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• Inter-project dependencies

  - by Mike Hordecki

  Hello! I'm doing some Delphi (2010) work this summer, and I've stumbled upon this problem: My project consists of reusable backend library and a bunch of GUIs that tap into its interface. In this circumstances I've decided to make the backend and GUIs separate projects within single project group (I hope my train of thought is correct). The problem is, how can I include units from the backend in a GUI project? I've tried to modify Project Options > Directories and Conditionals but compiler still complains about being unable to find proper .dcu's. Any ideas? Your help will be appreciated.

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• How would i write this in F# or another functional language

  - by acidzombie24

  I know in F# you declare variables when you assign them. I'm sure you can declare vars in a C way but how might i write this long id=0 using (SQLiteDataReader r = command.ExecuteReader()) { while (r.Read()) { id = r.GetInt64(0); //... break; } } //use id in sqlite now that it isnt locked

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• Is it correct or incorrect for a Java JAR to contain its own dependencies?

  - by 4herpsand7derpsago

  I guess this is a two-part question. I am trying to write my own Ant task (MyFirstTask) that can be used in other project's build.xml buildfiles. To do this, I need to compile and package my Ant task inside its own JAR. Because this Ant task that I have written is fairly complicated, it has about 20 dependencies (other JAR files), such as using XStream for OX-mapping, Guice for DI, etc. I am currently writing the package task in the build.xml file inside the MyFirstTask project (the buildfile that will package myfirsttask.jar, which is the reusable Ant task). I am suddenly realizing that I don't fully understand the intention of a Java JAR. Is it that a JAR should not contain dependencies, and leave it to the runtime configuration (the app container, the runtime environment, etc.) to supply it with the dependencies it needs? I would assume if this is the case, an executable JAR is an exception to the rule, yes? Or, is it the intention for Java JARs to also include their dependencies? Either way, I don't want to be forcing my users to be copying-n-pasting 25+ JARs into their Ant libs; that's just cruel. I like the way WAR files are set up, where the classpath for dependencies is defined under the classes/ directory. I guess, ultimately, I'd like my JAR structure to look like: myfirsttask.jar/ com/ --> the root package of my compiled binaries config/ --> config files, XML, XSD, etc. classes/ --> all dependencies, guice-3.0.jar, xstream-1.4.3.jar, etc. META-INF/ MANIFEST.MF I assume that in order to accomplish this (and get the runtime classpath to also look into the classes/ directory), I'll need to modify the MANIFEST.MF somehow (I know there's a manifest attribute called ClassPath, I believe?). I'm just having a tough time putting everything together, and have a looming/lingering question about the very intent of JARs to begin with. Can someone please confirm whether Oracle intends for JARs to contain their dependencies or not? And, either way, what I would have to do in the manifest (or anywhere else) to make sure that, at runtime, the classpath can find the dependencies stored under the classes/ directory? Thanks in advance!

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• what languages are used in AI research today?

  - by aaa

  hi. I am currently dabbling in expert systems, emacs lisp, and reading up about artificial intelligence. Traditionally, artificial intelligence is associated with LISP and expert systems with CLIPS. However, I have noticed in computational sciences how much Python is being used. What about the area of artificial intelligence and machine learning? is it still been dominated by LISP? how much is python being used in AI? are any of the newer functional languages, clojure for example, being used in research? in the area of expert systems, which shells are most used/popular today? are there any interesting developments language wise which you know of? Thanks a lot

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• F# currying efficiency?

  - by Eamon Nerbonne

  I have a function that looks as follows: let isInSet setElems normalize p = normalize p |> (Set.ofList setElems).Contains This function can be used to quickly check whether an element is semantically part of some set; for example, to check if a file path belongs to an html file: let getLowerExtension p = (Path.GetExtension p).ToLowerInvariant() let isHtmlPath = isInSet [".htm"; ".html"; ".xhtml"] getLowerExtension However, when I use a function such as the above, performance is poor since evaluation of the function body as written in "isInSet" seems to be delayed until all parameters are known - in particular, invariant bits such as (Set.ofList setElems).Contains are reevaluated each execution of isHtmlPath. How can best I maintain F#'s succint, readable nature while still getting the more efficient behavior in which the set construction is preevaluated. The above is just an example; I'm looking for a general pattern that avoids bogging me down in implementation details - where possible I'd like to avoid being distracted by details such as the implementation's execution order since that's usually not important to me and kind of undermines a major selling point of functional programming.

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• Describe the Damas-Milner type inference in a way that a CS101 student can understand

  - by user128807

  Hindley-Milner is a type system that is the basis of the type systems of many well known functional programming languages. Damas-Milner is an algorithm that infers (deduces?) types in a Hindley-Milner type system. Wikipedia gives a description of the algorithm which, as far as I can tell, amounts to a single word: "unification." Is that all there is to it? If so, that means that the interesting part is the type system itself not the type inference system. If Damas-Milner is more than unification, I would like a description of Damas-Milner that includes a simple example and, ideally, some code. Also, this algorithm is often said to do type inference. Is it really an inference system? I thought it was only deducing the types. Related questions: What is Hindley Miller? Type inference to unification problem

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• How well do zippers perform in practice, and when should they be used?

  - by Rob

  I think that the zipper is a beautiful idea; it elegantly provides a way to walk a list or tree and make what appear to be local updates in a functional way. Asymptotically, the costs appear to be reasonable. But traversing the data structure requires memory allocation at each iteration, where a normal list or tree traversal is just pointer chasing. This seems expensive (please correct me if I am wrong). Are the costs prohibitive? And what under what circumstances would it be reasonable to use a zipper?

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• How to return the output of a recursive function in Clojure

  - by Silanglaya Valerio

  Hi everyone! I'm new to functional languages and clojure, so please bear with me... I'm trying to construct a list of functions, with either random parameters or constants. The function that constructs the list of functions is already working, though it doesn't return the function itself. I verified this using println. Here is the snippet: (def operations (list #(- %1 %2) #(+ %1 %2) #(* %1 %2) #(/ %1 %2))) (def parameters (list \u \v \w \x \y \z)) (def parameterlistcount 6) (def paramcount 2) (def opcount 4) (defn generateFunction "Generates a random function list" ([] (generateFunction 2 4 0.5 0.6 '())) ([pc maxdepth fp pp function] (if (and (> maxdepth 0) (< (rand) fp)) (dotimes [i 2] (println(conj (generateFunction pc (dec maxdepth) fp pp function) {:op (nth operations (rand-int opcount))}))) (if (and (< (rand) pp) (> pc 0)) (do (dec pc) (conj function {:param (nth parameters (rand-int parameterlistcount))})) (conj function {:const (rand-int 100)}))))) Any help will be appreciated, thanks!

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• side effect gotchas in python/numpy? horror stories and narrow escapes wanted

  - by shabbychef

  I am considering moving from Matlab to Python/numpy for data analysis and numerical simulations. I have used Matlab (and SML-NJ) for years, and am very comfortable in the functional environment without side effects (barring I/O), but am a little reluctant about the side effects in Python. Can people share their favorite gotchas regarding side effects, and if possible, how they got around them? As an example, I was a bit surprised when I tried the following code in Python: lofls = [[]] * 4 #an accident waiting to happen! lofls[0].append(7) #not what I was expecting... print lofls #gives [[7], [7], [7], [7]] #instead, I should have done this (I think) lofls = [[] for x in range(4)] lofls[0].append(7) #only appends to the first list print lofls #gives [[7], [], [], []] thanks in advance

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• Does MATLAB perform tail call optimization?

  - by Shea Levy

  I've recently learned Haskell, and am trying to carry the pure functional style over to my other code when possible. An important aspect of this is treating all variables as immutable, i.e. constants. In order to do so, many computations that would be implemented using loops in an imperative style have to be performed using recursion, which typically incurs a memory penalty due to the allocation a new stack frame for each function call. In the special case of a tail call (where the return value of a called function is immediately returned to the callee's caller), however, this penalty can be bypassed by a process called tail call optimization (in one method, this can be done by essentially replacing a call with a jmp after setting up the stack properly). Does MATLAB perform TCO by default, or is there a way to tell it to?

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• How to learn Haskell

  - by anderstornvig

  For a few days I've tried to wrap my head around the functional programming paradigm in Haskell. I've done this by reading tutorials and watching screencasts, but nothing really seems to stick. Now, in learning various imperative/OO languages (like C, Java, PHP), excercises have been a good way for me to go. But since I don't really know what Haskell is capable of and because there are many new concepts to utilize, I haven't known where to start. So, how did you learn Haskell? What made you really "break the ice"? Also, any good ideas for beginning excercises?

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• Is there a programming language that performs currying when named parameters are omitted?

  - by Adam Gent

  Many functional programming languages have support for curried parameters. To support currying functions the parameters to the function are essentially a tuple where the last parameter can be omitted making a new function requiring a smaller tuple. I'm thinking of designing a language that always uses records (aka named parameters) for function parameters. Thus simple math functions in my make believe language would be: add { left : num, right : num } = ... minus { left : num, right : num } = .. You can pass in any record to those functions so long as they have those two named parameters (they can have more just "left" and "right"). If they have only one of the named parameter it creates a new function: minus5 :: { left : num } -> num minus5 = minus { right : 5 } I borrow some of haskell's notation for above. Has any one seen a language that does this?

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• Must a Language that Implements Monads be Statically Typed?

  - by Morgan Cheng

  I am learning functional programming style. From this link http://channel9.msdn.com/shows/Going+Deep/Brian-Beckman-Dont-fear-the-Monads/, Brian Beckman gave a brilliant introduction about Monad. He mentioned that Monad is about composition of functions so as to address complexity. A Monad includes a unit function that transfers type T to an amplified type M(T); and a Bind function that, given function from T to M(U), transforms type M(T) to another type M(U). (U can be T, but is not necessarily). In my understanding, the language implementing monad should be type-checked statically. Otherwise, type errors cannot be found during compilation and "Complexity" is not controlled. Is my understanding correct?

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• What are the advantages of learning Go?

  - by Pangea

  What is so unique about Go? Over the 11 years of my career I've learnt Pascal, C, C++, COBOL and then Java. I always felt that going from C to C++ to Java was a incremental and value added progression. Now I see a proliferation of functional programming languages and I understand the benefit of learning few of them (like actors in scala etc). Now I was going through the Go programming language and was wondering why would I want to learn this? Is this going to simplify how I have been writing the code? What are its use cases? How can I make a case to promote it in my team? What is the next programming language that a Java team that builds business applications like us can benefit from? Appreciate your comments on this.

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• Function Composition in C++

  - by Channel72

  There are a lot of impressive Boost libraries such as Boost.Lambda or Boost.Phoenix which go a long way towards making C++ into a truly functional language. But is there a straightforward way to create a composite function from any 2 or more arbitrary functions or functors? If I have: int f(int x) and int g(int x), I want to do something like f . g which would statically generate a new function object equivalent to f(g(x)). This seems to be possible through various techniques, such as those discussed here. Certainly, you can chain calls to boost::lambda::bind to create a composite functor. But is there anything in Boost which easily allows you to take any 2 or more functions or function objects and combine them to create a single composite functor, similar to how you would do it in a language like Haskell?

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• tools for testing vim plugins

  - by intuited

  I'm looking for some tools for testing vim scripts. Either vim scripts that do unit/functional testing, or classes for some other library (eg Python's unittest module) that make it convenient to run vim with parameters that cause it to do some tests on its environment, and determine from the output whether or not a given test passed. I'm aware of a couple of vim scripts that do unit testing, but they're sort of vaguely documented and may or may not actually be useful: vim-unit: purports "To provide vim scripts with a simple unit testing framework and tools" first and only version (v0.1) was released in 2004 documentation doesn't mention whether or not it works reliably, other than to state that it is "fare [sic] from finished". unit-test.vim: This one also seems pretty experimental, and may not be particularly reliable. May have been abandoned or back-shelved: last commit was in 2009-11 ( 6 months ago) No tagged revisions have been created (ie no releases) So information from people who are using one of those two existent modules, and/or links to other, more clearly usable, options, are very welcome.

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• Why not speed up testing by using function dependency graph?

  - by Maltrap

  It seems logical to me that if you have a dependency graph of your source code (tree showing call stack of all functions in your code base) you should be able to save a tremendous amount of time doing functional and integration tests after each release. Essentially you will be able to tell the testers exactly what functionality to test as the rest of the features remain unchanged from a source code point of view. If for instance you change a spelling mistake in once piece of the code, there is no reason to run through your whole test script again "just in case" you introduced a critical bug. My question, why are dependency trees not used in software engineering and if you use them, how do you maintain them? What tools are available that generate these trees for C# .NET, C++ and C source code?

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• How to do concurrent modification testing for grails application

  - by werner5471

  I'd like to run tests that simulate users modifying certain data at the same time for a grails application. Are there any plug-ins / tools / mechanisms I can use to do this efficiently? They don't have to be grails specific. It should be possible to fire multiple actions in parallel. I'd prefer to run the tests on functional level (so far I'm using Selenium for other tests) to see the results from the user perspective. Of course this can be done in addition to integration testing if you'd recommend to run concurrent modification tests on integration level as well.

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• implementing type inference

  - by deepblue

  well I see some interesting discussions here about static vs. dynamic typing I generally prefer static typing, due to compile type checking, better documented code,etc. However I do agree that they do clutter up the code if done the way Java does it, for example. so Im about to start building a language of my own and type inference is one of the things that I want to implement, in a functional style language... I do understand that it is a big subject, and Im not trying to create something that has not been done before, just basic inferencing... any pointers on what to read up that will help me with this? preferably something more pragmatic/practical as oppose to more theoretical category theory/type theory texts. If there's a implementation discussion text out here, with data structures/algorithms, that would just be lovely much appreciated

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• Is there a way of providing a final transform method when chaining operations (like map reduce) in underscore.js?

  - by latentflip

  (Really strugging to title this question, so if anyone has suggestions feel free.) Say I wanted to do an operation like: take an array [1,2,3] multiply each element by 2 (map): [2,4,6] add the elements together (reduce): 12 multiply the result by 10: 120 I can do this pretty cleanly in underscore using chaining, like so: arr = [1,2,3] map = (el) -> 2*el reduce = (s,n) -> s+n out = (r) -> 10*r reduced = _.chain(arr).map(map).reduce(reduce).value() result = out(reduced) However, it would be even nicer if I could chain the 'out' method too, like this: result = _.chain(arr).map(map).reduce(reduce).out(out).value() Now this would be a fairly simple addition to a library like underscore. But my questions are: Does this 'out' method have a name in functional programming? Does this already exist in underscore (tap comes close, but not quite).

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• Best solution to wait for all ajax callbacks to be executed

  - by glaz666

  Hi! Imagine we have to sources to be requested by ajax. I want to perform some actions when all callbacks are triggered. How this can be done besides this approach: (function($){ var sources = ['http://source1.com', 'http://source2.com'], guard = 0, someHandler = function() { if (guard != sources.length) { return; } //do some actions }; for (var idx in sources) { $.getJSON(sources[idx], function(){ guard++; someHandler(); }) } })(jQuery) What I don't like here is that in this case I can't handle response failing (eg. I can't set timeout for response to come) and overall approach (I suppose there should be a way to use more power of functional programming here) Any ideas? Regards!

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• A good way to look back arbitrary number of items in the Array.Fold in F#

  - by tk

  In the folder function of the Array.Fold operation, i want to look back arbitrary number of items. The only way i can figure out is like this. let aFolder (dataArray, curIdx, result) (dataItem) = let N = numItemsToLookBack(result, dataItem) let recentNitems = dataArray.[curIdx - n .. curIdx - 1] let result = aCalc(result, dataItem, recentNitems ) dataArray, curIdx + 1, result myDataArray | Array.fold aFolder (myDataArray, 0, initResult) As you can see, I passed the whole dataArray and index to the folder function to get the "recentNitems". But this way allows the folder function to access not only preceding data, but also the following data. Is there a better (or more functional) way?

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• Experiences teaching or learning map/reduce/etc before recursion?

  - by Jay

  As far as I can see, the usual (and best in my opinion) order for teaching iterting constructs in functional programming with Scheme is to first teach recursion and maybe later get into things like map, reduce and all SRFI-1 procedures. This is probably, I guess, because with recursion the student has everything that's necessary for iterating (and even re-write all of SRFI-1 if he/she wants to do so). Now I was wondering if the opposite approach has ever been tried: use several procedures from SRFI-1 and only when they are not enough (for example, to approximate a function) use recursion. My guess is that the result would not be good, but I'd like to know about any past experiences with this approach.

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• Javascript: best solution to wait for all ajax callbacks to be executed

  - by glaz666

  Hi! Imagine we have to sources to be requested by ajax. I want to perform some actions when all callbacks are triggered. How this can be done besides this approach: (function($){ var sources = ['http://source1.com', 'http://source2.com'], guard = 0, someHandler = function() { if (guard != sources.length) { return; } //do some actions }; for (var idx in sources) { $.getJSON(sources[idx], function(){ guard++; someHandler(); }) } })(jQuery) What I don't like here is that in this case I can't handle response failing (eg. I can't set timeout for response to come) and overall approach (I suppose there should be a way to use more power of functional programming here) Any ideas? Regards!

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• F# - Function with no arguments?

  - by Rubys

  When thinking in a functional mindset, given that functions are supposed to be pure, one can conclude any function with no arguments is basically just a value. However, reallity gets in the way, and with different inputs, I might not need a certain function, and if that function is computationally expensive, I'd like to not evaluate it if it's not needed. I found a workaround, using let func _ = ... and calling it with func 1 or whatever, but that feels very non-idiomatic and confusing to the reader. This boils down to one question: In F#, Is there a proper way to declare a function with zero arguments, without having it evaluated on declaration?

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