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  • TF30004: The New Team Project Wizard encountered an unexpected error while initializing the Microsof

    - by Frozzare
    Hello, i get this error when i trying to create a new project in team project. The server is right, i check all ports. I don't now what i should do now, can't find any good information 2009-09-19 01:45:41Z | Module: Internal | Team Foundation Server proxy retrieved | Completion time: 0.338 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:41Z | Module: Internal | The template information for Team Foundation Server "TFSServer01" was retrieved from the Team Foundation Server. | Completion time: 0.099 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:41Z | Module: Wizard | Retrieved IAuthorizationService proxy | Completion time: 0.404 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:41Z | Module: Wizard | TF30227: Project creation permissions retrieved | Completion time: 0.015 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:44Z | Module: Engine | Thread: 5 | New project will be created with the "MSF for Agile Software Development - v4.2" methodology 2009-09-19 01:45:44Z | Module: Engine | Retrieved IAuthorizationService proxy | Completion time: 0 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:44Z | Module: Engine | TF30227: Project creation permissions retrieved | Completion time: 0.01 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:45Z | Module: Engine | Wrote compressed process template file | Completion time: 0.001 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: Engine | Extracted process template file | Completion time: 1.428 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: Engine | Thread: 5 | Starting Project Creation for project "TestProject" in domain "TFSServer01" 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: Engine | The user identity information was retrieved from the Group Security Service | Completion time: 0.045 seconds 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: Initializer | Thread: 5 | The New Team Project Wizard is starting to initialize the plug-ins. 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: CssStructureUploader | Thread: 5 | Entering Initialize in CssStructureUploader 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: CssStructureUploader | Thread: 5 | Initialize for CssStructureUploader complete 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: Initializer | Thread: 5 | The New Team Project Wizard successfully Initialized the plug-in Microsoft.ProjectCreationWizard.Classification. 2009-09-19 01:45:46Z | Module: Rosetta | Thread: 5 | Entering Initialize in RosettaReportUploader 2009-09-19 01:45:48Z | Module: Rosetta | Thread: 5 | Exiting Initialize for RosettaReportUploader 2009-09-19 01:45:48Z | Module: Initializer | Thread: 5 | The New Team Project Wizard successfully Initialized the plug-in Microsoft.ProjectCreationWizard.Reporting. 2009-09-19 01:45:48Z | Module: WSS | Thread: 5 | Entering Initialize in WssSiteCreator 2009-09-19 01:45:48Z | Module: WSS | Thread: 5 | Site information: Title = "TestProject" Description = "This team project was created based on the 'MSF for Agile Software Development - v4.2' process template." 2009-09-19 01:45:48Z | Module: WSS | Thread: 5 | Base site url: http://TFSServer01:14143/webbplatser 2009-09-19 01:45:48Z | Module: WSS | Thread: 5 | Admin site url: http://TFSServer01:16183/_vti_adm/admin.asmx ---begin Exception entry--- Time: 2009-09-19 01:46:27 Z Module: Initialize Event Description: TF30207: Initialization for plugin "Microsoft.ProjectCreationWizard.Portal 'failed Exception Type: Microsoft.TeamFoundation.Client.PcwException Exception Message: The client discovered that content-type of request is text / html; charset = utf-8, but the text / xml expected. The request failed with error message: -- Unable to connect to the configuration database. --. Stack Trace: vid Microsoft.VisualStudio.TeamFoundation.WssSiteCreator.CheckPermissions(ProjectCreationContext ctxt) vid Microsoft.VisualStudio.TeamFoundation.WssSiteCreator.Initialize(ProjectCreationContext context) vid Microsoft.VisualStudio.TeamFoundation.EngineStarter.InitializePlugins(MsfTemplate template, PcwPluginCollection pluginCollection) -- Inner Exception -- Exception Type: System.InvalidOperationException Exception Message: The client discovered that content-type of request is text / html; charset = utf-8, but the text / xml expected. The request failed with error message: -- Unable to connect to the configuration database. --. Stack Trace: vid System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.ReadResponse(SoapClientMessage message, WebResponse response, Stream responseStream, Boolean asyncCall) vid System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.Invoke(String methodName, Object[] parameters) vid Microsoft.TeamFoundation.Proxy.Portal.Admin.GetLanguages() vid Microsoft.VisualStudio.TeamFoundation.WssSiteCreator.CheckPermissions(ProjectCreationContext ctxt) -- end Inner Exception -- --- end Exception entry --- Thanks for you help

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  • Webcast: Best Practices for Speeding Virtual Infrastructure Deployment with Oracle VM

    - by Honglin Su
    We announced Oracle VM Blade Cluster Reference Configuration last month, see the blog. The new Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration can help reduce the time to deploy virtual infrastructure by up to 98 percent when compared to multi-vendor configurations. Customers and partners have shown lots of interests. Join Oracle's experts to learn the best practices for speeding virtual infrastructure deployment with Oracle VM, register the webcast (1/25/2011) here.   Virtualization has already been widely accepted as a means to increase IT flexibility and help IT services align better with changing business needs. The flexibility of a virtualized IT infrastructure enables new applications to be rapidly deployed, capacity to be easily scaled, and IT resources to be quickly redirected. The net result is that IT can bring greater value to the business, making virtualization an obvious win from a business perspective. However, building a virtualized infrastructure typically requires assembling and integrating multiple components (e.g. servers, storage, network, virtualization, and operating systems). This infrastructure must be deployed and tested before applications can even be installed. It can take weeks or months to plan, architect, configure, troubleshoot, and deploy a virtualized infrastructure. The process is not only time-consuming, but also error-prone, making it hard to achieve a timely and profitable return on investment.  Oracle is the only vendor that can offer a fully integrated virtualization infrastructure with all of the necessary hardware and software components. The Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration is a single-vendor solution that addresses every layer of the virtualization stack with Oracle hardware and software components, see the figure below. It enables quick and easy deployment of the virtualized infrastructure using components that have been tested together and are all supported together by Oracle. To learn more about Oracle's virtualization offerings, visit http://oracle.com/virtualization.

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  • Evaluating software estimates: sure signs of unrealistic figures?

    - by Totophil
    Whilst answering “Dealing with awful estimates” posted by Ash I shared a few tips that I learned and personally use to spot weak estimates. But I am certain there must be many more! What heuristics to use in the scenario when one needs to make a quick evaluation of software project estimate that has been compiled by a third-party (a colleague, a business partner or an external company)? What are the obvious and not so obvious signs of weak software estimates that can be spotted without much detailed knowledge of task at hand?

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  • Atom feed validator keeps showing Self reference doesn't match document location

    - by Dino
    I am creating an atom feed, but when I validate it I keep getting: Self reference doesn't match document location and the specific line that is causing the error is: <link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.example.com/test.rss"/> Please can anyone advise what the error is? Ps. I noticed an up arrow just at the end of that line. (presumably something to do with that bbut not sure)

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  • Separation of development responsibilities in a new project

    - by dreza
    We have very recently started a new project (MVC 3.0) and some of our early discussion has been around how the work and development will be split amongst the team members to ensure we get the least amount of overlap of work and so help make it a bit easier for each developer to get on and do their work. The project is expected to take about 6 months - 1 year (although not all developers are likely to be on and might filter off towards the end), Our team is going to be small so this will help out a bit I believe. The team will essentially consist of: 3 x developers (All different levels i.e. more senior, intermediate and junior) 1 x project manager / product owner / tester An external company responsbile for doing our design work General project/development decisions so far have included: Develop in an Agile way using SCRUM techniques (We are still very much learning this approach as a company) Use MVVM archectecture Use Ninject and DI where possible Attempt to use as TDD as much as possible to drive development. Keep our controllers as skinny as possible Keep our views as simple as possible During our discussions two approaches have been broached as too how to seperate the workload given our objectives outlined above. OPTION 1: A framework seperation where each person is responsible for conceptual areas with overlap and discussion primarily in the integration areas. The integration areas would the responsibily of both developers as required. View prototypes (**Graphic designer**) | - Mockups | Views (Razor and view helpers etc) & Javascript (**Developer 1**) | - View models (Integration point) | Controllers and Application logic (**Developer 2**) | - Models (Integration point) | Domain model and persistence (**Developer 3**) OPTION 2: A more task orientated approach where each person is responsible for the completion of the entire task (story) from view - controller - model. QUESTION: For those who have worked in small teams developing MVC projects how have you managed the workload distribution in this situation. I can't imagine the junior would be responsible for building parts of the underlying architecture so would given them responsibility for the view make sense considering we are trying to keep it simple?

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  • Web Hosting Advice for Project [duplicate]

    - by Lea Hayes
    Possible Duplicate: How to find web hosting that meets my requirements? I am working on a project that will be released as open source in the latter part of the year. I am starting to think about how the accompanying website will be hosted and would greatly appreciate some advice. Requirements: Domain #1 Information about the project itself (just pages and pictures). Documentation / Wiki Forums Download of project source (approx 3MB archive) Download of various themes and community contributed content (est. sizes 10KB ~ 512KB). Domain #2 Primary company website that offers products and services. This will be primarily pictures and pages. What kind of web hosting would be best for a project like this. I am working on a very tight budget and can only afford to spend up to £250 per year for hosting this. I was considering using some sort of VPS hosting. I found the following companies which seem to offer around this price range, but they have very mixed reviews. http://www.webhosting.uk.com/ http://www.eukhost.com/ Godaddy UK uk2 . net My company is based in the UK, how important is it for me to use UK based hosting? There are plenty of overseas hosting companies that are considerably cheaper. When it comes to bandwidth, how many downloads will bandwidth: 100GB get me? Any advice would be very greatly appreciated!

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  • My Reference for Amy Lewis

    - by Denise McInerney
    The 2013 election campaign for the PASS Board of Directors is underway. There are seven qualified candidates running this year. They all offer a wealth of experience volunteering for PASS and the SQL Server community. One of these candidates, Amy Lewis, asked me to write a reference for her to include on her candidate application. I have a lot of experience working with Amy and was pleased to provide this reference: I enthusiastically support Amy Lewis as a candidate for the PASS Board of Directors. I have known and worked with Amy in various PASS' volunteer capacities for years, starting when we were both leaders of SIGs (the precursors to the Virtual Chapters.) In that time I have seen Amy grow as a leader, taking on increasing responsibility and developing her leadership skills in the process. From the Program Committee to the BI Virtual Chapter to her local user group's SQL Saturday Amy has demonstrated a capacity to organize and lead volunteers. A successful leader delivers results, and does so in a way that encourages and empowers the people she is working with; Amy embodies this leadership style. As Director for Virtual Chapters I have most recently worked with Amy in her capacity of DW/BI VC Leader. This VC is one of our largest and most active, and Amy's leadership is a key contribution to that success. I was pleased to see that Amy was also thinking about succession and prepared other volunteers to take over the chapter leadership. Amy has shown an understanding of PASS' strategic goals and has focused her volunteer efforts to help us reach those goals. For the past couple of years we have been trying to expand PASS reach and relevance to SQL communities around the world. The VCs are a key vehicle for this expansion. Amy embraced this idea and organized the VC to engage volunteers in Europe & Australia and provide content that could reach SQL professionals in those regions. A second key strategy for PASS is expanding into the data analytics space. Again Amy rose to the occasion helping to shape the program for our first Business Analytics Conference and leveraging the BI VC to promote the event. By all measures I think Amy is prepared to serve on the Board and contribute in a positive way.

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  • Selecting a JAX-RS implementation for a new project

    - by Fernando Correia
    I'm starting a new Java project which will require a RESTful API. It will be a SaaS business application serving mobile clients. I have developed one project with Java EE 6, but I'm not very familiar with the ecosystem, since most of my experience is on the Microsoft platform. Which would be a sensible choice for a JAX-RS implementation for a new project such as described? Judging by Wikipedia's list, main contenders seem to be Jersey, Apache CXF, RESTeasy and Restlet. But the Comparison of JAX-RS Implementations cited on Wikipedia is from 2008. My first impressings from their respective homepages is that: CXF aims to be a very comprehensive solution (reminds me of WCF in the Microsoft space), which makes me think it can be more complex to understand, setup and debug than what I need; Jersey is the reference implementation and might be a good choice, but it's legacy from Sun and I'm not sure how Oracle is treating it (announcements page doesn't work and last commit notice is from 4 months ago); RESTeasy is from JBoss and probably a solid option, though I'm not sure about learning curve; Restlet seems to be popular but has a lot of history, I'm not sure how up-to-date it is in the Java EE 6 world or if it carries a heavy J2EE mindset (like lots of XML configuration). What would be the merits of each of these alternatives? What about learning curve? Feature support? Tooling (e.g. NetBeans or Eclipse wizards)? What about ease of debugging and also deployment? Is any of these project more up-to-date than the others? How stable are them?

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  • The Middle of Every Project

    - by andrew.sparks
    I read a quote somewhere “The middle of every successful project looks like a mess.” or something to that effect. I suppose the projects where the beginning, middle and end are a mess are the ones you need to watch out for. Right now we are in ramp up of the maintenance/support teams at a big project in the Nordics. We are facing a year of mixed mode operations, where we have production operations and the phased rollout to new locations in parallel. The support team supports, and the deployment team deploys. As usual the assumption right up to about a month or so before initial go-live was that the deployment team would carry the support. Not! Consequently we had a last minute scramble over the Christmas/New Year to fire up a support/maintenance team. While it is a bit messy and not perfect – the quality of the mess (I mean scramble) is not so bad. Weekly operational review with the operational delivery managers, written issue lists and assigned actions, candid discussions getting the problems on the table and documented, issues getting solved and moved off the table. So while the middle of a project might look like a mess (even the start) it is methodical use of project management tools of checklists and scheduled communication points that are helping us navigate out of the mess and bring it all under control.

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  • Erfolgreich sein durch Reference Selling

    - by A&C Redaktion
    Referenzen sind eine hervorragende Möglichkeit, die Zuverlässigkeit von Partner-Lösungen auf Basis von Oracle Technologien darzustellen, denn sie sind ein Spiegelbild zufriedener Kunden. Sie dienen als Best Practices und beeinflussen damit positiv die Kaufentscheidung neuer Kunden. Iris Musiol, Customer Reference Manager DACH, erklärt das Oracle Referenzprogramm für Partner sowie deren Vorteile, Inhalte und Voraussetzungen.

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  • Should Git be used for documentation and project management? Should the code be in a separate repository?

    - by EmpireJones
    I'm starting up a Git repository for a group project. Does it make sense to store documents in the same Git repository as code - it seems like this conflicts with the nature of the git revision flow. Here is a summary of my question(s): Is the Git revisioning style going to be confusing if both code and documents are checked into the same repository? Experiences with this? Is Git a good fit for documentation revision control? I am NOT asking if a Revision Control System in general should or shouldn't be used for documentation - it should. Thanks for the feedback so far!

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  • New Upgrade Technical Reference for SQL Server 2008 R2

    - by Greg Low
    Hi Folks, A year or two back, I was involved in a project with my colleagues from SolidQ (led by Ron Talmage) to construct an Upgrade Technical Reference for SQL Server 2008. It seemed to be well received. We've updated it now to SQL Server 2008 R2 and it's just been published. You'll find it on this web site: http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver/en/us/product-info/why-upgrade.aspx You'll need to click on the Upgrade Guide link towards the middle of the RHS under the "Why Upgrade" whitepaper. Enjoy!...(read more)

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  • Add Reference with Search!

    - by vga
    Adds a "Search" textbox to the lovely "Add Reference" dialog allowing you to quickly find the assemblies you're looking for. Search for references, save time!  Go give it a try!

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  • Le PC demeure la plateforme de référence pour les développeurs, seulement 30 % développent des applications mobiles

    Le PC demeure la plateforme de référence pour les développeurs seulement 30 % développent des applications mobilesQue ce soit Gartner ou encore IDC, les cabinets spécialisés dans l'analyse de l'univers de l'IT ont mainte fois prédis que l'ère PC était révolue. Pour ce bon vieux PC, la messe aurait déjà été dite. Sauf que, concrètement ce ne soit pas toujours le cas. Dans le but d'observer l'évolution de l'écosystème du développement logiciel, une récente étude a été menée par SD Times auprès de...

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  • returning a heap block by reference in c++

    - by basicR
    I was trying to brush up my c++ skills. I got 2 functions: concat_HeapVal() returns the output heap variable by value concat_HeapRef() returns the output heap variable by reference When main() runs it will be on stack,s1 and s2 will be on stack, I pass the value by ref only and in each of the below functions, I create a variable on heap and concat them. When concat_HeapVal() is called it returns me the correct output. When concat_HeapRef() is called it returns me some memory address (wrong output). Why? I use new operator in both the functions. Hence it allocates on heap. So when I return by reference, heap will still be VALID even when my main() stack memory goes out of scope. So it's left to OS to cleanup the memory. Right? string& concat_HeapRef(const string& s1, const string& s2) { string *temp = new string(); temp->append(s1); temp->append(s2); return *temp; } string* concat_HeapVal(const string& s1, const string& s2) { string *temp = new string(); temp->append(s1); temp->append(s2); return temp; } int main() { string s1,s2; string heapOPRef; string *heapOPVal; cout<<"String Conact Experimentations\n"; cout<<"Enter s-1 : "; cin>>s1; cout<<"Enter s-2 : "; cin>>s2; heapOPRef = concat_HeapRef(s1,s2); heapOPVal = concat_HeapVal(s1,s2); cout<<heapOPRef<<" "<<heapOPVal<<" "<<endl; return -9; }

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  • Should I redo an abandoned project with Lightswitch?

    - by Elson
    I had a small project that I was doing on the side. It was basically a couple of forms linked to a DB. Access was out, because it was a specifically meant to be a web application. Being a small project I used ASP.NET Dynamic Data, but, for various reasons, the project ended before deployment. I met the client recently, and he said there was a need for it still. I'm considering restarting the project with Dynamic Data, but I've seen some Lightswitch demos, and was suitably impressed with the BETA. I will wait for RTM if I use it, but is it a good idea to use Lightswitch to replace the Dyanmic Data? The amount of work I put into the Dynamic Data site isn't really an issue. Additional information: It's a system that tracks production in a small factory, broken down by line, machine, section and will generate reports. I would guess that the data structure will remain fairly constant over time, but that the reporting requirements will grow. The other thing is that the factory is part of a larger group, and I'm hopeful that, if this system succeeds, similar work with be forthcoming for other factories.

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  • Should Git be used for documentation and project management? Should the code be in a separate repository?

    - by EmpireJones
    I'm starting up a Git repository for a group project. Does it make sense to store documents in the same Git repository as code - it seems like this conflicts with the nature of the git revision flow. Here is a summary of my question(s): Is the Git revisioning style going to be confusing if both code and documents are checked into the same repository? Experiences with this? Is Git a good fit for documentation revision control? I am NOT asking if a Revision Control System in general should or shouldn't be used for documentation - it should. Thanks for the feedback so far!

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  • Project Showcase: SaaS Web Apps Hits a Home Run with New SCMS Database

    - by Webgui
    We love seeing projects from start to finish, and we’re happy to share the latest example with you. Who: SaaS Web Apps – they use Software as a Service to create web applications that look and feel like desktop applications. What: SaaS Web Apps needed to build a Sports Contract Management System (SCMS) for one of its customers, Premier Stinson Sports. Why: The SCMS database is used for collecting, analyzing and recording college coach and athletic directors’ employment and contract data. The Challenge: Premier Stinson Sports works with a number of partners, each with its own needs and unique requirements. For example, USA Today uses the system to provide cutting edge news analysis while The National Sports Law Institute of Marquette University Law School uses it to for the latest sports contract data and student analysis. In addition, the system needed to be secure due to the sensitivity of the data; it was essential that the user security and permissions be easily configurable. As always, performance was a key factor, especially with the intense reporting and analytical capabilities for this project. Because of this, most of the processing had to be done on a dedicated server but the project called for the richness and responsiveness of a desktop application. The Solution: To execute the project, SaaS Web Apps used APS.Net-based Visual WebGui from Gizmox, combined with SQL Server 2008 and SQL Reporting Services. This combination resulted in a quick deployment for SaaS Web Apps’ customers. The Result: The completed project gave each partner the scalability and availability of a web application with the performance and security of a desktop application. As an example, USA Today pulls data from this database to give readers the latest sports stats – Salary analysis of 2010 Football Bowl Subdivision Coaches. And here’s a screenshot of the database itself. Great work, SaaS Web Apps!

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  • How can arguments to variadic functions be passed by reference in PHP?

    - by outis
    Assuming it's possible, how would one pass arguments by reference to a variadic function without generating a warning in PHP? We can no longer use the '&' operator in a function call, otherwise I'd accept that (even though it would be error prone, should a coder forget it). What inspired this is are old MySQLi wrapper classes that I unearthed (these days, I'd just use PDO). The only difference between the wrappers and the MySQLi classes is the wrappers throw exceptions rather than returning FALSE. class DBException extends RuntimeException {} ... class MySQLi_throwing extends mysqli { ... function prepare($query) { $stmt = parent::prepare($query); if (!$stmt) { throw new DBException($this->error, $this->errno); } return new MySQLi_stmt_throwing($this, $query, $stmt); } } // I don't remember why I switched from extension to composition, but // it shouldn't matter for this question. class MySQLi_stmt_throwing /* extends MySQLi_stmt */ { protected $_link, $_query, $_delegate; public function __construct($link, $query, $prepared) { //parent::__construct($link, $query); $this->_link = $link; $this->_query = $query; $this->_delegate = $prepared; } function bind_param($name, &$var) { return $this->_delegate->bind_param($name, $var); } function __call($name, $args) { //$rslt = call_user_func_array(array($this, 'parent::' . $name), $args); $rslt = call_user_func_array(array($this->_delegate, $name), $args); if (False === $rslt) { throw new DBException($this->_link->error, $this->errno); } return $rslt; } } The difficulty lies in calling methods such as bind_result on the wrapper. Constant-arity functions (e.g. bind_param) can be explicitly defined, allowing for pass-by-reference. bind_result, however, needs all arguments to be pass-by-reference. If you call bind_result on an instance of MySQLi_stmt_throwing as-is, the arguments are passed by value and the binding won't take. try { $id = Null; $stmt = $db->prepare('SELECT id FROM tbl WHERE ...'); $stmt->execute() $stmt->bind_result($id); // $id is still null at this point ... } catch (DBException $exc) { ... } Since the above classes are no longer in use, this question is merely a matter of curiosity. Alternate approaches to the wrapper classes are not relevant. Defining a method with a bunch of arguments taking Null default values is not correct (what if you define 20 arguments, but the function is called with 21?). Answers don't even need to be written in terms of MySQL_stmt_throwing; it exists simply to provide a concrete example.

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  • ASP.net page gets error on import statement, but I do have the reference in place?

    - by Greg
    Hi, Any ideas why I am getting the below error in my MVC2 project, even through in the project itself I definitely have a reference to "system.Web.Entity"? Compiler Error Message: CS0234: The type or namespace name 'Entity' does not exist in the namespace 'System.Data' (are you missing an assembly reference?) Source Error: Line 1: <%@ Page Language="C#" Inherits="System.Web.Mvc.ViewPage<List<Node>>" %> Line 2: <%@ Import Namespace="TopologyDAL" %> Line 3: <%@ Import Namespace="System.Data.Entity" %> thanks

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  • Should the argument be passed by reference in this .net example?

    - by Hamish Grubijan
    I have used Java, C++, .Net. (in that order). When asked about by-value vs. by-ref on interviews, I have always done well on that question ... perhaps because nobody went in-depth on it. Now I know that I do not see the whole picture. I was looking at this section of code written by someone else: XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument(); AppendX(doc); // Real name of the function is different AppendY(doc); // ditto When I saw this code, I thought: wait a minute, should not I use a ref in front of doc variable (and modify AppendX/Y accordingly? it works as written, but made me question whether I actually understand the ref keyword in C#. As I thought about this more, I recalled early Java days (college intro language). A friend of mine looked at some code I have written and he had a mental block - he kept asking me which things are passed in by reference and when by value. My ignorant response was something like: Dude, there is only one kind of arg passing in Java and I forgot which one it is :). Chill, do not over-think and just code. Java still does not have a ref does it? Yet, Java hackers seem to be productive. Anyhow, coding in C++ exposed me to this whole by reference business, and now I am confused. Should ref be used in the example above? I am guessing that when ref is applied to value types: primitives, enums, structures (is there anything else in this list?) it makes a big difference. And ... when applied to objects it does not because it is all by reference. If things were so simple, then why would not the compiler restrict the usage of ref keyword to a subset of types. When it comes to objects, does ref serve as a comment sort of? Well, I do remember that there can be problems with null and ref is also useful for initializing multiple elements within a method (since you cannot return multiple things with the same easy as you would do in Python). Thanks.

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