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  • How to access a structure member in a function that get it as void* type?

    - by Ahmad
    I want to have a function that accepts different type of structures as argument. So, since I don't have a specific type, I have to use void*. Now question is: when I pass a structure to this function, how can I access a known member of this structure inside the function? Specifically, I know that all structures have str1 as a member and I want, for example, print it. Here is a sample code: struct { char* str1; float tt1; } var1 = {"This is me", 12}; struct { char* str1; int tt2; } var2 = {"This is you", 18}; void printStruct(void* str) { printf("\n the structure string is %s", ??); //can I put something in ?? to print the string? } main(....) { printStruct(&var1); printStruct(&var2); }

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  • Change the size of the panel dynamically

    - by C. Karunarathne
    Hi! I am implementing an application that needs to drag and drop image boxes in a panel.Image boxes are added dynamically from the program and so I have set the autoscroll property to true in panel.But when I have drag out the boxes at bottom in the panel the panel size got reduced.I have put autosize property false in panel.The panel is docked in another panel.I want to set the size of panel at run time.How can I achieve this. public form1(int[,] dummy, int columnSize, int rowSize) { this.dummy= dummy; numOfColumns = columnSize; numOfRows = rowSize; getData(); addIds = addIdArray; data = mylist; InitializeComponent(); //panel1.MinimumSize = new Size(columnSize * 40, rowSize * 40); //panel1.Height = rowSize * 40; //panel1.Width = columnSize * 40; //panel4.Height = rowSize * 40; //panel4.Width = columnSize * 40; int x, y; Structures.EmptyRectSpace space = new Structures.EmptyRectSpace(); for (int i = 0; i < data.Count; i++)// set picture boxes { space = (Structures.EmptyRectSpace)data[i]; x = space.startingJ; y = space.startingI; int h, w; h = space.length; w = space.width; p = new PictureBox(); p.Width = w * 40; p.Height = h * 40; p.BackColor = Color.DarkGreen; p.Image = Properties.Resources.v; p.BorderStyle = BorderStyle.FixedSingle; p.Name = addIdArray[i].ToString(); p.Location = new Point((x + 1 - w) * 40, (y + 1 - h) * 40); this.panel1.Controls.Add(p); } foreach (Control c in this.panel1.Controls) { if (c is PictureBox) { c.MouseDown += new MouseEventHandler(pictureBox1_MouseDown); } } this.panel1.DragOver += new System.Windows.Forms.DragEventHandler(this.panel1_DragOver); panel1.DragOver += new DragEventHandler(panel1_DragOver); panel1.DragDrop += new DragEventHandler(panel1_DragDrop); panel1.AllowDrop = true; panel2.AllowDrop = true; foreach (Control c in this.panel2.Controls) { c.MouseDown += new MouseEventHandler(pictureBox1_MouseDown); } this.panel2.DragOver += new System.Windows.Forms.DragEventHandler(this.panel2_DragOver); panel2.DragOver += new DragEventHandler(panel2_DragOver); panel2.DragDrop += new DragEventHandler(panel2_DragDrop); } This is the constructor of the form that contained panel.When it loaded the picture boxes must be added to the panel and there drag drop events of panel are implemented. Please give me a helping hand..

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  • Garbage Collection Java

    - by simion
    On the slides i am revising from it says the following; Live objects can be identified either by maintaining a count of the number of references to each object, or by tracing chains of references from the roots. Reference counting is expensive – it needs action every time a reference changes and it doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally. Tracing involves identifying live objects only when you need to reclaim space – moving the cost from general access to the time at which the GC runs, typically only when you are out of memory. I understand the principles of why reference counting is expensive but do not understand what "doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally." means. Could anyone help me out a little bit please? Thanks

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  • Garbage Collection in Java

    - by simion
    On the slides I am revising from it says the following: Live objects can be identified either by maintaining a count of the number of references to each object, or by tracing chains of references from the roots. Reference counting is expensive – it needs action every time a reference changes and it doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally. Tracing involves identifying live objects only when you need to reclaim space – moving the cost from general access to the time at which the GC runs, typically only when you are out of memory. I understand the principles of why reference counting is expensive but do not understand what "doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally." means. Could anyone help me out a little bit please? Thanks

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  • Coping with feelings of technical mediocrity

    - by Karim
    As I've progressed as a programmer, I noticed more nuance and areas I could study in depth. In part, I've come to think of myself from, at one point, a "guru" to now much less, even mediocre or inadequate. Is this normal, or is it a sign of a destructive excessive ambition? Background I started to program when I was still a kid, I had about 10 or 11 years. I really enjoy my work and never get bored from it. It's amazing how somebody could be paid for what he really likes to do and would be doing it anyway even for free. When I first started to program, I was feeling proud of what I was doing, each application I built was for me a success and after 2-3 year I had a feeling that I'm a coding guru. It was a nice feeling. ;-) But the more I was in the field and the more types of software I started to develop, I was starting to have a feeling that I'm completely wrong in thinking I'm a guru. I felt that I'm not even a mediocre developer. Each new field I start to work on is giving me this feeling. Like when I once developed a device driver for a client, I saw how much I need to learn about device drivers. When I developed a video filter for an application, I saw how much do I still need to learn about DirectShow, Color Spaces, and all the theory behind that. The worst thing was when I started to learn algorithms. It was several years ago. I knew then the basic structures and algorithms like the sorting, some types of trees, some hashtables, strings, etc. and when I really wanted to learn a group of structures I learned about 5-6 new types and saw that in fact even this small group has several hundred subtypes of structures. It's depressing how little time people have in their lives to learn all this stuff. I'm now a software developer with about 10 years of experience and I still feel that I'm not a proficient developer when I think about things that others do in the industry.

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  • POST serialized JSON object to a Coldfusion remote method instead of using FORM

    - by zarko.susnjar
    I have javascript object which consists of complex array of structures with nested structures of other javascript objects created dynamicaly on page etc. long story. I can't use form since my vars would be like 2_34_x_y_foo_bar_235423 due to the nature of UI. When I send that stringified object using GET .ajax request to a remote cfc method everything runs ok until JSON becomes 4000+ chars long, and usually it will be longer then that. When I use POST .ajax, I get 302 status and redirection to cfcexplorer. Is there some way I could "attach" object to a form and send my data as form submit, or some way to send JSON object as it is now using ajax call?

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  • Marshalling a C structure to C#

    - by Hilbert
    Hi, I don't know how to marshall this structure in Mono. typedef struct rib_struct { rib_used_t used; rib_status_t status; rib_role_t role; uint8_t conf; rib_dc_t *pending; pthread_mutex_t mutex; pthread_cond_t cond; rib_f_t *props; } rib_t; And for example, rib_dc_t is like: typedef struct rib_dc_struct { uint16_t id; uint8_t min_id; uint8_t conf; struct rib_dc_struct *next; } rib_dc_t; I don't know how to marshall the pthread structures. And the pointers... should I use IntPtr or a managed structures? How to mashall the pointer in the last struct to the struct itself? Thanks in adanvaced

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  • "Single NSMutableArray" vs. "Multiple C-arrays" --Which is more Efficient/Practical?

    - by RexOnRoids
    Situation: I have a DAY structure. The DAY structure has three variables or attributes: a Date (NSString*), a Temperature (float), and a Rainfall (float). Problem: I will be iterating through an array of about 5000 DAY structures and graphing a portion of these onto the screen using OpenGL. Question: As far as drawing performance, which is better? I could simply create an NSMutableArray of DAY structures (NSObjects) and iterate on the array on each draw call -- which I think would be hard on the CPU. Or, I could instead manually manage three different C-Arrays -- One for the Date String (2-Dimensional), One for the temperature (1-Dimensional) and One for the Rainfall (1-Dimensional). I could keep track of the current Day by referencing the current index of the iterated C-Arrays.

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  • Ternary operators and variable reassignment in PHP

    - by TomcatExodus
    I've perused the questions on ternary operators vs. if/else structures, and while I understand that under normal circumstances there is no performance loss/gain in using ternary operators over if/else structures, I've not seen any mention of this situation. Language specific to PHP (but any language agnostic details are welcome) does the interpreter reassign values in situations like this: $foo = 'bar' $foo = strlen($foo) > 3 ? substr($foo, 0, 3) : $foo; Since this would evaluate to $foo = $foo; is this inefficient, or does the interpreter simply overlook/discard this evaluation? On a side note, what about: !defined('SECURE') ? exit : null;

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  • How to change data structure in mysql using mysqldump without deleting files

    - by Don Quixote
    Essentially what I'm trying to do is sync a production server with a sandbox server, but only the table structures and stored procedures. The procedures aren't any problem since they can be overriden, but the problem is the tables. I want to sync and alter their structures on the production server using mysqldump (or any other way that you can propose) without altering any existing data. If it helps, I only want to add more columns, not remove any existing ones. Also, I am using mysqlyog. Is there any way to do this?

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  • Is there a way to intersect/diff a std::map and a std::set?

    - by Jack
    I'm wondering if there a way to intersect or make the differences between two structures defined as std::set<MyData*> and std::map<MyData*, MyValue> with standard algorithms (like std::set_intersect) The problem is that I need to compute the difference between the set and the keyset of the map but I would like to avoid reallocating it (since it's something that is done many times per second with large data structures). Is there a way to obtain a "key view" of the std::map? After all what I'm looking is to consider just the keys when doing the set operation so from an implementation point it should be possible but I haven't been able to find anything.

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  • passing different structs to a function in c

    - by clear2k
    I have different structures that need to be filled out the same way. The only difference is that they are filled based on different data. I was wondering if it's possible to pass different structures to a certain function. What I have in mind is something like: struct stu1 { char *a; int b; }; struct stu2 { char *a; int b; }; static struct not_sure **some_func(struct not_sure *not_sure_here, original_content_list) { // do something and return passed struct for(i=0; i<size_of_original_content_list; i++){ //fill out passed structure } return the_struct; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { return_struct1 = some_func(stu1); return_struct2 = some_func(stu2); // do something separate with each return struct... } Any comments will be appreciate it.

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  • Is there any practical usage of Doubly Linked List, Queues and Stacks?

    - by Chouette
    I've been coding for quite sometime now. And my work pertains to solving real-world business scenarios. However, I have not really come across any practical usage of some of the data structures like the Linked List, Queues and Stacks etc. Not even at the business framework level. Of course, there is the ubiquitous HashTable, ArrayList and of late the List...but is there any practical usage of some of the other basic data structures? It would be great if someone gave a real-world solution where a Doubly Linked List "performs" better than the obvious easily usable counterpart.

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  • Writing different structs to a file in C++? [on hold]

    - by user58053
    I need a way to write structures of three different kinds to a binary file, which later has to be searched. (As in, for example, struct A has two fields, an int and a char; struct B has int and a long; I need to output all structures whose int equals the one given from keyboard). I understand how to write structs of the same kind to a file and how to search them, but here I am just lost, best thing I came up with is declaring a struct containing all possibly needed fields and leaving the ones I don't need empty, but it really feels wrong, there HAS to be a better way to do that. I've read about binary files and could not find anything relevant, most examples and tutorials deal with writing one data type. Could anyone point me in the right direction? EDIT: I am looking for what @Jerry_coffin called database mode, and will probably use one of the existing database systems for that, best way to go, probably. Thank you everybody for the suggestions

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  • What are some good practice assignments for learning Java?

    - by HW
    Hello, I am a computer science in my Student Second year. I already know a good deal about C++, Data Structures, File Structures, OOP, etc. I decided to learn Java. I have read couple of books but I know that it takes practice to master any Programming language. I was wondering if anyone knew of some assignments or problems that helped them become good at programming. I am looking for something more challenging than "hello world"s and "3+2=5"s exercises. Thanks, ~HW

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  • creating a heirarchy of terminals or workspaces

    - by intuited
    <rant This question occurred to me ('occurred' meaning 'whispered seductively in my ear for the 100th time') while using GNU-screen, so I'll make that my example. However this is a much more general question about user interfaces and what I perceive as a flawmissing feature in every implementation I've yet seen. I'm wondering if there is some way to create a heirarchy/tree of terminals in a screen session. EG I'd like to have something like 1 bash 1.1 bash 1.2 bash 2 bash 3 bash 3.1 bash 3.1.1 bash 3.1.2 bash It would be good if the terminals could be labelled instead of having to be navigated to via some arrangement that I suspect doesn't exist. So then you could jump to one using eg ^A:goto happydays or ^A:goto dykstra.angry. So to generalize that: Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, gnome-terminal, roxterm, konsole, yakuake, OpenOffice, Microsoft Office, Mr. Snuffaluppagus's Funtime Carousel™, and Your Mom's Jam Browser™ all offer the ability to create a flat set of tabs containing documents of an identical nature: web pages, terminals, documents, fun rideable animals, and jams. GNU-screen implements the same functionality without using tabs. Linux and OS/X window managers provide the ability to organize windows into an array of workspaces, which amounts to again, the same deal. Over the past few years, this has become a more or less ubiquitous concept which has been righteously welcomed into the far reaches of the computer interface funfest. Heavy users of these systems quickly encounter a problem with it: the set of entities is flat. In the case of workspaces, an option may be available to create a 2d array. However none of these applications furnish their users with the ability to create heirarchies, similar to filesystem directory structures, containing instances of their particular contained type. I for one am consistently bothered by this, and am wondering if the community can offer some wisdom as to why this has not happened in any of the foremost collections of computational functionality our culture has yet produced. Or if perhaps it has and I'm just an ignorant savage. I'd like to be able to not only group things into a tree structure, but also to create references (aka symbolic links, aka pointers) from one part of the structure to another, as well as apply properties (eg default directory, colorscheme, ...) recursively downward from a given node. I see no reason why we shouldn't be able to save these structures as known sessions, and apply tags to particular instances. So then you can sort through them by tag, find them by name, or just use the arrow keys (with an appropriate modifier) to move left or right and in or out of a given level. Another key combo would serve to create a branch in the place of the current terminal/webpage/lifelike statue/spreadsheet/spreadsheet sheet/presentation/jam and move that entity into the new branch, then create a fresh one as a sibling to it: a second leaf node within the same branch node. They would get along well. I find it a bit astonishing that this hasn't happened yet, and the only reason I can venture as a guess is that the creators of these fine systems do not consider such functionality to be useful to a significant portion of their userbase. I posit that the probability that that such an assumption would be correct is pretty low. On the other hand, given the relative ease with which such structures can be implemented using modern libraries/languages, it doesn't seem likely that difficulty of implementation would be a major roadblock. If it could be done in 1972 or whenever within the constraints of a filesystem driver, it should be relatively painless to implement in 2010 in a fullblown application. Given that all of these systems are capable of maintaining a set of equivalent entities, it seems unlikely that a major infrastructure overhaul would be necessary in order to enable a navigable heirarchy of them. </rant Mostly I'm just looking to start up a discussion and/or brainstorming on this topic. Any ideas, examples, criticism, or analysis are quite welcome. * Mr. Snuffaluppagus's Funtime Carousel is a registered trademark of Children's Television Workshop Inc. * Your Mom's Jam Browser is a registered trademark of Your Mom Inc.

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  • « Si on veut aller sur Windows Phone c'est maintenant, après ce sera trop tard », entretien avec Nicolas Sorel, PDG de Magma Mobile

    « Si on veut aller sur Windows Phone c'est maintenant, après ce sera trop tard » , entretien avec Nicolas Sorel, DG de Magma Mobile Les cabinets d'analyse à l'instar d'IDC s'accordent à montrer que les dispositifs mobiles sont de plus en plus vendus de par le monde. Un signe peut-être pour les développeurs qui ne l'ont pas encore fait de songer à penser au mobile. D'ailleurs, certaines structures qui délivrent des services essayent de s'adapter aux réalités du marché en proposant désormais à...

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  • O&rsquo;Reilly Deal of the Day 10/June/2014 - AngularJS Directives

    - by TATWORTH
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/TATWORTH/archive/2014/06/10/orsquoreilly-deal-of-the-day-10june2014---angularjs-directives.aspxToday’s half-price E-Book offer from O’Reilly at http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781783280339.do is AngularJS Directives. “AngularJS, propelled by Google, is quickly becoming one of the most popular JavaScript MVC frameworks available, working to invert the development paradigm and bring data-driven modularity to the web frontend. Directives serve as the core building blocks in AngularJS and enable you to create reusable models that mold around your data structures and breathe new life into the intersection of HTML and JavaScript.”

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  • Understanding G1 GC Logs

    - by poonam
    The purpose of this post is to explain the meaning of GC logs generated with some tracing and diagnostic options for G1 GC. We will take a look at the output generated with PrintGCDetails which is a product flag and provides the most detailed level of information. Along with that, we will also look at the output of two diagnostic flags that get enabled with -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions option - G1PrintRegionLivenessInfo that prints the occupancy and the amount of space used by live objects in each region at the end of the marking cycle and G1PrintHeapRegions that provides detailed information on the heap regions being allocated and reclaimed. We will be looking at the logs generated with JDK 1.7.0_04 using these options. Option -XX:+PrintGCDetails Here's a sample log of G1 collection generated with PrintGCDetails. 0.522: [GC pause (young), 0.15877971 secs] [Parallel Time: 157.1 ms] [GC Worker Start (ms): 522.1 522.2 522.2 522.2 Avg: 522.2, Min: 522.1, Max: 522.2, Diff: 0.1] [Ext Root Scanning (ms): 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 Avg: 1.7, Min: 1.5, Max: 1.9, Diff: 0.4] [Update RS (ms): 38.7 38.8 50.6 37.3 Avg: 41.3, Min: 37.3, Max: 50.6, Diff: 13.3] [Processed Buffers : 2 2 3 2 Sum: 9, Avg: 2, Min: 2, Max: 3, Diff: 1] [Scan RS (ms): 9.9 9.7 0.0 9.7 Avg: 7.3, Min: 0.0, Max: 9.9, Diff: 9.9] [Object Copy (ms): 106.7 106.8 104.6 107.9 Avg: 106.5, Min: 104.6, Max: 107.9, Diff: 3.3] [Termination (ms): 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Avg: 0.0, Min: 0.0, Max: 0.0, Diff: 0.0] [Termination Attempts : 1 4 4 6 Sum: 15, Avg: 3, Min: 1, Max: 6, Diff: 5] [GC Worker End (ms): 679.1 679.1 679.1 679.1 Avg: 679.1, Min: 679.1, Max: 679.1, Diff: 0.1] [GC Worker (ms): 156.9 157.0 156.9 156.9 Avg: 156.9, Min: 156.9, Max: 157.0, Diff: 0.1] [GC Worker Other (ms): 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Avg: 0.3, Min: 0.3, Max: 0.3, Diff: 0.0] [Clear CT: 0.1 ms] [Other: 1.5 ms] [Choose CSet: 0.0 ms] [Ref Proc: 0.3 ms] [Ref Enq: 0.0 ms] [Free CSet: 0.3 ms] [Eden: 12M(12M)->0B(10M) Survivors: 0B->2048K Heap: 13M(64M)->9739K(64M)] [Times: user=0.59 sys=0.02, real=0.16 secs] This is the typical log of an Evacuation Pause (G1 collection) in which live objects are copied from one set of regions (young OR young+old) to another set. It is a stop-the-world activity and all the application threads are stopped at a safepoint during this time. This pause is made up of several sub-tasks indicated by the indentation in the log entries. Here's is the top most line that gets printed for the Evacuation Pause. 0.522: [GC pause (young), 0.15877971 secs] This is the highest level information telling us that it is an Evacuation Pause that started at 0.522 secs from the start of the process, in which all the regions being evacuated are Young i.e. Eden and Survivor regions. This collection took 0.15877971 secs to finish. Evacuation Pauses can be mixed as well. In which case the set of regions selected include all of the young regions as well as some old regions. 1.730: [GC pause (mixed), 0.32714353 secs] Let's take a look at all the sub-tasks performed in this Evacuation Pause. [Parallel Time: 157.1 ms] Parallel Time is the total elapsed time spent by all the parallel GC worker threads. The following lines correspond to the parallel tasks performed by these worker threads in this total parallel time, which in this case is 157.1 ms. [GC Worker Start (ms): 522.1 522.2 522.2 522.2Avg: 522.2, Min: 522.1, Max: 522.2, Diff: 0.1] The first line tells us the start time of each of the worker thread in milliseconds. The start times are ordered with respect to the worker thread ids – thread 0 started at 522.1ms and thread 1 started at 522.2ms from the start of the process. The second line tells the Avg, Min, Max and Diff of the start times of all of the worker threads. [Ext Root Scanning (ms): 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 Avg: 1.7, Min: 1.5, Max: 1.9, Diff: 0.4] This gives us the time spent by each worker thread scanning the roots (globals, registers, thread stacks and VM data structures). Here, thread 0 took 1.6ms to perform the root scanning task and thread 1 took 1.5 ms. The second line clearly shows the Avg, Min, Max and Diff of the times spent by all the worker threads. [Update RS (ms): 38.7 38.8 50.6 37.3 Avg: 41.3, Min: 37.3, Max: 50.6, Diff: 13.3] Update RS gives us the time each thread spent in updating the Remembered Sets. Remembered Sets are the data structures that keep track of the references that point into a heap region. Mutator threads keep changing the object graph and thus the references that point into a particular region. We keep track of these changes in buffers called Update Buffers. The Update RS sub-task processes the update buffers that were not able to be processed concurrently, and updates the corresponding remembered sets of all regions. [Processed Buffers : 2 2 3 2Sum: 9, Avg: 2, Min: 2, Max: 3, Diff: 1] This tells us the number of Update Buffers (mentioned above) processed by each worker thread. [Scan RS (ms): 9.9 9.7 0.0 9.7 Avg: 7.3, Min: 0.0, Max: 9.9, Diff: 9.9] These are the times each worker thread had spent in scanning the Remembered Sets. Remembered Set of a region contains cards that correspond to the references pointing into that region. This phase scans those cards looking for the references pointing into all the regions of the collection set. [Object Copy (ms): 106.7 106.8 104.6 107.9 Avg: 106.5, Min: 104.6, Max: 107.9, Diff: 3.3] These are the times spent by each worker thread copying live objects from the regions in the Collection Set to the other regions. [Termination (ms): 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Avg: 0.0, Min: 0.0, Max: 0.0, Diff: 0.0] Termination time is the time spent by the worker thread offering to terminate. But before terminating, it checks the work queues of other threads and if there are still object references in other work queues, it tries to steal object references, and if it succeeds in stealing a reference, it processes that and offers to terminate again. [Termination Attempts : 1 4 4 6 Sum: 15, Avg: 3, Min: 1, Max: 6, Diff: 5] This gives the number of times each thread has offered to terminate. [GC Worker End (ms): 679.1 679.1 679.1 679.1 Avg: 679.1, Min: 679.1, Max: 679.1, Diff: 0.1] These are the times in milliseconds at which each worker thread stopped. [GC Worker (ms): 156.9 157.0 156.9 156.9 Avg: 156.9, Min: 156.9, Max: 157.0, Diff: 0.1] These are the total lifetimes of each worker thread. [GC Worker Other (ms): 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Avg: 0.3, Min: 0.3, Max: 0.3, Diff: 0.0] These are the times that each worker thread spent in performing some other tasks that we have not accounted above for the total Parallel Time. [Clear CT: 0.1 ms] This is the time spent in clearing the Card Table. This task is performed in serial mode. [Other: 1.5 ms] Time spent in the some other tasks listed below. The following sub-tasks (which individually may be parallelized) are performed serially. [Choose CSet: 0.0 ms] Time spent in selecting the regions for the Collection Set. [Ref Proc: 0.3 ms] Total time spent in processing Reference objects. [Ref Enq: 0.0 ms] Time spent in enqueuing references to the ReferenceQueues. [Free CSet: 0.3 ms] Time spent in freeing the collection set data structure. [Eden: 12M(12M)->0B(13M) Survivors: 0B->2048K Heap: 14M(64M)->9739K(64M)] This line gives the details on the heap size changes with the Evacuation Pause. This shows that Eden had the occupancy of 12M and its capacity was also 12M before the collection. After the collection, its occupancy got reduced to 0 since everything is evacuated/promoted from Eden during a collection, and its target size grew to 13M. The new Eden capacity of 13M is not reserved at this point. This value is the target size of the Eden. Regions are added to Eden as the demand is made and when the added regions reach to the target size, we start the next collection. Similarly, Survivors had the occupancy of 0 bytes and it grew to 2048K after the collection. The total heap occupancy and capacity was 14M and 64M receptively before the collection and it became 9739K and 64M after the collection. Apart from the evacuation pauses, G1 also performs concurrent-marking to build the live data information of regions. 1.416: [GC pause (young) (initial-mark), 0.62417980 secs] ….... 2.042: [GC concurrent-root-region-scan-start] 2.067: [GC concurrent-root-region-scan-end, 0.0251507] 2.068: [GC concurrent-mark-start] 3.198: [GC concurrent-mark-reset-for-overflow] 4.053: [GC concurrent-mark-end, 1.9849672 sec] 4.055: [GC remark 4.055: [GC ref-proc, 0.0000254 secs], 0.0030184 secs] [Times: user=0.00 sys=0.00, real=0.00 secs] 4.088: [GC cleanup 117M->106M(138M), 0.0015198 secs] [Times: user=0.00 sys=0.00, real=0.00 secs] 4.090: [GC concurrent-cleanup-start] 4.091: [GC concurrent-cleanup-end, 0.0002721] The first phase of a marking cycle is Initial Marking where all the objects directly reachable from the roots are marked and this phase is piggy-backed on a fully young Evacuation Pause. 2.042: [GC concurrent-root-region-scan-start] This marks the start of a concurrent phase that scans the set of root-regions which are directly reachable from the survivors of the initial marking phase. 2.067: [GC concurrent-root-region-scan-end, 0.0251507] End of the concurrent root region scan phase and it lasted for 0.0251507 seconds. 2.068: [GC concurrent-mark-start] Start of the concurrent marking at 2.068 secs from the start of the process. 3.198: [GC concurrent-mark-reset-for-overflow] This indicates that the global marking stack had became full and there was an overflow of the stack. Concurrent marking detected this overflow and had to reset the data structures to start the marking again. 4.053: [GC concurrent-mark-end, 1.9849672 sec] End of the concurrent marking phase and it lasted for 1.9849672 seconds. 4.055: [GC remark 4.055: [GC ref-proc, 0.0000254 secs], 0.0030184 secs] This corresponds to the remark phase which is a stop-the-world phase. It completes the left over marking work (SATB buffers processing) from the previous phase. In this case, this phase took 0.0030184 secs and out of which 0.0000254 secs were spent on Reference processing. 4.088: [GC cleanup 117M->106M(138M), 0.0015198 secs] Cleanup phase which is again a stop-the-world phase. It goes through the marking information of all the regions, computes the live data information of each region, resets the marking data structures and sorts the regions according to their gc-efficiency. In this example, the total heap size is 138M and after the live data counting it was found that the total live data size dropped down from 117M to 106M. 4.090: [GC concurrent-cleanup-start] This concurrent cleanup phase frees up the regions that were found to be empty (didn't contain any live data) during the previous stop-the-world phase. 4.091: [GC concurrent-cleanup-end, 0.0002721] Concurrent cleanup phase took 0.0002721 secs to free up the empty regions. Option -XX:G1PrintRegionLivenessInfo Now, let's look at the output generated with the flag G1PrintRegionLivenessInfo. This is a diagnostic option and gets enabled with -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions. G1PrintRegionLivenessInfo prints the live data information of each region during the Cleanup phase of the concurrent-marking cycle. 26.896: [GC cleanup ### PHASE Post-Marking @ 26.896### HEAP committed: 0x02e00000-0x0fe00000 reserved: 0x02e00000-0x12e00000 region-size: 1048576 Cleanup phase of the concurrent-marking cycle started at 26.896 secs from the start of the process and this live data information is being printed after the marking phase. Committed G1 heap ranges from 0x02e00000 to 0x0fe00000 and the total G1 heap reserved by JVM is from 0x02e00000 to 0x12e00000. Each region in the G1 heap is of size 1048576 bytes. ### type address-range used prev-live next-live gc-eff### (bytes) (bytes) (bytes) (bytes/ms) This is the header of the output that tells us about the type of the region, address-range of the region, used space in the region, live bytes in the region with respect to the previous marking cycle, live bytes in the region with respect to the current marking cycle and the GC efficiency of that region. ### FREE 0x02e00000-0x02f00000 0 0 0 0.0 This is a Free region. ### OLD 0x02f00000-0x03000000 1048576 1038592 1038592 0.0 Old region with address-range from 0x02f00000 to 0x03000000. Total used space in the region is 1048576 bytes, live bytes as per the previous marking cycle are 1038592 and live bytes with respect to the current marking cycle are also 1038592. The GC efficiency has been computed as 0. ### EDEN 0x03400000-0x03500000 20992 20992 20992 0.0 This is an Eden region. ### HUMS 0x0ae00000-0x0af00000 1048576 1048576 1048576 0.0### HUMC 0x0af00000-0x0b000000 1048576 1048576 1048576 0.0### HUMC 0x0b000000-0x0b100000 1048576 1048576 1048576 0.0### HUMC 0x0b100000-0x0b200000 1048576 1048576 1048576 0.0### HUMC 0x0b200000-0x0b300000 1048576 1048576 1048576 0.0### HUMC 0x0b300000-0x0b400000 1048576 1048576 1048576 0.0### HUMC 0x0b400000-0x0b500000 1001480 1001480 1001480 0.0 These are the continuous set of regions called Humongous regions for storing a large object. HUMS (Humongous starts) marks the start of the set of humongous regions and HUMC (Humongous continues) tags the subsequent regions of the humongous regions set. ### SURV 0x09300000-0x09400000 16384 16384 16384 0.0 This is a Survivor region. ### SUMMARY capacity: 208.00 MB used: 150.16 MB / 72.19 % prev-live: 149.78 MB / 72.01 % next-live: 142.82 MB / 68.66 % At the end, a summary is printed listing the capacity, the used space and the change in the liveness after the completion of concurrent marking. In this case, G1 heap capacity is 208MB, total used space is 150.16MB which is 72.19% of the total heap size, live data in the previous marking was 149.78MB which was 72.01% of the total heap size and the live data as per the current marking is 142.82MB which is 68.66% of the total heap size. Option -XX:+G1PrintHeapRegions G1PrintHeapRegions option logs the regions related events when regions are committed, allocated into or are reclaimed. COMMIT/UNCOMMIT events G1HR COMMIT [0x6e900000,0x6ea00000]G1HR COMMIT [0x6ea00000,0x6eb00000] Here, the heap is being initialized or expanded and the region (with bottom: 0x6eb00000 and end: 0x6ec00000) is being freshly committed. COMMIT events are always generated in order i.e. the next COMMIT event will always be for the uncommitted region with the lowest address. G1HR UNCOMMIT [0x72700000,0x72800000]G1HR UNCOMMIT [0x72600000,0x72700000] Opposite to COMMIT. The heap got shrunk at the end of a Full GC and the regions are being uncommitted. Like COMMIT, UNCOMMIT events are also generated in order i.e. the next UNCOMMIT event will always be for the committed region with the highest address. GC Cycle events G1HR #StartGC 7G1HR CSET 0x6e900000G1HR REUSE 0x70500000G1HR ALLOC(Old) 0x6f800000G1HR RETIRE 0x6f800000 0x6f821b20G1HR #EndGC 7 This shows start and end of an Evacuation pause. This event is followed by a GC counter tracking both evacuation pauses and Full GCs. Here, this is the 7th GC since the start of the process. G1HR #StartFullGC 17G1HR UNCOMMIT [0x6ed00000,0x6ee00000]G1HR POST-COMPACTION(Old) 0x6e800000 0x6e854f58G1HR #EndFullGC 17 Shows start and end of a Full GC. This event is also followed by the same GC counter as above. This is the 17th GC since the start of the process. ALLOC events G1HR ALLOC(Eden) 0x6e800000 The region with bottom 0x6e800000 just started being used for allocation. In this case it is an Eden region and allocated into by a mutator thread. G1HR ALLOC(StartsH) 0x6ec00000 0x6ed00000G1HR ALLOC(ContinuesH) 0x6ed00000 0x6e000000 Regions being used for the allocation of Humongous object. The object spans over two regions. G1HR ALLOC(SingleH) 0x6f900000 0x6f9eb010 Single region being used for the allocation of Humongous object. G1HR COMMIT [0x6ee00000,0x6ef00000]G1HR COMMIT [0x6ef00000,0x6f000000]G1HR COMMIT [0x6f000000,0x6f100000]G1HR COMMIT [0x6f100000,0x6f200000]G1HR ALLOC(StartsH) 0x6ee00000 0x6ef00000G1HR ALLOC(ContinuesH) 0x6ef00000 0x6f000000G1HR ALLOC(ContinuesH) 0x6f000000 0x6f100000G1HR ALLOC(ContinuesH) 0x6f100000 0x6f102010 Here, Humongous object allocation request could not be satisfied by the free committed regions that existed in the heap, so the heap needed to be expanded. Thus new regions are committed and then allocated into for the Humongous object. G1HR ALLOC(Old) 0x6f800000 Old region started being used for allocation during GC. G1HR ALLOC(Survivor) 0x6fa00000 Region being used for copying old objects into during a GC. Note that Eden and Humongous ALLOC events are generated outside the GC boundaries and Old and Survivor ALLOC events are generated inside the GC boundaries. Other Events G1HR RETIRE 0x6e800000 0x6e87bd98 Retire and stop using the region having bottom 0x6e800000 and top 0x6e87bd98 for allocation. Note that most regions are full when they are retired and we omit those events to reduce the output volume. A region is retired when another region of the same type is allocated or we reach the start or end of a GC(depending on the region). So for Eden regions: For example: 1. ALLOC(Eden) Foo2. ALLOC(Eden) Bar3. StartGC At point 2, Foo has just been retired and it was full. At point 3, Bar was retired and it was full. If they were not full when they were retired, we will have a RETIRE event: 1. ALLOC(Eden) Foo2. RETIRE Foo top3. ALLOC(Eden) Bar4. StartGC G1HR CSET 0x6e900000 Region (bottom: 0x6e900000) is selected for the Collection Set. The region might have been selected for the collection set earlier (i.e. when it was allocated). However, we generate the CSET events for all regions in the CSet at the start of a GC to make sure there's no confusion about which regions are part of the CSet. G1HR POST-COMPACTION(Old) 0x6e800000 0x6e839858 POST-COMPACTION event is generated for each non-empty region in the heap after a full compaction. A full compaction moves objects around, so we don't know what the resulting shape of the heap is (which regions were written to, which were emptied, etc.). To deal with this, we generate a POST-COMPACTION event for each non-empty region with its type (old/humongous) and the heap boundaries. At this point we should only have Old and Humongous regions, as we have collapsed the young generation, so we should not have eden and survivors. POST-COMPACTION events are generated within the Full GC boundary. G1HR CLEANUP 0x6f400000G1HR CLEANUP 0x6f300000G1HR CLEANUP 0x6f200000 These regions were found empty after remark phase of Concurrent Marking and are reclaimed shortly afterwards. G1HR #StartGC 5G1HR CSET 0x6f400000G1HR CSET 0x6e900000G1HR REUSE 0x6f800000 At the end of a GC we retire the old region we are allocating into. Given that its not full, we will carry on allocating into it during the next GC. This is what REUSE means. In the above case 0x6f800000 should have been the last region with an ALLOC(Old) event during the previous GC and should have been retired before the end of the previous GC. G1HR ALLOC-FORCE(Eden) 0x6f800000 A specialization of ALLOC which indicates that we have reached the max desired number of the particular region type (in this case: Eden), but we decided to allocate one more. Currently it's only used for Eden regions when we extend the young generation because we cannot do a GC as the GC-Locker is active. G1HR EVAC-FAILURE 0x6f800000 During a GC, we have failed to evacuate an object from the given region as the heap is full and there is no space left to copy the object. This event is generated within GC boundaries and exactly once for each region from which we failed to evacuate objects. When Heap Regions are reclaimed ? It is also worth mentioning when the heap regions in the G1 heap are reclaimed. All regions that are in the CSet (the ones that appear in CSET events) are reclaimed at the end of a GC. The exception to that are regions with EVAC-FAILURE events. All regions with CLEANUP events are reclaimed. After a Full GC some regions get reclaimed (the ones from which we moved the objects out). But that is not shown explicitly, instead the non-empty regions that are left in the heap are printed out with the POST-COMPACTION events.

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  • Which operating systems book is good as a quick refresher?

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    I am preparing for a technical interview and need to review the basics of major operating systems concepts. We used Tanenbaum's Modern Operating Systems in school for our operating systems course, which is a good book, but too long to be reviewed in the course of a few days. For an example, I am looking for what Programming Interviews Exposed is to Weiss's Data Structures & Algorithm Analysis. Any suggestions?

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