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• How does a frame retrieve the recipient's MAC address?

  - by Sarmen B.

  I am studying a Network+ book named All-in-one CompTia Network+ by Mike Meyers. In chapter 2 he talks about frames and how he represents them as canisters and the data within the frame contains the recipients mac address, senders mac address, data, and sequence number. What I don't understand is if the sender is sending a file via the network to the recipient, and this frame contains this data, how does the frame know what the recipients MAC address is before sending it? In regards to TCP/IP when it contains the recipients IP address, that's understandable how it retrieves that value. But I don't understand how it can retrieve the MAC address, because if that frame comes from the senders computer, goes into the router and copies itself to each and every computer that exists on the network, how did it have the MAC address to know where to go? Let me know if I'm not making sense.

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• Scale an image with unscalable parts

  - by Uko

  Brief description of problem: imagine having some vector picture(s) and text annotations on the sides outside of the picture(s). Now the task is to scale the whole composition while preserving the aspect ratio in order to fit some view-port. The tricky part is that the text is not scalable only the picture(s). The distance between text and the image is still relative to the whole image, but the text size is always a constant. Example: let's assume that our total composition is two times larger than a view-port. Then we can just scale it by 1/2. But because the text parts are a fixed font size, they will become larger than we expect and won't fit in the view-port. One option I can think of is an iterative process where we repeatedly scale our composition until the delta between it and the view-port satisfies some precision. But this algorithm is quite costly as it involves working with the graphics and the image may be composed of a lot of components which will lead to a lot of matrix computations. What's more, this solution seems to be hard to debug, extend, etc. Are there any other approaches to solving this scaling problem?

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• How to share Opera extensions preferences between my two computers ?

  - by Riduidel

  Well, the title is quite unambiguous. However, let me clarify it even more. Starting with Opera 11, there now are Opera extensions, which are compliant to W3C widget specification. This allows us to use it on whichever browser supports their (well, currently, only Opera does). Anyway, suppose I have two computers, each one using Opera. How could I possibly synchronize used extensions and their preferences ? With Opera Link ? I didn't saw any kind of extension sharing in it With Dropbox/any other file sharing application ? If so, how could I do that ?

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• When using Windows 2003 DNS Server, how do I configure it to resolve a particular FQDN but rely on e

  - by Corey

  Let's say I have a web-server on my internal network which is behind a NAT router. I have my external DNS for the “xyz.com” domain configured with an A record for “foo” that points to my router's public address. I want my internal network clients to resolve foo.xyz.com to the internal address. However, this is the only xyz.com record that should point to an internal address. Do I need to create a primary zone for xyz.com and mirror all the records from my external zone with the exception of “foo” (this is what I am doing now), or is there a better way?

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• Mobile (Client) to Amazon S3 (Server) - Architecture

  - by wasabii

  let's start off with the problem statement: My iOS application has a login form. When the user logs in, a call is made to my API and access granted or denied. If access was granted, I want the user to be able to upload pictures to his account and/or manage them. As storage I've picked Amazon S3, and I figured it'd be a good idea to have one bucket called "myappphotos" for instance, which contains lots of folders. The folder names are hashes of a user's email and a secret key. So, every user has his own, unique folder in my Amazon S3 bucket. Since I've just recently started working with AWS, here's my question: What are the best practices for setting up a system like this? I want the user to be able to upload pictures directly to Amazon S3, but of course I cannot hard-code the access key. So I need my API to somehow talk to Amazon and request an access token of sorts - only for the particular folder that belongs to the user I'm making the request for. Can anyone help me out and/or guide me to some sources where a similar problem was addressed? Don't think I'm the first one and the amazon documentation is so extensive that I don't really know where to start looking. Thanks a lot!

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• How to make ssh match known_hosts to host/ip:port instead of just host/ip?

  - by Prody

  I have two machines behind a firewall, with the ssh ports forwarded to 2201 and 2202. When I ssh host -p 2201 it asks if I trust the machine, I say yes, it gets added to ~/.ssh/known_hosts Then I ssh host -p 2202 it doesn't let me, because there's already a known_host for this IP in ~/.ssh/known_host:1 (the file was empty when I started, so line 1 is the one added by the previous ssh run) This happens on CentOS 5.4. On other distros (I've tried Arch), it appears that ssh matches the knwown_hosts to the ports too, so I can have multiple fingerprints for multiple ports on the same host/ip without any problems. How can I get this same behavior for CentOS? I couldn't find anything in man ssh_config. (or at least not without disabling fingerprint checking)

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• Ubuntu Raring on iMac 2008; graphics update ATI Radeon HD 2600 Pro broke my Raring this morning!

  - by user197406

  Was working on my iMac(2008) 20,5" this morning when again some GLX etc updates appeared! As usual I let the update-installer do it's job; when finished updating, my screen got scrambled; I can not work anymore as the screen shivers, shakes and graphics is one big mess. Ctrl+Alt+F1 does not work either as most of the time my screen is black completely! When booting into OSX 10.8.5 (Raring dual boot with OSX 10.8.5), OSX graphics works flawlessly! Can anybody indicate me which ATI Radeon drivers I can download which repairs the 'malversation' of this mornings updates? I guess I will have to startup with some rescue boot disk (Knoppix?) to do manipulations… As I'm still a noob as well I need clear explanations (please). Raring worked perfectly in dual boot on my iMac until this mornings updates! Needles to say the 'final resort' is restarting (re)installation of Ubuntu Raring, but want to attempt to rescue my present 13.04. Thank you! Kind regards, Gaytan!

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• designing solution to dynamically load class

  - by dot

  Background Information I have a web app that allows end users to connect to ssh-enabled devices and manipulate them. Right now, i only support one version of firmware. The logic is something like this: user clicks on a button to run some command on device. web application looks up the class name containing the correct ssh interface for the device, using the device's model name. (because the number of hardware models is so small, i have a list that's hardcoded in my web app) web app creates a new ssh object using the class loaded in step 2. ssh command is run and session closed. command results displayed on web page. This all works fine. Now the end user wants me to be able to support multiple versions of firmware. But the catch is, they don't want to have to document the firmware version anywhere becuase the amount of overhead this will create in maintaining the system database. In other words, I can't look up the firmware version based on the device. The good news is that it sounds like at most, I'll have to support two different versions of firmware per device. One option is to name the the classes like this: deviceX.1.php deviceX.2.php deviceY.1.php deviceY.2.php where "X" and "Y" represent the model names, and 1 and 2 represent the firmware versions. When a user runs a command, I will first try it with one of the class files, if it fails, i can try with the second. I think always try the newer version of firmware first... so let's say in the above example, I would load deviceX.2.php before deviceX.1.php. This will work, but it's not very efficient. But I can't think of another way around this. Any suggestions?

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• Wine not working ubuntu 12.10

  - by RawX

  So I upgraded on a fresh install to ubuntu 12.10, not beta, and I've tried installing wine many mannnnyy times now many different ways but the jist of it is this "This error could be caused by required additional software packages which are missing or not installable. Furthermore there could be a conflict between software packages which are not allowed to be installed at the same time. The following packages have unmet dependencies: wine: " any ideas? it wont let me install the dependencies either it says it needs another set of dependencies to install them -_- im on asus kj50 64bit os dual boot with windows 7 sudo apt-get install wine1.5 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation: The following packages have unmet dependencies: wine1.5 : Depends: wine1.5-i386 (= 1.5.15-0ubuntu1) but it is not installable Recommends: gnome-exe-thumbnailer but it is not going to be installed or kde-runtime but it is not going to be installed Recommends: ttf-droid Recommends: ttf-mscorefonts-installer but it is not going to be installed Recommends: ttf-umefont but it is not going to be installed Recommends: ttf-unfonts-core but it is not going to be installed Recommends: winbind but it is not going to be installed Recommends: winetricks but it is not going to be installed E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

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• PCI IDE Controller

  - by mercutio

  I have a suspicion that the onboard IDE controllers may not be working. Every disk I use to setup this machine reports as damaged (using a win xp installation to test, since it gets to partition setup fastest) So, I popped an IDE PCI Controller card in, to test with, but no drives are showing up in the bios now. I went into setup and changed the BIOS settings to disable onboard IDE1 and 2 to test, but still didn't detect the drives. How do I get that working? It's a standard PC with a 160GB disk and DVD Drive on master and slave channels on a single cable, if that helps. Let me know what else I need to state.

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• Network flooded with seemingly empty packets

  - by Adam Particka

  Let me preface this with the fact that I'm just a web developer at my company with little networking knowledge. Earlier today there was a department that lost all of their network connections so I popped open Wireshark and observed the influx of packets to my machine. There was normal traffic (ARP requests, etc.) coming in at ~50 packets every second. Then all of a sudden the log was flooded with packets arriving ~5000 a second. It looks as though they all contain the same data, just a looped sequence. We have someone here looking at it but I thought I would ask if anyone had seen anything like this before. Here's a selection from one of the captures in Wireshark. http://www.cloudshark.org/captures/06f950725c74

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• Is it safe to sync a Firefox instance in both directions?

  - by java.is.for.desktop

  Hello, everyone! I want to use some tool (not decided yet, which one) to sync a Firefox instance (more exact: user directory) between two machines. (EDIT: I want really to sync everything in the user-directory) Would you assume, that this is safe? What would happen, if some files are newer on the one machine, and some other files are newer on the other machine? Could this lead to inconsistencies, when, let's say, there are some inter-file references? If general, I don't have good experience with syncing application in both directions. Most applications seem not to be suited for this.

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• Linux command line based spam checker?

  - by anonymous-one

  Does a command line based spam checker exist? We have created a mailbox at a 3rd party, and unfortunately decided on spam checking 'disabled' in the initial setup. There is no way to re-enable spam checking, the mailbox must be delete (and thus all contents lost) and re-created. Does anything exist where we can pump in either: A) Subject + from + to + body + all other fields. OR B) Raw message dump (headers + body). And the command line will let us know weather the email is possibly spam? Thanks.

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• Installing Ubuntu on an External Drive

  - by Dom

  I am trying to install ububtu on an external drive. I am a programmer who wants to start using Linux. I downloaded the usb installer from the ubuntu website and followed all the steps. But when I get to the part where I have to setup the partitioning, it says an error when moving forward "No root file system is defined". I've been doing some research and I think that I have to partition the external drive but do not know how to do so. The problem is that I only want 20gb used from that external drive and let the rest be used for storage. I am also a musician and use Pro tools so I would like to keep all my files there, but I dont want ubuntu on my main hardrive since the external one is portable. I'd appreciate it also if you could provide me the steps.

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• Make my web-server traffic go through proxy?

  - by Eli

  I have a question that may or may not be possible. Basically Comcast isn't going to let me host a website on their ISP unless I have a business account. So, I spoke with my uncle who is big into networking and he told me to host my website through a proxy so Comcast cannot associate the website IP with my IP. I have purchases a proxy from proxy-hub.com, but I cannot seem to figure out what to do next. I may be approaching this totally wrong and I may need to create my own proxy server. Anybody have a clue? Thanks.

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• What does CONTROL mean in the context of the Certificate

  - by Ram

  Hi Everyone, I am trying to implement encryption in sql server 2005 through Certificate and Symmetric Key and i came to know that the application user should have the following access in order to Encrypt and Decrypt Data 1) CONTROL permission on Certificate and 2) REFERENCES on the Symmetric Key (Let me know if i am wrong) Now my concern is what does CONTROL mean in the context of Certificate? If my User1 has Control permission on my certificate Cert1 What all can he do, Is there a way to restrict him further, but user1 still be able to Encrypt\Decrypt the data I could not find any good practice doc for certificate and key management so can some one advice the good practice for this Thanks, Ram

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• Trying to sort the coefficients of the polynomial (z-a)(z-b)(z-c)...(z-n) into a vector

  - by pajamas

  So I have a factored polynomial of the form (z-a)(z-b)(z-c)...(z-n) for n an even positive integer. Thus the coefficient of z^k for 0 <= k < n will be the sum of all distinct n-k element products taken from the set {a,b,...,n} multiplied by (-1)^k, I hope that makes sense, please ask if you need more clarification. I'm trying to put these coefficients into a row vector with the first column containing the constant coefficient (which would be abc...n) and the last column containing the coefficient for z^n (which would be 1). I imagine there is a way to brute force this with a ton of nested loops, but I'm hoping there is a more efficient way. This is being done in Matlab (which I'm not that familiar with) and I know Matlab has a ton of algorithms and functions, so maybe its got something I can use. Can anyone think of a way to do this? Example: (z-1)(z-2)(z-3) = z^3 - (1 + 2 + 3)z^2 + (1*2 + 1*3 + 2*3)z - 1*2*3 = z^3 - 6z^2 + 11z - 6. Note that this example is n=3 odd, but n=4 would have taken too long to do by hand. Edit: Let me know if you think this would be better posted at TCS or Math Stack Exchange.

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• Desktop runs very slick, animations are all fast and flawless. Moving windows around, however, is very laggy. Why?

  - by Muu

  This isn't a question about Ubuntu being laggy in general - not at all, in fact, it's very slick and fast for me. Clicking the "Workspace Switcher" in the dock performs the animation immediately and very smoothly. Switching between workspaces with the arrow keys - again, flawlessly. My computer has a resolution of 2560x1440 on a 27" display (no, not an Apple product - though my monitor has the same panel that Apple use in their cinema displays). It's powered by an Nvidia GeForce GTX 470 - easily enough to handle it - and an Intel i3. Hardware is not the issue. I am running Ubuntu 11.10 (upgraded from 11.04). I had the same issue in 11.04. I'm running the "NVIDIA accelerated graphics driver (post-release updates) (version current-updates)" from the additional drivers dialogue. Two drivers have been suggested to me via that dialogue and I've tried both - same effect with each. The driver is "activated and currently in use". Any other information required, let me know and I'll post it. I'm a programmer who works with Linux daily (both as a job and as an interest) so technical instructions are fine. I've noticed that Compiz uses a lot of CPU when moving windows around and it's memory usage is relatively high (though possibly expected for Compiz): 1671 user 20 0 478m 286m 33m S 1 7.3 12:44.05 compiz And one more thing - occasionally moving windows around is fast. But it only happens when all applications are closed, and even then it sometimes doesn't. Something must be interfering, but what? I'll try and find out but in the meantime, any suggestions are much appreciated :-)

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• Is it justified to use project-wide unique function and variable names to help future refactoring?

  - by kahoon

  Refactoring tools (like ReSharper) often can't be sure whether to rename a given identifier when, for example refactoring a JavaScript function. I guess this is a consequence of JavaScript's dynamic nature. ReSharper solves this problem by offering to rename reasonable lexical matches too. The developer can opt out of renaming certain functions, if he finds that the lexical match is purely accidental. This means that the developer has to approve every instance that will be affected by the renaming. For example let's consider we have two Backbone classes which are used completely independently from each other in our application: var Header = Backbone.View.extend({ close: function() {...} }) var Dialog = Backbone.View.extend({ close: function() {...} }) If you try to rename Dialog's close method to for example closeAndNotify, then ReSharper will offer to rename all occurences of Header's close method just because they are the same lexically prior to the renaming. To avoid this problem, please consider this: var Header = Backbone.View.extend({ closeHeader: function() {...} }) var Dialog = Backbone.View.extend({ closeDialog: function() {...} }) Now you can rename closeDialog unambiguously - given that you have no other classes having a method with the same name. Is it worth it to name my functions this way to help future refactoring?

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• using sed to replace two patterns within a larger pattern

  - by Hair of the Dog

  Using sed how could I replace two patterns within a larger pattern on a single line? Given a single line of text I want to find a pattern (Let's call this the outer pattern) and then within that outer pattern replace two inner patterns. Here's a one line example of the input text: Z:\source\private\main\developer\foo\setenv.sh(25): export 'FONTCONFIG_PATH'="$WINE_SHARED_SUPPORT/X11/etc/fonts" In the example above the outer pattern is "/^.*([[:digit:]]+):/" which should equal "Z:\source\private\main\developer\foo\setenv.sh(25):" The two inner patterns are "/^[A-Za-z]:/" and "/\/". Another way to phrase my question is: Using sed I know how to perform replacements of a pattern using the "s" command, but how do I limit the range of "s" command so it only works on the portion of the input string up to the "(25):"? The ultimate result I am trying to get is the line of text is transformed into this: /enlistments/source/private/main/developer/foo/setenv.sh(25): export 'FONTCONFIG_PATH'="$WINE_SHARED_SUPPORT/X11/etc/fonts"

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• Tips for Making this Code Testable [migrated]

  - by Jesse Bunch

  So I'm writing an abstraction layer that wraps a telephony RESTful service for sending text messages and making phone calls. I should build this in such a way that the low-level provider, in this case Twilio, can be easily swapped without having to re-code the higher level interactions. I'm using a package that is pre-built for Twilio and so I'm thinking that I need to create a wrapper interface to standardize the interaction between the Twilio service package and my application. Let us pretend that I cannot modify this pre-built package. Here is what I have so far (in PHP): <?php namespace Telephony; class Provider_Twilio implements Provider_Interface { public function send_sms(Provider_Request_SMS $request) { if (!$request->is_valid()) throw new Provider_Exception_InvalidRequest(); $sms = \Twilio\Twilio::request('SmsMessage'); $response = $sms->create(array( 'To' => $request->to, 'From' => $request->from, 'Body' => $request->body )); if ($this->_did_request_fail($response)) { throw new Provider_Exception_RequestFailed($response->message); } $response = new Provider_Response_SMS(TRUE); return $response; } private function _did_request_fail($api_response) { return isset($api_response->status); } } So the idea is that I can write another file like this for any other telephony service provided that it implements Provider_Interface making them swappable. Here are my questions: First off, do you think this is a good design? How could it be improved? Second, I'm having a hard time testing this because I need to mock out the Twilio package so that I'm not actually depending on Twilio's API for my tests to pass or fail. Do you see any strategy for mocking this out? Thanks in advance for any advice!

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• Windows 7 (64-bit) remove global hotkey created by unknown application

  - by user61967

  As the titles says an unknown application that I've installed have registered a global hot-key for Alt+2 , or as this is a Finnish keyboard it's actually Alt Gr+2. As this is also the key combination for writing the @ symbol (I copy/pasted this one) you can imagine how frustrating it is. There doesn't seem to be a way to even list these global hot-keys in windows, let alone change them. Searching the net doesn't help much either, it just gives you a list of windows built-in hot-keys or references to AutoHotKey, which as far as I can tell can't solve this issue. I don't want to script/customize/modify anything, I just want to remove this global hot-key so I can start typing @ again.

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• Reverse proxy - how should it be done?

  - by Thomas M.

  I have a currently running server with Apache that is working great! However, I want to buy a VPS and use that as a proxy between the user and the "old" server. So the new server's only job is actually to just forward the traffic from the VPS to the old Apache server. How can I achieve this the best way? I've read something about nginx proxy, but don't know if that's what I should use? The IDEAL way (for me) would be to now even touch the running server. I just want to setup the VPS as proxy, forward the DNS to the proxy instead, and let the proxy take over the connection to the primary server. Is that possible? I would really like to hear your opinions about this, and how you would do this (would be happy if you could link me to some tutorial)! :) The VPS is running CentOS and the running/primary is running Debian. Thanks in advance.

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• help me being the next zuckerberg [closed]

  - by Kraken

  I really expect someone to help me with my problem as stated below. I started learning website making by having tutorials from w3schools.com but after doing taking the HTML tutorials I don't think I really can do anything with it. Maybe I don't know everything about HTML yet. I know the online tutorials are not enough but what I need you guys to tell me is that how can I learn making some nice websites. I have vacations for two months now and I think it would be the best time for me to learn making websites as I really love to be a website developer. Now I would like to start from the scratch. I know some C language (though I know it will not help me). So tell me from where shall I learn HTML and what all things shall I learn after that and in what order. If you can also help me with the material (let it be books or online tutorials). But I would like to know how can I gain confidence that I can make some websites as just learning online tutorials doesn't help me much. I also tried some video tutorials but in that too, they will just tell me some of the functions and not all. So what am I supposed to do.. just know a limited functions as they want me to know in video tutorials or do something else.

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• How do you hit modifier keys when touch typing?

  - by Bob Ueland

  I am a programmer and I want to learn to touch type. As all programmers know, using modifier keys like Control, Command and Alt are essential. When programming I think that every second or third word I use involves a modifier key. But most touch typing learning software do not address these keys, it is as if they do not exist. Not only do they not let you practice them, they do not even tell you which fingers to use to hit them. Actually there is a touch typing game that I use called StarTyper (http://lidenanna.com) that lets you practice modifier keys and even make up your own custom words containing modifier keys. But not even this game tells you which fingers to use when hitting the modifier keys. Has anybody addressed this problem. Or are there just homespun methods that work for one person but not for the other?

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