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  • Higher-order type constructors and functors in Ocaml

    - by sdcvvc
    Can the following polymorphic functions let id x = x;; let compose f g x = f (g x);; let rec fix f = f (fix f);; (*laziness aside*) be written for types/type constructors or modules/functors? I tried type 'x id = Id of 'x;; type 'f 'g 'x compose = Compose of ('f ('g 'x));; type 'f fix = Fix of ('f (Fix 'f));; for types but it doesn't work. Here's a Haskell version for types: data Id x = Id x data Compose f g x = Compose (f (g x)) data Fix f = Fix (f (Fix f)) -- examples: l = Compose [Just 'a'] :: Compose [] Maybe Char type Natural = Fix Maybe -- natural numbers are fixpoint of Maybe n = Fix (Just (Fix (Just (Fix Nothing)))) :: Natural -- n is 2 -- up to isomorphism composition of identity and f is f: iso :: Compose Id f x -> f x iso (Compose (Id a)) = a

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  • Query on Booleans in Lambda Calculus

    - by darkie15
    Hi All, I have following query on lambda calculus which am not able to understand: Here is the lambda calculus representation for the AND operator: lambda(m).lambda(n).lambda (a).lambda (b). m(n a b) b Can anyone help me in understanding this representation? Regards, darkie

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  • F# Static Member Type Constraints

    - by Stephen Swensen
    I'm trying to define a function, factorize, which uses structural type constraints (requires static members Zero, One, +, and /) similar to Seq.sum so that it can be used with int, long, bigint, etc. I can't seem to get the syntax right, and can't find a lot of resources on the subject. This is what I have, please help. let inline factorize (n:^NUM) = ^NUM : (static member get_Zero: unit->(^NUM)) ^NUM : (static member get_One: unit->(^NUM)) let rec factorize (n:^NUM) (j:^NUM) (flist: ^NUM list) = if n = ^NUM.One then flist elif n % j = ^NUM.Zero then factorize (n/j) (^NUM.One + ^NUM.One) (j::flist) else factorize n (j + ^NUM.One) (flist) factorize n (^NUM.One + ^NUM.One) []

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  • Query on Booleans in Lambda Calculus

    - by darkie15
    Hi All, I have following query on lambda calculus which am not able to understand: Here is the lambda calculus representation for the AND operator: lambda(m).lambda(n).lambda (a).lambda (b). m(n a b) b Can anyone help me in understanding this representation? Regards, darkie

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  • Scalaz: request for use case

    - by oxbow_lakes
    This question isn't meant as flame-bait! As it might be apparent, I've been looking at Scalaz recently. I'm trying to understand why I need some of the functionality that the library provides. Here's something: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ type NEL[A] = NonEmptyList[A] val NEL = NonEmptyList I put some println statements in my functions to see what was going on (aside: what would I have done if I was trying to avoid side effects like that?). My functions are: val f: NEL[Int] => String = (l: NEL[Int]) => {println("f: " + l); l.toString |+| "X" } val g: NEL[String] => BigInt = (l: NEL[String]) => {println("g: " + l); BigInt(l.map(_.length).sum) } Then I combine them via a cokleisli and pass in a NEL[Int] val k = cokleisli(f) =>= cokleisli(g) println("RES: " + k( NEL(1, 2, 3) )) What does this print? f: NonEmptyList(1, 2, 3) f: NonEmptyList(2, 3) f: NonEmptyList(3) g: NonEmptyList(NonEmptyList(1, 2, 3)X, NonEmptyList(2, 3)X, NonEmptyList(3)X) RES: 57 The RES value is the character count of the (String) elements in the final NEL. Two things occur to me: How could I have known that my NEL was going to be reduced in this manner from the method signatures involved? (I wasn't expecting the result at all) What is the point of this? Can a reasonably simple and easy-to-follow use case be distilled for me? This question is a thinly-veiled plea for some lovely person like retronym to explain how this powerful library actually works.

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  • How to manage test fixtures for end-to-end testing?

    - by Peter Becker
    Having just set up a test framework for a new web application, I realized I missed one of the big questions: "How do I make tests independent from each other?" Years ago I have set up some complicated Ant scripting to do full cycles of deleting all database tables, creating the schema again, adding test data, starting the application, running one test and then stopping the application. That was a pain to maintain and restricted us to nightly tests due to the time it took to run the full suite. It was still worth it, but I wonder if there is an easier way. Are there alternatives to this approach? The main criterion is that each test should not be affected by any other test in the suite, no matter if it failed or succeeded.

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  • Ruby Programming Techniques: simple yet not so simple object manipulation

    - by Shyam
    Hi, I want to create an object, let's say a Pie. class Pie def initialize(name, flavor) @name = name @flavor = flavor end end But a Pie can be divided in 8 pieces, a half or just a whole Pie. For the sake of argument, I would like to know how I could give each Pie object a price per 1/8, 1/4 or per whole. I could do this by doing: class Pie def initialize(name, flavor, price_all, price_half, price_piece) @name = name @flavor = flavor @price_all = price_all @price_half = price_half @price_piece = price_piece end end But now, if I would create fifteen Pie objects, and I would take out randomly some pieces somewhere by using a method such as getPieceOfPie(pie_name) How would I be able to generate the value of all the available pies that are whole and the remaining pieces? Eventually using a method such as: myCurrentInventoryHas(pie_name) # output: 2 whole strawberry pies and 7 pieces. I know, I am a Ruby nuby. Thank you for your answers, comments and help!

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  • Haskell Parsec Numeration

    - by Martin
    I'm using Text.ParserCombinators.Parsec and Text.XHtml to parse an input like this: - First type A\n -- First type B\n - Second type A\n -- First type B\n --Second type B\n And my output should be: <h11 First type A\n</h1 <h21.1 First type B\n</h2 <h12 Second type A\n</h2 <h22.1 First type B\n</h2 <h22.2 Second type B\n</h2 I have come to this part, but I cannot get any further: title1= do{ ;(count 1 (char '-')) ;s <- many1 anyChar newline ;return (h1 << s) } title2= do{ ;(count 2 (char '--')) ;s <- many1 anyChar newline ;return (h1 << s) } text=do { ;many (choice [try(title1),try(title2)]) } main :: IO () main = do t putStr "Error: " print err Right x - putStrLn $ prettyHtml x This is ok, but it does not include the numbering. Any ideas? Thanks!

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  • Cartesian product in Scheme

    - by John Retallack
    I've been trying to do a function that returns the Cartesian Product of n sets,in Dr Scheme,the sets are given as a list of lists,I've been stuck at this all day,I would like a few guidelines as where to start,I've wrote a pice of code but it dosen't work. (define cart-n(?(l) (if (null? l) '(()) (map (?(lst) (cons (car ( car(l))) lst)) (cart-n (cdr l) )))))

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  • Linq Query Performance , comparing Compiled query vs Non-Compiled.

    - by AG.
    Hello Guys, I was wondering if i extract the common where clause query into a common expression would it make my query much faster, if i have say something like 10 linq queries on a collection with exact same 1st part of the where clause. I have done a small example to explain a bit more . public class Person { public string First { get; set; } public string Last { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public String Born { get; set; } public string Living { get; set; } } public sealed class PersonDetails : List<Person> { } PersonDetails d = new PersonDetails(); d.Add(new Person() {Age = 29, Born = "Timbuk Tu", First = "Joe", Last = "Bloggs", Living = "London"}); d.Add(new Person() { Age = 29, Born = "Timbuk Tu", First = "Foo", Last = "Bar", Living = "NewYork" }); Expression<Func<Person, bool>> exp = (a) => a.Age == 29; Func<Person, bool> commonQuery = exp.Compile(); var lx = from y in d where commonQuery.Invoke(y) && y.Living == "London" select y; var bx = from y in d where y.Age == 29 && y.Living == "NewYork" select y; Console.WriteLine("All Details {0}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}", lx.Single().Age, lx.Single().First , lx.Single().Last, lx.Single().Living, lx.Single().Born ); Console.WriteLine("All Details {0}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}", bx.Single().Age, bx.Single().First, bx.Single().Last, bx.Single().Living, bx.Single().Born); So can some of the guru's here give me some advice if it would be a good practice to write query like var lx = "Linq Expression " or var bx = "Linq Expression" ? Any inputs would be highly appreciated. Thanks, AG

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  • cartesian product

    - by John Retallack
    I've been trying to do a function that returns the Cartesian Product of n sets,in Dr Scheme,the sets are given as a list of lists,I've been stuck at this all day,I would like a few guidelines as where to start,I've wrote a pice of code but it dosen't work. (define cart-n(?(l) (if (null? l) '(()) (map (?(lst) (cons (car ( car(l))) lst)) (cart-n (cdr l) )))))

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  • Scalaz Kleisli question

    - by oxbow_lakes
    There is a trait called Kleisli in the scalaz library. Looking at the code: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ type StringPair = (String, String) val f: Int => List[String] = (i: Int) => List((i |+| 1).toString, (i |+| 2).toString) val g: String => List[StringPair] = (s: String) => List("X" -> s, s -> "Y") val k = kleisli(f) >=> kleisli(g) //this gives me a function: Int => List[(String, String)] Calling the function k with the value of 2 gives: println( k(2) ) //Prints: List((X,3), (3,Y), (X,4), (4,Y)) My question is: how would I use Scalaz to combine f and g to get a function m such that the output of m(2) would be: val m = //??? some combination of f and g println( m(2) ) //Prints: List((X,3), (X,4), (3,Y), (4,Y)) Is this even possible?

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  • Scalaz: request for use case for Cokleisli composition

    - by oxbow_lakes
    This question isn't meant as flame-bait! As it might be apparent, I've been looking at Scalaz recently. I'm trying to understand why I need some of the functionality that the library provides. Here's something: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ type NEL[A] = NonEmptyList[A] val NEL = NonEmptyList I put some println statements in my functions to see what was going on (aside: what would I have done if I was trying to avoid side effects like that?). My functions are: val f: NEL[Int] => String = (l: NEL[Int]) => {println("f: " + l); l.toString |+| "X" } val g: NEL[String] => BigInt = (l: NEL[String]) => {println("g: " + l); BigInt(l.map(_.length).sum) } Then I combine them via a cokleisli and pass in a NEL[Int] val k = cokleisli(f) =>= cokleisli(g) println("RES: " + k( NEL(1, 2, 3) )) What does this print? f: NonEmptyList(1, 2, 3) f: NonEmptyList(2, 3) f: NonEmptyList(3) g: NonEmptyList(NonEmptyList(1, 2, 3)X, NonEmptyList(2, 3)X, NonEmptyList(3)X) RES: 57 The RES value is the character count of the (String) elements in the final NEL. Two things occur to me: How could I have known that my NEL was going to be reduced in this manner from the method signatures involved? (I wasn't expecting the result at all) What is the point of this? Can a reasonably simple and easy-to-follow use case be distilled for me? This question is a thinly-veiled plea for some lovely person like retronym to explain how this powerful library actually works.

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  • Don't understand the typing of Scala's delimited continuations (A @cps[B,C])

    - by jkff
    I'm struggling to understand what precisely does it mean when a value has type A @cps[B,C] and what types of this form should I assign to my values when using the delimited continuations facility. I've looked at some sources: http://lamp.epfl.ch/~rompf/continuations-icfp09.pdf http://www.scala-lang.org/node/2096 http://dcsobral.blogspot.com/2009/07/delimited-continuations-explained-in.html http://blog.richdougherty.com/2009/02/delimited-continuations-in-scala_24.html but they didn't give me much intuition into this. In the last link, the author tries to give an explicit explanation, but it is not clear enough anyway. The A here represents the output of the computation, which is also the input to its continuation. The B represents the return type of that continuation, and the C represents its "final" return type—because shift can do further processing to the returned value and change its type. I don't understand the difference between "output of the computation", "return type of the continuation" and "final return type of the continuation". They sound like synonyms.

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  • Why is Haskell used so little in the industry?

    - by bugspy.net
    It is a wonderful, very fast, mature and complete language. It exists for a very long time and has a big set of libraries. Yet, it appears not to be widely used. Why ? I suspect it is because it is pretty rough and unforgiving for beginners, and maybe because its lazy execution makes it even harder

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  • Function syntax puzzler in scalaz

    - by oxbow_lakes
    Following watching Nick Partidge's presentation on deriving scalaz, I got to looking at this example, which is just awesome: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ def even(x: Int) : Validation[NonEmptyList[String], Int] = if (x % 2 ==0) x.success else "not even: %d".format(x).wrapNel.fail println( even(3) <|*|> even(5) ) //prints: Failure(NonEmptyList(not even: 3, not even: 5)) I was trying to understand what the <|*|> method was doing, here is the source code: def <|*|>[B](b: M[B])(implicit t: Functor[M], a: Apply[M]): M[(A, B)] = <**>(b, (_: A, _: B)) OK, that is fairly confusing (!) - but it references the <**> method, which is declared thus: def <**>[B, C](b: M[B], z: (A, B) => C)(implicit t: Functor[M], a: Apply[M]): M[C] = a(t.fmap(value, z.curried), b) So I have a few questions: How come the method appears to take a monad of one type parameter (M[B]) but can get passed a Validation (which has two type paremeters)? How does the syntax (_: A, _: B) define the function (A, B) => C which the 2nd method expects? It doesn't even define an output via =>

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  • What is a 'Closure'?

    - by Ben
    I asked a question about Currying and closures where mentioned. What is a closure? How does it relate to currying? Additional: Kyle's answer is great but to my poor procedural/OO mind Ben Childs answer is really useful.

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  • Screen Resolutions

    - by JPJedi
    I am testing an application and need to test it with different screen resolutions with windows form applications. What is the common resolution tested for now days?

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  • Testing devise with shoulda

    - by cristian
    Hello, I'm having some difficulties in testing devise with shoulda: 2) Error: test: handle :index logged as admin should redirect to Daily page. (Admin::DailyClosesControllerTest): NoMethodError: undefined method `env' for nil:NilClass devise (1.0.6) [v] lib/devise/test_helpers.rb:52:in `setup_controller_for_warden' I have this in my test_helper: include Devise::TestHelpers Thoughts ? Thanks in advance, Cristi

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  • How do I make a module in PLT Scheme?

    - by kunjaan
    I tried doing this: #lang scheme (module duck scheme/base (provide num-eggs quack) (define num-eggs 2) (define (quack n) (unless (zero? n) (printf "quack\n") (quack (sub1 n))))) But I get this error: module: illegal use (not at top-level) in: (module duck scheme/base (provide num-eggs quack) (define num-eggs 2) (define (quack n) (unless (zero? n) (printf "quack\n") (quack (sub1 n))))) what is the correct way?

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