 #1 SMP Wed Jan 11 12:29:30 UTC 2012 i686 GNU/Linux Setup has been working for months but prone to intermittently going very slow (user experience on desktop mounting $HOME from server, or laptop playing videos) and now consistently so bad I've had to delve into it to try to find what's wrong(!) Server seems OK at low load e.g. (laptop) client (with $HOME on local disk) connecting to server's imapd and nfs mounting RAID to access 1 file: top shows load ~ 0.1 or less, 0 wait but when (desktop) client mounts $HOME and starts user KDE session (all accessing server) then top shows e.g. top - 13:41:17 up 3:43, 3 users, load average: 9.29, 9.55, 8.27 Tasks: 158 total, 1 running, 157 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.4%us, 0.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 49.0%id, 49.7%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.5%si, 0.0%st Mem: 903856k total, 851784k used, 52072k free, 171152k buffers Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 476896k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3935 root 20 0 2456 1088 784 R 2 0.1 0:00.02 top 1 root 20 0 2028 680 584 S 0 0.1 0:01.14 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 3 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.12 ksoftirqd/0 5 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 6 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/1 7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.16 ksoftirqd/1 8 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/1 9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.42 events/0 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:02.26 events/1 11 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset 12 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 netns 14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 async/mgr 15 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 pm 16 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 sync_supers 17 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 bdi-default 18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd/0 19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd/1 20 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 kblockd/0 21 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.08 kblockd/1 22 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpid 23 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpi_notify 24 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpi_hotplug 25 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kseriod 28 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:04.19 kondemand/0 29 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:02.93 kondemand/1 30 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 khungtaskd 31 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.18 kswapd0 32 root 25 5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ksmd 33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 aio/0 34 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 aio/1 35 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 crypto/0 36 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 crypto/1 203 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ksuspend_usbd 204 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 khubd 205 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ata/0 206 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ata/1 207 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.14 ata_aux 208 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.01 scsi_eh_0 dmesg suggests there's a disk problem: .............. (previous episode) [13276.966004] raid1:md0: read error corrected (8 sectors at 489900360 on sdc7) [13276.966043] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489898312 to another mirror [13279.569186] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [13279.569211] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x40000008 [13279.569230] ata4.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [13279.569257] ata4.00: cmd 60/08:00:00:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in [13279.569262] res 41/40:00:05:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F> [13279.569306] ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR } [13279.569321] ata4.00: error: { UNC } [13279.575362] ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133 [13279.575388] ata4: EH complete [13283.169224] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [13283.169246] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x40000008 [13283.169263] ata4.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [13283.169289] ata4.00: cmd 60/08:00:00:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in [13283.169294] res 41/40:00:07:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F> [13283.169331] ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR } [13283.169345] ata4.00: error: { UNC } [13283.176071] ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133 [13283.176104] ata4: EH complete [13286.224814] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [13286.224837] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x40000008 [13286.224853] ata4.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [13286.224879] ata4.00: cmd 60/08:00:00:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in [13286.224884] res 41/40:00:06:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F> [13286.224922] ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR } [13286.224935] ata4.00: error: { UNC } [13286.231277] ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133 [13286.231303] ata4: EH complete [13288.802623] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [13288.802646] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x40000008 [13288.802662] ata4.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [13288.802688] ata4.00: cmd 60/08:00:00:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in [13288.802693] res 41/40:00:05:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F> [13288.802731] ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR } [13288.802745] ata4.00: error: { UNC } [13288.808901] ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133 [13288.808927] ata4: EH complete [13291.380430] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [13291.380453] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x40000008 [13291.380470] ata4.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [13291.380496] ata4.00: cmd 60/08:00:00:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in [13291.380501] res 41/40:00:05:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F> [13291.380577] ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR } [13291.380594] ata4.00: error: { UNC } [13291.386517] ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133 [13291.386543] ata4: EH complete [13294.347147] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [13294.347169] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x40000008 [13294.347186] ata4.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [13294.347211] ata4.00: cmd 60/08:00:00:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in [13294.347217] res 41/40:00:06:6a:05/00:00:23:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F> [13294.347254] ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR } [13294.347268] ata4.00: error: { UNC } [13294.353556] ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133 [13294.353583] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled sense code [13294.353590] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE [13294.353599] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor] [13294.353610] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex): [13294.353616] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00 [13294.353635] 23 05 6a 06 [13294.353644] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed [13294.353657] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 23 05 6a 00 00 00 08 00 [13294.353675] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 587557382 [13294.353726] ata4: EH complete [13294.366953] raid1:md0: read error corrected (8 sectors at 489900544 on sdc7) [13294.366992] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489898496 to another mirror and they're happening quite frequently, which I guess is liable to account for the performance problem(?) # dmesg | grep mirror [12433.561822] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900464 to another mirror [12449.428933] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489900504 to another mirror [12464.807016] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489900512 to another mirror [12480.196222] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489900520 to another mirror [12495.585413] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489900528 to another mirror [12510.974424] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489900536 to another mirror [12526.374933] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489900544 to another mirror [12542.619938] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900608 to another mirror [12559.431328] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900616 to another mirror [12576.553866] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900624 to another mirror [12592.065265] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900632 to another mirror [12607.621121] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900640 to another mirror [12623.165856] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900648 to another mirror [12638.699474] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900656 to another mirror [12655.610881] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900664 to another mirror [12672.255617] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900672 to another mirror [12672.288746] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900680 to another mirror [12672.332376] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900688 to another mirror [12672.362935] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900696 to another mirror [12674.201177] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900704 to another mirror [12698.045050] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900712 to another mirror [12698.089309] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900720 to another mirror [12698.111999] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900728 to another mirror [12698.134006] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900736 to another mirror [12719.034376] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900744 to another mirror [12734.545775] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900752 to another mirror [12734.590014] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900760 to another mirror [12734.624050] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900768 to another mirror [12734.647308] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900776 to another mirror [12734.664657] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900784 to another mirror [12734.710642] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900792 to another mirror [12734.721919] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900800 to another mirror [12734.744732] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900808 to another mirror [12734.779330] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489900816 to another mirror [12782.604564] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 1242934216 to another mirror [12798.264153] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 1242935080 to another mirror [13245.832193] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489898296 to another mirror [13261.376929] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489898304 to another mirror [13276.966043] raid1: sdb7: redirecting sector 489898312 to another mirror [13294.366992] raid1: sdc7: redirecting sector 489898496 to another mirror although the arrays are still running on all disks - they haven't given up on any yet: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] [raid0] md10 : active raid0 md0[0] md1[1] 3368770048 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks md1 : active raid1 sde2[2] sdd2[1] 1464087824 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sdb7[0] sdc7[2] 1904684920 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> So I think I have some idea what the problem is but I am not a linux sysadmin expert by the remotest stretch of the imagination and would really appreciate some clue checking here with my diagnosis and what do I need to do: obviously I need to source another drive for sdc. (I'm guessing I could buy a larger drive if the price is right: I'm thinking that one day I'll need to grow the size of the array and that would be one less drive to replace with a larger one) then use mdadm to fail out the existing sdc, remove it and fit the new drive fdisk the new drive with the same size partition for the array as the old one had use mdadm to add the new drive into the array that sound OK?

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• raid 1 and high load average

  - by melocoton

  i have a server with high load average, I think the problem is the raid 1. cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0] 256896 blocks [2/2] [UU] md3 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0] 2562240 blocks [2/2] [UU] md4 : active raid1 sdb5[1] sda5[0] 958566272 blocks [2/2] [UU] md1 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0] 15366080 blocks [2/2] [UU] model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E8400 @ 3.00GHz Linux 2.6.18-164.6.1.el5.centos.plus (local) 04/19/2010 avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 17.37 0.01 6.02 26.17 0.00 50.43 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn sda 61.09 562.65 893.73 1557214 2473546 sda1 0.01 0.27 0.02 751 42 sda2 6.11 195.50 169.78 541075 469888 sda3 0.01 0.23 0.00 641 0 sda4 0.00 0.01 0.00 18 0 sda5 54.96 366.54 723.94 1014449 2003616 sdb 54.40 433.22 893.73 1199015 2473546 sdb1 0.01 0.16 0.02 436 42 sdb2 5.31 169.00 169.78 467729 469888 sdb3 0.01 0.31 0.00 865 0 sdb4 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 0 sdb5 49.05 263.65 723.94 729695 2003616 md1 29.96 364.39 166.68 1008498 461312 md4 124.15 630.07 713.28 1743822 1974112 md3 0.05 0.43 0.00 1192 0 md0 0.04 0.32 0.00 872 10 dm-0 7.96 83.29 23.02 230530 63720 dm-1 3.67 51.81 2.73 143394 7560 dm-2 7.63 67.76 27.35 187546 75696 dm-3 8.20 134.60 14.02 372514 38792 dm-4 5.90 10.66 39.35 29498 108912 dm-5 17.39 24.52 121.79 67850 337080 dm-6 27.19 229.60 139.89 635442 387168 dm-7 0.14 1.07 0.28 2970 776 dm-8 25.84 4.23 202.89 11698 561536 dm-9 14.77 8.38 112.35 23202 310960 dm-10 5.29 12.78 29.55 35376 81784 dm-11 0.16 1.25 0.05 3450 128 the server runs lvm in the md4

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• How ZFS handles online replacement in a RAID-Z (theoretical)

  - by Kevin

  This is a somewhat theoretical question about ZFS and RAID-Z. I'll use a three disk single-parity array as an example for clarity, but the problem can be extended to any number of disks and any parity. Suppose we have disks A, B, and C in the pool, and that it is clean. Suppose now that we physically add disk D with the intention of replacing disk C, and that disk C is still functioning correctly and is only being replaced out of preventive maintenance. Some admins might just yank C and install D, which is a little more organized as devices need not change IDs - however this does leave the array degraded temporarily and so for this example suppose we install D without offlining or removing C. Solaris docs indicate that we can replace a disk without first offlining it, using a command such as: zpool replace pool C D This should cause a resilvering onto D. Let us say that resilvering proceeds "downwards" along a "cursor." (I don't know the actual terminology used in the internal implementation.) Suppose now that midways through the resilvering, disk A fails. In theory, this should be recoverable, as above the cursor B and D contain sufficient parity and below the cursor B and C contain sufficient parity. However, whether or not this is actually recoverable depnds upon internal design decisions in ZFS which I am not aware of (and which the manual doesn't say in certain terms). If ZFS continues to send writes to C below the cursor, then we are fine. If, however, ZFS internally treats C as though it were gone, resilvering D only from parity between A and B and only writing A and B below the cursor, then we're toast. Some experimenting could answer this question but I was hoping maybe someone on here already knows which way ZFS handles this situation. Thank you in advance for any insight!

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• Splitting a raidctl mirror safely

  - by milkfilk

  I have a Sun T5220 server with the onboard LSI card and two disks that were in a RAID 1 mirror. The data is not important right now but we had a failed disk and are trying to understand how to do this for real if we had to recover from a failure. The initial situation looked like this: # raidctl -l c1t0d0 Volume Size Stripe Status Cache RAID Sub Size Level Disk ---------------------------------------------------------------- c1t0d0 136.6G N/A DEGRADED OFF RAID1 0.1.0 136.6G GOOD N/A 136.6G FAILED Green light on the 0.0.0 disk. Find / lights up the 0.1.0 disk. So I know I have a bad drive and which one it is. Server still boots obviously. First, we tried putting a new disk in. This disk came from an unknown source. Format would not see it, cfgadm -al would not see it so raidctl -l would not see it. I figure it's bad. We tried another disk from another spare server: # raidctl -c c1t1d0 c1t0d0 (where t1 is my good disk - 0.1.0) Disk has occupied space. Also the different syntax options don't change anything: # raidctl -C "0.1.0 0.0.0" -r 1 1 Disk has occupied space. # raidctl -C "0.1.0 0.0.0" 1 Disk has occupied space. Ok. Maybe this is because the disk from the spare server had a RAID 1 on it already. Aha, I can see another volume in raidctl: # raidctl -l Controller: 1 Volume:c1t1d0 (this is my server's root mirror) Volume:c1t132d0 (this is the foreign root mirror) Disk: 0.0.0 Disk: 0.1.0 ... No problem. I don't care about the data, I'll just delete the foreign mirror. # raidctl -d c1t132d0 (warning about data deletion but it works) At this point, /usr/bin/ binaries freak out. By that I mean, ls -l /usr/bin/which shows 1.4k but cat /usr/bin/which gives me a newline. Great, I just blew away the binaries (ie: binaries in mem still work)? I bounce the box. It all comes back fine. WTF. Anyway, back to recreating my mirror. # raidctl -l Controller: 1 Volume:c1t1d0 (this is my server's root mirror) Disk: 0.0.0 Disk: 0.1.0 ... Man says that you can delete a mirror and it will split it. Ok, I'll delete the root mirror. # raidctl -d c1t0d0 Array in use. (this might not be the exact error) I googled this and found of course you can't do this (even with -f) while booted off the mirror. Ok. I boot cdrom -s and deleted the volume. Now I have one disk that has a type of "LSI-Logical-Volume" on c1t1d0 (where my data is) and a brand new "Hitachi 146GB" on c1t0d0 (what I'm trying to mirror to): (booted off the CD) # raidctl -c c1t1d0 c1t0d0 (man says it's source destination for mirroring) Illegal Array Layout. # raidctl -C "0.1.0 0.0.0" -r 1 1 (alt syntax per man) Illegal Array Layout. # raidctl -C "0.1.0 0.0.0" 1 (assumes raid1, no help) Illegal Array Layout. Same size disks, same manufacturer but I did delete the volume instead of throwing in a blank disk and waiting for it to resync. Maybe this was a critical error. I tried selecting the type in format for my good disk to be a plain 146gb disk but it resets the partition table which I'm pretty sure would wipe the data (bad if this was production). Am I boned? Anyone have experience with breaking and resyncing a mirror? There's nothing on Google about "Illegal Array Layout" so here's my contrib to the search gods.

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• Windows 7 / Ubuntu Dualboot GRUB Problem.

  - by Tek

  I'd like to first say ahead of time that I'm running a RAID-0 Setup. 1.First of all, I'm glad Ubuntu 9.10 installed flawlessly and detected my RAID-0 setup just fine. The issue I'm having now is that I already had Windows 7 installed and made a small 12GB partition for Linux/Swap. I grabbed EasyBCD 2.0 to edit the W7 bootloader and configured it to use dual boot Grub2 because before it didn't even show the option for Ubuntu. The bootloader points to a file made in the windows directory made by EasyBCD called "C:\NST\AutoNeoGrub0.mbr" which is what I'm guessing grub is booting from. After that I got the option for booting Ubuntu. The problem is that it's sending me to the Grub prompt (probably because it's pointing to \NST|AutoNeoGrub0.mbr?), at first I didn't know what to do but I researched and have to type grub commands to manually boot into Ubuntu Linux. Ex: grubroot (hd0,4) grubkernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6... root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/24624-2424... grubinitrd boot/initrd.img-2.6... grubboot After all that Ubuntu boots just fine, but how do I fix it permanently? Do I need to edit the bootloader manually (since Easy BCD "autoconfigures")? Some insight on this would rock! Also, it sucks to type the actual uuid since it's REALLY long. I tried getting the name of the drive via fdisk -l but since it's raid 0 I'm guessing I can't do that. How can I get a shorter name of the drive? like /dev/sda, /dev/sdb etc? I've also tried to update to the latest GRUB and I got this: Creating config file /etc/default/grub with new version Generating core.img error: cannot seek /dev/sdc' error: cannot seek/dev/sdc' grub-probe: error: no mapping exists for nvidia_dbedfcca5' Auto-detection of a filesystem module failed. Please specify the module with the option--modules' explicitly. dpkg: error processing grub-pc (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of grub2: grub2 depends on grub-pc; however: Package grub-pc is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing grub2 (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure. E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I've also tried: b@dnb:~$ sudo update-grub error: cannot seek /dev/sdc' error: cannot seek/dev/sdc' Generating grub.cfg ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31-14-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-2.6.31-14-generic error: cannot seek /dev/sdc' grub-probe: error: no mapping exists fornvidia_dbedfcca5' error: cannot seek /dev/sdc' grub-probe: error: no mapping exists fornvidia_dbedfcca5' Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/mapper/nvidia_dbedfcca1 error: cannot seek /dev/sdc' grub-probe: error: no mapping exists fornvidia_dbedfcca1' done To no avail. Any idea what I can do to fix this mess? :( Edit: This is my disk configuration. b@dnb:~$ sudo df -l Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/nvidia_dbedfcca5 12302232 2744788 8932520 24% / udev 1030288 268 1030020 1% /dev none 1030288 964 1029324 1% /dev/shm none 1030288 92 1030196 1% /var/run none 1030288 0 1030288 0% /var/lock none 1030288 0 1030288 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sr0 706532 706532 0 100% /media/cdrom0 Note: /dev/mapper/nvidia_dbedfcca5 is my Linux boot partition

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• Intel Rapid Storage / Smart Response SSD caching issue

  - by goober

  Background Recently built my own PC. It works! Almost. It's been a while since getting into the guts of these things, so I'm familiar but may be missing something simple. FYI, I don't care about blowing the OS away -- it's brand new and we can go back from scratch as many times as necessary. Goal / Issue I'd like to use the SSD to take advantage of Intel's Smart Response technology (allows the SSD to act as a cache for HDDs) I would like the SSD cache to act as a cache for my HDDs, which I would like to be in a RAID1 array (so I get the speed from the SSD and the redundancy from the RAID1) However, Windows only sees the drive in device manager (not as a drive), so I'm unsure what to do about that. Related: as far as I know, for this to work, the drives all have to be in a single RAID array (i.e. a RAID0 pairing of the SSD and the RAID1 HDD array). However, when attempting this at the BIOS level, I am told there is not enough space for an array. Steps so Far Moved the SSD onto the Intel controller (I'd had it on the Marvel 6.0 controller instead of the Intel controller, so the BIOS was only seeing it in a strange way) Updated the BIOS of the motherboard to the latest version Reinstalled Intel's RST (iRST?) software several times, as some forums reported it working after reinstalling 3 times (which does not inspire confidence). Checked Intel storage: it does see the SSD as a physical, non-RAID device. However, it says no space exists if I try to create an array. Checked the BIOS: it does not show up in the boot order, but is an option that can be selected under boot options. Tried the firmware update for that model. Issue: the firmware CD doesn't detect a drive; maybe the Intel storage controller is making it difficult? moved the ssd to the marvel controller. The firmware update cd appeared to hang while searching for drives. swapped out the SATA cable for the manufacturer's and moved back to the intel storage controller. Noticed at this point that in the Intel RST software, a device DOES show up in addition to the RAID set -- only shown as a "60 GB internal disk". Windows doesn't appear to see it as a drive, but it does still show in device manager. Move SSD to port from 0-3 on MOBO and set SATA mode to IDE (after disconnecting RAID1 config) to allow the firmware update to work. Firmware was already at the latest version. Next Steps ? Components involved ASUS P8Z68-V PRO motherboard (Intel Z68 Chipset) Intel i7 2600k Processor 2 x 1TB 7200 RPM HDDs 64 GB Crucial M4 SSD (M4-CT064M4SSD2) For Reference -- Storage Configuration Intel 3 gbps Intel 3gbps Intel 6gbps Marvel 6gbps +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ | | <----+ | | +-+ | | | |----------| | |----------| |-|--------| |----------| | | | | + | | | | | | +----------+ | +--|-------+ +-|--------+ +----------+ | | | + v v | 1 TB HDD 64 GB SSD + +> 1 TB HDD For Reference -- Intel RST (v10.8.0.1003) Screenshot Don't mind the "rebuilding" -- knocked a power cable out at one point; it's doing its job, not an indicator of a bad HDD. Any thoughts? Thanks in advance for any help!

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• Desktop SATA drives in SATA <-> FC array

  - by chris

  Let's assume you've got a box like one of these with space for 24 SATA disks. What are the best bits of advice for deploying this? For instance, should you be greedy and go for the 1.5 or 2tb disks or are they just not reliable enough to be used in an array like this and you should stick with 640gb or 750gb disks instead? Also, I know that FC (or generically, "enterprise class") disks have a different error recovery strategy than desktop disks. An enterprise disk will fail a read quickly and report to the controller that it wasn't able to read that block, and the RAID controller will quickly regenerate the info from the parity disk and mark the block as bad. A desktop disk, on the other hand, will try and try and try again to get the data, and in pathological cases this may cause a raid controller to fail the whole disk because the read operation times out. So there are a couple aspects to this question: What's the best sort of disk to get today? (ie specific disks on the market in Feb 2010) Generically, what should someone look for when trying to buy something like this that kinda walks the line between enterprise and consumer? Lastly -- is there anything that can be done with current "consumer" disks to make them more suitable for array use? IE can you use a SMART configuration to change the error recovery strategy used by the disk? Thanks!

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