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  • How to safely reboot via First Boot script

    - by unixman
    With the cost and performance benefits of the SPARC T4 and SPARC T5 systems undeniably validated, the banking sector is actively moving to Solaris 11.  I was recently asked to help a banking customer of ours look at migrating some of their Solaris 10 logic over to Solaris 11.  While we've introduced a number of holistic improvements in Solaris 11, in terms of how we ease long-term software lifecycle management, it is important to appreciate that customers may not be able to move all of their Solaris 10 scripts and procedures at once; there are years of scripts that reflect fine-tuned requirements of proprietary banking software that gets layered on top of the operating system. One of these requirements is to go through a cycle of reboots, after the system is installed, in order to ensure appropriate software dependencies and various configuration files are in-place. While Solaris 10 introduced a facility that aids here, namely SMF, many of our customers simply haven't yet taken the time to take advantage of this - proceeding with logic that, while functional, without further analysis has an appearance of not being optimal in terms of taking advantage of all the niceties bundled in Solaris 11 at no extra cost. When looking at Solaris 11, we recognize that one of the vehicles that bridges the gap between getting the operating system image payload delivered, and the customized banking software installed, is a notion of a First Boot script.  I had a working example of this at one of the Oracle OpenWorld sessions a few years ago - we've since improved our documentation and have introduced sections where this is described in better detail.   If you're looking at this for the first time and you've not worked with IPS and SMF previously, you might get the sense that the tasks are daunting.   There is a set of technologies involved that are jointly engineered in order to make the process reliable, predictable and extensible. As you go down the path of writing your first boot script, you'll be faced with a need to wrap it into a SMF service and then packaged into a IPS package. The IPS package would then need to be placed onto your IPS repository, in order to subsequently be made available to all of your AI (Automated Install) clients (i.e. the systems that you're installing Solaris and your software onto).     With this blog post, I wanted to create a single place that outlines the entire process (simplistically), and provide a hint of how a good old "at" command may make the requirement of forcing an initial reboot handy. The syntax and references to commands here is based on running this on a version of Solaris 11 that has been updated since its initial release in 2011 (i.e. I am writing this on Solaris 11.1) Assuming you've built an AI server (see this How To article for an example), you might be asking yourself: "Ok, I've got some logic that I need executed AFTER Solaris is deployed and I need my own little script that would make that happen. How do I go about hooking that script into the Solaris 11 AI framework?"  You might start here, in Chapter 13 of the "Installing Oracle Solaris 11.1 Systems" guide, which talks about "Running a Custom Script During First Boot".  And as you do, you'll be confronted with command that might be unfamiliar to you if you're new to Solaris 11, like our dear new friend: svcbundle svcbundle is an aide to creating manifests and profiles.  It is awesome, but don't let its awesomeness overwhelm you. (See this How To article by my colleague Glynn Foster for a nice working example).  In order to get your script's logic integrated into the Solaris 11 deployment process, you need to wrap your (shell) script into 2 manifests -  a SMF service manifest and a IPS package manifest.  ....and if you're new to XML, well then -- buckle up We have some examples of small first boot scripts shown here, as templates to build upon. Necessary structure of the script, particularly in leveraging SMF interfaces, is key. I won't go into that here as that is covered nicely in the doc link above.    Let's say your script ends up looking like this (btw: if things appear to be cut-off in your browser, just select them, copy and paste into your editor and it'll be grabbed - the source gets captured eventhough the browser may not render it "correctly" - ah, computers). #!/bin/sh # Load SMF shell support definitions . /lib/svc/share/smf_include.sh # If nothing to do, exit with temporary disable completed=`svcprop -p config/completed site/first-boot-script-svc:default` [ "${completed}" = "true" ] && \ smf_method_exit $SMF_EXIT_TEMP_DISABLE completed "Configuration completed" # Obtain the active BE name from beadm: The active BE on reboot has an R in # the third column of 'beadm list' output. Its name is in column one. bename=`beadm list -Hd|nawk -F ';' '$3 ~ /R/ {print $1}'` beadm create ${bename}.orig echo "Original boot environment saved as ${bename}.orig" # ---- Place your one-time configuration tasks here ---- # For example, if you have to pull some files from your own pre-existing system: /usr/bin/wget -P /var/tmp/ $PULL_DOWN_ADDITIONAL_SCRIPTS_FROM_A_CORPORATE_SYSTEM /usr/bin/chmod 755 /var/tmp/$SCRIPTS_THAT_GOT_PULLED_DOWN_IN_STEP_ABOVE # Clearly the above 2 lines represent some logic that you'd have to customize to fit your needs. # # Perhaps additional things you may want to do here might be of use, like # (gasp!) configuring ssh server for root login and X11 forwarding (for testing), and the like... # # Oh and by the way, after we're done executing all of our proprietary scripts we need to reboot # the system in accordance with our operational software requirements to ensure all layered bits # get initialized properly and pull-in their own modules and components in the right sequence, # subsequently. # We need to set a "time bomb" reboot, that would take place upon completion of this script. # We already know that *this* script depends on multi-user-server SMF milestone, so it should be # safe for us to schedule a reboot for 5 minutes from now. The "at" job get scheduled in the queue # while our little script continues thru the rest of the logic. /usr/bin/at now + 5 minutes <<REBOOT /usr/bin/sync /usr/sbin/reboot REBOOT # ---- End of your customizations ---- # Record that this script's work is done svccfg -s site/first-boot-script-svc:default setprop config/completed = true svcadm refresh site/first-boot-script-svc:default smf_method_exit $SMF_EXIT_TEMP_DISABLE method_completed "Configuration completed"  ...and you're happy with it and are ready to move on. Where do you go and what do you do? The next step is creating the IPS package for your script. Since running the logic of your script constitutes a service, you need to create a service manifest. This is described here, in the middle of Chapter 13 of "Creating an IPS package for the script and service".  Assuming the name of your shell script is first-boot-script.sh, you could end up doing the following: $ cd some_working_directory_for_this_project$ mkdir -p proto/lib/svc/manifest/site$ mkdir -p proto/opt/site $ cp first-boot-script.sh proto/opt/site  Then you would create the service manifest  file like so: $ svcbundle -s service-name=site/first-boot-script-svc \ -s start-method=/opt/site/first-boot-script.sh \ -s instance-property=config:completed:boolean:false -o \ first-boot-script-svc-manifest.xml   ...as described here, and place it into the directory hierarchy above. But before you place it into the directory, make sure to inspect the manifest and adjust the appropriate service dependencies.  That is to say, you want to properly specify what milestone should be reached before your service runs.  There's a <dependency> section that looks like this, before you modify it: <dependency restart_on="none" type="service" name="multi_user_dependency" grouping="require_all"> <service_fmri value="svc:/milestone/multi-user"/>  </dependency>  So if you'd like to have your service run AFTER the multi-user-server milestone has been reached (i.e. later, as multi-user-server has more dependencies then multi-user and our intent to reboot the system may have significant ramifications if done prematurely), you would modify that section to read:  <dependency restart_on="none" type="service" name="multi_user_server_dependency" grouping="require_all"> <service_fmri value="svc:/milestone/multi-user-server"/>  </dependency> Save the file and validate it: $ svccfg validate first-boot-script-svc-manifest.xml Assuming there are no errors returned, copy the file over into the directory hierarchy: $ cp first-boot-script-svc-manifest.xml proto/lib/svc/manifest/site Now that we've created the service manifest (.xml), create the package manifest (.p5m) file named: first-boot-script.p5m.  Populate it as follows: set name=pkg.fmri value=first-boot-script-AT-1-DOT-0,5.11-0 set name=pkg.summary value="AI first-boot script" set name=pkg.description value="Script that runs at first boot after AI installation" set name=info.classification value=\ "org.opensolaris.category.2008:System/Administration and Configuration" file lib/svc/manifest/site/first-boot-script-svc-manifest.xml \ path=lib/svc/manifest/site/first-boot-script-svc-manifest.xml owner=root \ group=sys mode=0444 dir path=opt/site owner=root group=sys mode=0755 file opt/site/first-boot-script.sh path=opt/site/first-boot-script.sh \ owner=root group=sys mode=0555 Now we are going to publish this package into a IPS repository. If you don't have one yet, don't worry. You have 2 choices: You can either  publish this package into your mirror of the Oracle Solaris IPS repo or create your own customized repo.  The best practice is to create your own customized repo, leaving your mirror of the Oracle Solaris IPS repo untouched.  From this point, you have 2 choices as well - you can either create a repo that will be accessible by your clients via HTTP or via NFS.  Since HTTP is how the default Solaris repo is accessed, we'll go with HTTP for your own IPS repo.   This nice and comprehensive How To by Albert White describes how to create multiple internal IPS repos for Solaris 11. We'll zero in on the basic elements for our needs here: We'll create the IPS repo directory structure hanging off a separate ZFS file system, and we'll tie it into an instance of pkg.depotd. We do this because we want our IPS repo to be accessible to our AI clients through HTTP, and the pkg.depotd SMF service bundled in Solaris 11 can help us do this. We proceed as follows: # zfs create rpool/export/MyIPSrepo # pkgrepo create /export/MyIPSrepo # svccfg -s pkg/server add MyIPSrepo # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo addpg pkg application # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo setprop pkg/port=10081 # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo setprop pkg/inst_root=/export/MyIPSrepo # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo addpg general framework # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo addpropvalue general/complete astring: MyIPSrepo # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo addpropvalue general/enabled boolean: true # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo setprop pkg/readonly=true # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo setprop pkg/proxy_base = astring: http://your_internal_websrvr/MyIPSrepo # svccfg -s pkg/server:MyIPSrepo setprop pkg/threads = 200 # svcadm refresh application/pkg/server:MyIPSrepo # svcadm enable application/pkg/server:MyIPSrepo Now that the IPS repo is created, we need to publish our package into it: # pkgsend publish -d ./proto -s /export/MyIPSrepo first-boot-script.p5m If you find yourself making changes to your script, remember to up-rev the version in the .p5m file (which is your IPS package manifest), and re-publish the IPS package. Next, you need to go to your AI install server (which might be the same machine) and modify the AI manifest to include a reference to your newly created package.  We do that by listing an additional publisher, which would look like this (replacing the IP address and port with your own, from the "svccfg" commands up above): <publisher name="firstboot"> <origin name="http://192.168.1.222:10081"/> </publisher>  Further down, in the  <software_data action="install">  section add: <name>pkg:/first-boot-script</name> Make sure to update your Automated Install service with the new AI manifest via installadm update-manifest command.  Don't forget to boot your client from the network to watch the entire process unfold and your script get tested.  Once the system makes the initial reboot, the first boot script will be executed and whatever logic you've specified in it should be executed, too, followed by a nice reboot. When the system comes up, your service should stay in a disabled state, as specified by the tailing lines of your SMF script - this is normal and should be left as is as it helps provide an auditing trail for you.   Because the reboot is quite a significant action for the system, you may want to add additional logic to the script that actually places and then checks for presence of certain lock files in order to avoid doing a reboot unnecessarily. You may also want to, alternatively, remove the SMF service entirely - if you're unsure of the potential for someone to try and accidentally enable that service -- eventhough its role in life is to only run once upon the system's first boot. That is how I spent a good chunk of my pre-Halloween time this week, hope yours was just as SPARCkly^H^H^H^H fun!    

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  • How to measure disk performance?

    - by Jakub Šturc
    I am going to "fix" a friend's computer this weekend. By the symptoms he describes it looks like he has a disk performance problem with his 5400 rpm disk. I want to be sure that disk is the problem so I want to "scientificaly" measure the performance. Which tools do you recommend me for this job? Is there any standard set of numbers I can compare the result of measurement with?

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  • Server freeze (Disk I/O possibly)

    - by user973917
    I have a Windows Server 2008 machine that is resyncing disks after a powerloss. The issue is that the system becomes unresponsive after about 10 minutes. We've checked with resource monitor and found that the CPU's aren't maxed; but the disk I/O is well over 250MB/s. We've attempted copying data from 1 disk to another; bypassing syncing of disks and this too causes the machine to freeze after about 10 minutes of copying data. I have attempted to let the machine resync the disks for a few days with the machine on in this "frozen" state. By frozen I mean that NOTHING works on the machine, it's completely unresponsive; no mouse movement, etc. I want to know how I would go about definitively checking if this is Disk I/O that is freezing the system. I know that disk I/O can freeze a system; but what can I use to run tests to be sure?

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  • How to use new disk space after extend attached SAN disk

    - by Edu Lomeli
    I have extended the space of my SAN vDisk from 1TB to 1.2TB, but Windows Explorer doesn't show the new size. After resize the vdisk in the SAN Manager, the Disk Management utility shows the 200GB unallocated space, then I resized the partition to use the unallocated space to get a 1.2TB partition, the process was succesfully, but in the Windows File Explorer the disk still have 1TB of total space. Win version: Windows Storage Server Enterprise 2007. Do I need to restart the server? How can I use the new extra space without rebooting?

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  • MySQL Extremely High Disk Activity (Read Operations)

    - by Jake Schoermer
    I have 1GB Linode VPS with a standard LAMP stack. Apache is tuned fine but for some reason MySQL's disk usage is high. This is causing really slow site load times. RAM and CPU usage are fine. Can anyone give me any pointers on tuning mysql's disk performance? I'm using InnoDB. iotop output is below. Total DISK READ: 38.50 M/s | Total DISK WRITE: 27.20 K/s TID PRIO USER DISK READ> DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO COMMAND 9808 be/4 mysql 22.40 M/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 63.75 % mysqld 10045 be/4 mysql 2.06 M/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 26.65 % mysqld 9987 be/4 mysql 1694.38 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 18.33 % mysqld 10015 be/4 mysql 1554.47 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 12.71 % mysqld 10019 be/4 mysql 1461.21 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.58 % mysqld 9839 be/4 mysql 1383.48 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 25.69 % mysqld 10031 be/4 mysql 1243.58 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.68 % mysqld 10023 be/4 mysql 1057.04 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 2.02 % mysqld 10020 be/4 mysql 1025.95 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 7.05 % mysqld 10001 be/4 mysql 808.33 K/s 683.97 K/s 0.00 % 1.16 % mysqld 10025 be/4 mysql 746.15 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 3.28 % mysqld 10043 be/4 mysql 715.06 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.48 % mysqld 10044 be/4 mysql 672.31 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.25 % mysqld 10034 be/4 mysql 668.42 K/s 1989.73 K/s 0.00 % 5.31 % mysqld 9985 be/4 mysql 450.80 K/s 124.36 K/s 0.00 % 8.83 % mysqld 9989 be/4 mysql 357.53 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.21 % mysqld 10033 be/4 mysql 186.54 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.59 % mysqld 10021 be/4 mysql 155.45 K/s 435.25 K/s 0.00 % 1.23 % mysqld 10007 be/4 mysql 124.36 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.53 % mysqld 9763 be/4 www-data 38.86 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 4.56 % apache2 -k start 10027 be/4 mysql 31.09 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 4.24 % mysqld 1 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % init 2 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kthreadd] 3 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [ksoftirqd/0] 4 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/0:0] 5 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u:0] 6 rt/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [migration/0] 7 rt/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [migration/1]

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  • Full Disk Encryption for Mac (Not PGP)

    - by Andy
    I purchased PGP Whole Disk Encryption for my Macbook Pro, and it's exactly what I need. After the Symantec acquisition, PGP no longer sells single licenses of the software so I can't purchase a second copy for my iMac. Since I can no longer buy PGP Whole Disk Encryption, can anyone suggest an alternative? I'm currently using Filevault, but I specifically want whole disk encryption. I'm using a quad-core i7 iMac running Snow Leopard and I'm also hoping to protect my Windows Bootcamp partition.

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  • Create "raw disk file" from WIM file

    - by Joe Baltimore
    First timer here. I've searched around here, but haven't found a question like the one I have. Apologies if I missed it. The challenge at hand: produce a "raw disk image file" from a given WIM file. What I am pursuing so far is to use imagex.exe with the "/apply" operation to take the WIM and lay it down in a directory on a server. That seems to produce all the necessary "stuff" I need in that directory. How would I take that content and produce a "raw disk image file"? I'm told the definition of "raw disk image file" is a block-by-block copy of the disk image, which I hope is the output of the "imagex.exe /apply" command I use currently, but stored in a single file I can hand back to another system in our solution. imagex.exe /apply image.wim 1 R:\WimImagePoint I would like to take the contents of R:\WimImagePoint and produce the elusive (to me) "raw disk image file". ISO is not what they want, nor is anything requiring winPE. Any pointers? External utilities' references are welcome. Would like to avoid unmanaged code solutions as much as possible, but will entertain them if that's the only route. Also, I am not married to the idea of imagex /apply as the starting point, it's just the comfort zone so far.

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  • Suggestion for boot manager in external hard disk

    - by Korrupzion
    Hi, I just bought an 1TB External Hard drive with eSATA, USB, FW400/800 (LaCie if you are interested). I already put the windows 7 installation in a FAT32 active partition so i can plug the HDD via USB, since my notebook or other computers doesn't support boot via eSATA commonly, and it works. Now i want to do more partitions so i'm looking for a way to have a boot manager as active partitions that allows me to boot from different partitions in my HDD (win7, ubuntu installations for example) I want to know if you know any software to do this or you already have this system. Thanks and sorry i have too many grammar errors because english is not my native language :)

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  • Windows 8 Secureboot: How do you bootup from another device such as cd/dvd drive or usb flash etc.?

    - by Victor T.
    On PC's and laptops running an older OS, this is just a simple matter of going into the BIOS and setting the boot sequence and putting the boot cd/dvd in the drive. In many cases you can even just hit one of the F* function keys to bring up the boot sequence menu on-the-fly during POST. The main problem I'm running into is that other devices besides the primary HD is disabled when SecureBoot is enabled. So far the only way I've gotten it to work is to disable SecureBoot and enable something called legacy mode. Needless to say this make it difficult to boot things like OS recovery tools, PartitionHD backups, Linux LiveCD's and a bunch of others. Is there another procedure for doing this since it seems to mess up the Windows 8 install? By mess up I mean that after re-enabling SecureBoot and starting Windows 8 normally, the OS goes into a 'preping repair phase' for some reason that takes forever to complete before getting into a usable desktop.

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  • External Hard Disk's secter could not be read ?

    - by mgpyone
    I've an 500 GB Seagate External Hard Disk (NTFS) . Currently, I can't open it at Windows. Thus, I've tired with chkdsk command .. but still it stopped and can't continue checking disk.. Also I've tired with fsck on Mac . Then, it shows me the Error .. /Volumes/<HD Name>/ is not a character device CONTINUE? yes /Volumes/<HD Name>/ (NO WRITE) CANNOT READ: BLK 16 CONTINUE? yes THE FOLLOWING DISK SECTORS COULD NOT BE READ: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, ioctl (GCINFO): Inappropriate ioctl for device fsck: /Volumes/<HD Name>/: can't read disk label The volume I've used is around 300 GB , Thus, it's hard to back up and format again . Thus, any helpful suggestions and solutions will be appreciated pretty well.

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  • How to verify /boot partition on encrypted LVM setup

    - by ml43
    Isn't unencrypted /boot partition a weakness for encrypted LVM setup? Attacker may install a malware to /boot partition so that it may sniff encryption password next time system boots. It may also be done by a malware installed to Windows on dual-boot system without any physical access. Am I missing some protection scheme or at least I may verify that /boot contents didn't change since last system shutdown?

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  • Poor disk performance with high disk capacity usage

    - by GoldenNewby
    I've heard numerous times in the web hosting industry that using "too much" disk space on a drive is bad for performance. Is this just a myth? Can someone explain why this is an issue, even in a situation where the amount of IO done to the drive would be the same at 10% as it would be at 90%? I'm especially curious in the case of virtual servers. If I set up 10 Logical volumes as the virtual disks for some VMs, is it going to run better if I "waste" 20% of the disk space?

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  • What can I do to utilize all my hard disk space?

    - by Twatcher
    I had windows XP running on my computer. Then I installed Ubuntu from under windows. Then I decided I wanted to have only Ubuntu also because I got a system message that I am out of disk space. I loaded up my system from a live Ubuntu DVD and deleted the partition with windows on it and also the other partition that had my data on it. I expanded the partition which I thought to be the system partition (since there was no other partition left It had ext format. After that Ubuntu was working fine and I thought I have enough disk space, since my harddrive is an 80 GB ATA Maxtor. I left a small partition as backup. But after downloading a small amount of files I got the message again, that I am running out of disk space. I don't now. How can UI make my disk space bigger? I am not used to Ubuntu's file system, and I don't have the overview on how I can actually see how much space there is left for me to use. I have basically now 1 partition with the system on it and one small backup (as far as I understand). My system is (from system utility) Ubuntu 12.04 LS 3,9 GB Intel Core 2 2,4 Ghz 80 GB ATA Maxtor Here are the results for sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 79998918144 bytes<br> 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9725 cylinders, total 156247887 sectors<br> Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes<br> Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> Disk identifier: 0x41ab2316<br> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br> /dev/sda1 * 63 123750399 61875168+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br> /dev/sda2 123750400 156246015 16247808 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br>

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  • Growing your VirtualBox Virtual Disk

    - by Fat Bloke
    Don't you just hate it when this happens: Fortunately, if you're running inside VirtualBox, you can resize your virtual disk and magically make your guest have a bigger disk very easily. There are 2 steps to doing this... 1. Resize the virtual disk Use the VBoxManage command line tool to extend the size of the Virtual Disk, specifying the path to the disk and the size in MB: VBoxManage modifyhd <uuid>|<filename> [--type normal|writethrough|immutable|shareable| readonly|multiattach] [--autoreset on|off] [--compact] [--resize <megabytes>|--resizebyte <bytes>]   If you booted up your guest at this point, the extra space is seen as an unformatted area on the disk, like this: So we now need to tell the guest about the extra space available. 2. Extend the guest's partition to use the extra space How you do this step depends on you guest OS type and the tools you have available. Linux guests often include the excellent gparted partition editor, whereas Windows 7 and 8 provide the Computer Management tool which can resize partitions. Unfortunately, my Windows XP vm has no such tool. But I do have a couple of other options: Most Linux installable .isos include the aforementioned gparted tool, so I could simply attach, say, an Ubuntu.iso as a Virtual CD/DVD in my Windows XP vm and boot off that. Then use gparted to extend the Windows XP partition, before finally rebooting. But I took another route and attached my resized virtual disk to a Windows Server 2012 vm I had lying around. Then I used the Computer Management tool in Windows Server 2012 to extend the partition of the Windows XP disk, before shutting down, unplugging the disk and reattaching to my Windows XP vm. (Note that if your vm's use different disk controllers, Windows will check the disks on booting). When I finally boot up my Windows XP guest I see the available disk space and all is well. At least until the next time - FB 

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  • Specific 'boot file' definition

    - by Jazz
    Hey, I have been given a general explanation of how a computer boots up. However a very loose definition to the term 'boot file' was given. Could someone explain 'boot file' to me in a very simple but concise manner? I have read about the POST, the clearing of registers, BIOS in the CMOS, etc. What I understand is that the boot file is different to the boot program. the boot program gets the system ready to accept an OS while the boot file contains some of the parameters by which the system will operate. The boot program is stored on ROM and the boot file isnt? cheers, jazz

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  • Dual Boot Oracle Solaris 11/11 and Linux (Ubuntu 11.10/grub2)

    - by HartmutStreppel
    After having worked with Open Solaris on my laptop first, then with an upgrade to Oracle Solaris 11 Express, I finally did a fresh install of Oracle Solaris 11/11, when it became available. I am not a big fan of upgrades as I know that I am not the perfect administrator and my system gets spoiled with unclean configurations, outdated packages and wrong settings that cannot be reversed. So I prefer to start from scratch. Especially with Oracle Solaris 11 I wanted to have a system just like a customer would have it in production. The installation was smooth - more or less, if I had only read the documentation a bit better in advance. For a number of reasons I prefer a dual boot system. The most important one is, that especially with mobile devices you often run into network problems. And you have a hard time figuring out where the problem is: in your laptop hardware, in the OS you are running, or really within the network. If you have an alternate OS to boot, you can exclude the OS and your hardware. This makes you feel better. The second OS should be a Linux variant - and for some not so obvious reason I decided to go with the latest Ubuntu release (11.10). It replaced a very old Open Suse installation that had not been booted for a while. I knew that it was probably best to install Ubuntu first and then Oracle Solaris 11, as this would put the right boot information for Oracle Solaris  into the MBR and onto the root partition. But then, how to enable dual boot with the 2 OSes. Searching the web one mainly finds information about dual boot of: Linux and Linux Linux and Windows I do not want to explain which wrong configurations I worked through, but I prefer to explain the final setup, which is extremely simple, and I am wondering why this is not covered as the easiest solution for most dual boot setups. I use chainloader from and to both OS'es, with the only disadvantage that I have to confirm two grub menus each time I want to boot the "other" OS. Still there were some hurdles to jump over: Ubuntu did not like getting its boot blocks being placed on the partition instead of the disk; I must admit that I do not fully understand why. But using the --force option you could get that done Ubuntu needs an active partition; that was easy to achieve grub2 uses a different numbering scheme for the partitions. That is in the docs, if you read them. BTW: The usual disclaimer is valid. There is  no guarantee that what I describe works or works well. Please back up your data carefully before trying any of this. So, Oracle Solaris 11 is installed on the first partition and Ubuntu on the third. With Ubtuntu things initially were a bit more complicated, as I did not know how to boot it. And the live CD did not offer the capability to boot the on-disk image (at least I did not find it). So I booted the live CD, mounted the Ubuntu installation at /mnt and wrote the boot blocks into the partition. This is something that does not seem to be recommended, at least grub-install refrained from doing what I intended. After a bit more research I was bold enough to use the --force option and wrote the boot blocks to /dev/sda3 using grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot --force --no-floppy /dev/sda3 So, I now had a system with the Solaris boot loader in the MBR, Solaris specific boot blocks on the Solaris root partition and Ubuntu specific boot blocks in the Ubuntu partition. I just had to chain them together and I was done. Oracle Solaris 11: I have added the following lines to /rpool/boot/grub/menu.lst (be aware of the /rpool!!!!) title Ubuntu 11.10root (hd0,2)makeactivechainloader +1boot The Ubuntu root file system sits on the third partition (/dev/sda3). Ubuntu: I have added the following lines to /etc/grub.d/40_custom: menuentry "Solaris 11/11" {      set root=(hd0,1)      chainloader +1} Two things need to be mentioned: a) grub2 starts numbering partitions with 1; so my /dev/sda1 is partition 1. b) Oracle Solaris boots without the partition being made active (btw: the command to make a partition active with grub2 is "parttool (hd0,1) boot+", which currently does not work for me). As debugging grub is a bit complicated, I used the grub CLI to perform some tests and also used a tool, that I found on sourceforge.net that was able to prepare a list of all boot loaders on all partitions. This told me that the basic setup was correct. Unfortunately I lost it in the live CD environment. I hope this is helpful for some of the readers.Hartmut

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  • Windows Cannot Boot - 0xc0000225

    - by B__
    I've had Windows 7 installed for months on my Thinkpad T60 laptop and today out of the blue when I tried to boot, it started the Windows loading screen and immediately I got this error: Status: 0xc0000225 Info: The boot selection failed because a required device is inaccessible. Through some research, I see people get this problem when a repartitioning goes wrong or there's a problem with their dual boot. I'm not dual booting my machine and I haven't messed with my partitions since I installed the OS. This error is truly out of the blue. I've run memory diagnostics from a Windows boot disc and hard drive diagnostics from my BIOS and neither found a problem. I don't have any backups to restore from so I'm hoping to find a fix for this. Anyone seen this kind of thing before? Thanks

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  • Ubuntu NBR karmic boot freezes at fsck from util-linux-ng 2.16

    - by BlueBill
    Hi all, I have a netbook (emachine e250 - equivalent to an acer aspire one) and I have Ubunutu NBR 9.10 installed on it. Every other cold boot freezes at the following error message: "fsck from util-linux-ng 2.16" There is no disk activity, no activity what so ever. I have left the machine sit for over an hour and nothing. It takes a couple of hard resets to be able to boot properly. Once it boots everything works great (wireless, suspend/resume, etc.)! I have spent the last couple of weeks researching the problem and the only thing that seems to work is setting nolapic in the boot string in grub - it boots every time. Unfortunately, nolapic disables the second core and causes problems with suspend resume. At first I thought it was an fsck problem with the first partition on the hard disk as it is a hidden ntfs partition containing the windows xp recover information. So in /etc/fstab I set the partition so that it would be ignored by fsck. This didn't seem to do anything. I have these partitions: /dev/sda1 - an ntfs recovery partition /dev/sda2 - /boot /dev/sda3 - swap /dev/sda5 - / /dev/sda6 - /home I am running kernel version 2.6.31-19-generic and have all the patches (as indicated by update manager). I also have no splash screen so I can see the boot progress. I have only been using NBR since January, I have been using Ubuntu on my desktop since last June (2009-06). What logs should I be looking at? Is there a log for failed boots? Thanks, Troy

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  • How to boot Windows XP using the image file(not the extracted image file)

    - by Nrew
    Is it possible to boot from an iso image file itself. Because when you burn it, it gets extracted. Because in linux you can just place the .iso file in a removable media and boot from it without extracting. Is it possible to make something like that in windows? What I'm saying is related to this: http://wintoflash.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=312 Something like creating a flash drive which has the ability to install multiple os. They have something like this in pendrivelinux but I can't find it anymore. But that boot manager can only install linux. And other live cd's used in cleaning the system. That's why I'm asking if its possible to make a custom windows xp or windows 7 installer so that the image file alone can boot.

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  • Ubuntu 9.10 desktop installation via USB (boot)

    - by user277980
    I have made a live boot USB using the UnetBootIn tool for Ubuntu 9.10. I have Windows XP SP2 installed as the primary OS, and I want to make a partition for Ubuntu. But when I try to boot it via USB, it just goes to boot menu of Ubuntu, then I enter the default type for installation. After that nothing happens, just the Ubuntu logo shows up and just that nothing happens after that. I can try the simpler task also i.e. install via CD but I want to know what's not working with this USB boot method. Thanks in advance.

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  • ESXi 4 failed to find boot device

    - by phil
    I had exsi 3.5 running just fine, the upgrade to 4 failed ( i thought it would so everything is backed up ). but it did boot just could not import the data store So i did a fresh install of ESXi 4. Now it says failed to find boot device. Not sure why. i have wiped the disk, the controller is a adaptec 3405, it worked fine in 3.5 and when i upgrade to 4 it did boot. Now it just hangs at loading vfat. then the failed to find boot device. Any ideas?

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  • What is the purpose of a boot priority sequence or order in BIOS

    - by rbeede
    A BIOS provides multiple options for specifying an order/priority to search for boot devices. Is there really much of a purpose now to have to specify more than one possible boot device? It would seem to me it is only useful when popping in an CD/DVD to install an OS after which the common scenario is to always boot from the hard drive unless something is broken. I'm curious as to why not simply have 1 option/device to set in the BIOS and expect the user to press a key to do alternate boot instead? Is there still a scenario for having the BIOS try multiple devices in a configured order?

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  • How to reference other locations in making multi-boot live cd

    - by Nrew
    There is a tool in pen drive linux that allows you to boot directly with multiple iso files. And here is a sample in the menu.lst which allows you to choose which iso file you want to boot. title Fedora 13 find --set-root /Fedora-12-i686-L.iso map /ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz I'm just using it on my 8gb flash drive and the location of the iso file is in the flash drive itself. Is it possible to reference other locations. So that I could boot from it, without limitations. because the flash drive can only contain 8gb of data. Is it possible? Anyone here tried this before?

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  • Different boot time for the same computer by different commands

    - by andrej
    As far as I am aware, there are 3 ways to check the computer boot time in windows. And they should give the same time, just in different formats. Why do I get different times, where do these commands get their time? wmic os get lastBootUpTime | find "+120" 20140823002317.596695+120 systeminfo | find /i "boot time" System Boot Time: 23.8.2014, 0:23:17 net statistics server | find /i "statistics since" Statistics since 22.8.2014 18:21:30 The first two are the same (0:23), but the third is different (18:21), and also accurate. Why? At boot, all tree show the same, but at some point, they change. I am using windows 7 ultimate, 64bit.

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