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  • Wireless keeps disabling or stays disconnected (Realtek RTL8191SEvB)

    - by jindrichm
    I have Realtek RTL8191SEvB wireless card on Ubuntu 10.10: $ lspci -v | grep Network 03:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8191SEvB Wireless LAN Controller (rev 10) When I load its driver, according to the Network Manager it sometimes blinks with a list of available networks but it keeps disabling itself or it stays disconnected. So, I can't connect to any wi-fi network (which results in frustration). The driver is loaded: $ lsmod Module Size Used by r8192se_pci 509932 0 Looks normal: $ sudo lshw -C network *-network description: Wireless interface product: RTL8191SEvB Wireless LAN Controller vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: wlan0 version: 10 serial: 1c:65:9d:60:c7:7a width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=rtl819xSE driverversion=0019.1207.2010 firmware=63 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=802.11bgn resources: irq:17 ioport:2000(size=256) memory:f0500000-f0503fff Configured: $ sudo iwconfig wlan0 wlan0 802.11bgn Nickname:"rtl8191SEVA2" Mode:Managed Frequency=2.412 GHz Access Point: Not-Associated Bit Rate:130 Mb/s Retry:on RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Management:off Link Quality=10/100 Signal level=0 dBm Noise level=-100 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0 Is not blocked: $ rfkill list all 0: tpacpi_bluetooth_sw: Bluetooth Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes However something's happening with it: $ dmesg [ 6485.948668] InitializeAdapter8190(): ==++==> Turn off RF for RfOffReason(1073741824) ---------- [ 6486.062666] rtl8192_SetWirelessMode(), wireless_mode:10, bEnableHT = 1 [ 6486.062671] InitializeAdapter8192SE(): Set MRC settings on as default!! [ 6486.062675] HW_VAR_MRC: Turn on 1T1R MRC! [ 6486.064091] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready [ 6486.248761] rtl8192_SetWirelessMode(), wireless_mode:10, bEnableHT = 1 [ 6486.248771] InitializeAdapter8192SE(): Set MRC settings on as default!! [ 6486.248776] HW_VAR_MRC: Turn on 1T1R MRC! [ 6486.580083] GPIOChangeRF - HW Radio OFF [ 6486.610085] ============>sync_scan_hurryup out [ 6486.623814] ================>r8192_wx_set_scan(): hwradio off [ 6486.830484] =========>r8192_wx_set_essid():hw radio off,or Rf state is eRfOff, return So, does anyone know where the problem might be?

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  • alsa - sound issues on ubuntu 12.04

    - by tam_ubuuser
    i am having an sony E series laptop.i have an HDMI port .at this stage ,i have tested my sound card , which provides audio out on my laptop i.e i could hear songs .my laptop has two sound cards amd 5450 and an intel-hda(alsamixer shows that as s/pdif) . i decided to connect HDMI output to my new HD-TV.but, i could get only visuals on my TV,NO AUDIO OUTPUT ( HDMI cable works fine with win 7).my laptop has two sound cards.but i couldn't switch output to other card.( i don't know ,how to do that) i decided to update alsa. complied the following code in terminal. sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ubuntu-audio-dev/alsa-daily sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install alsa-hda-dkms then,strangely no login sound, and no audio output on my laptop at all .then, started complied code from step1 sound troubleshooting procedure from offical ubuntu site.then, my speaker icon taskbar disappeared .obivously $aplay -l ,provided output as no soundcards detected . so , i implemented step 4 from that guide, it provides a output of all hardware devices in my laptop. *-multimedia UNCLAIMED description: Audio device product: Cedar HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 5400/6300 Series] vendor: Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) physical id: 0.1 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.1 version: 00 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm pciexpress msi bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:f0040000-f0043fff *-multimedia UNCLAIMED description: Audio device product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset High Definition Audio vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1b bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0 version: 05 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:f5e00000-f5e03fff that command displayed output name of the two cards . but , still i have no positive output on $aplay -l. so therfore, i think alsa couldn't detect my sound cards . is there solution to this problem? it could be better,if alsa would channel output from multiple sound cards ? how should install and configure alsa such that detects HDMI cable as soon i connect to my HD tv? is it possible to alsa and pluseaudio 2.0 to co-exist, if so how?

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  • SD Card only mounted after a reboot

    - by evothur
    Hi everyone. I have a Kingston 2GB MicroSD and I plug it in via an inconix MicroSD Adapter to the internal card reader of my Samsung N210 Netbook with Ubuntu 10.10, but it doesn't show up. Only if I reboot the system when the card's plugged in it shows up. Why does it need a reboot for mounting? sudo fdisk -l gives the output below. But I can only see the drive when I reboot the computer while the card's plugged. Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9a5a7990 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1959 15728640 27 Unknown Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 * 1959 1972 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 1972 18992 136718750 83 Linux /dev/sda4 18992 19458 3738625 5 Extended /dev/sda5 18992 19458 3738624 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 1973 MB, 1973420032 bytes 60 heads, 59 sectors/track, 1088 cylinders Units = cylinders of 3540 * 512 = 1812480 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 1089 1927100+ 6 FAT16

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  • Are Windows partitions gone?

    - by Gigili
    I had Windows 7 on my laptop (factory setting), because of some performance issues, I decided to use recovery options to restore it to its factory condition but I don't know what has happened or what I have done that the whole operating system was gone after playing around with recovery options from the boot menu. I couldn't find Windows, so I installed Ubuntu 11.04 on my laptop. Last time I had Ubuntu on it, it was not really compatible with laptop's configuration and I had a bit of problems trying to do normal tasks I used to do on Windows. Now I want to make sure that Windows and its drivers are gone so that I can try to install a newer version of Ubuntu or Windows. I tried the command sudo fdisk -l And the result shown was: myaccount@myaccount-VPCS116FG:~$ sudo fdisk -l [sudo] password for myaccount: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00025b5f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 38409 308515840 83 Linux /dev/sda2 38409 38914 4052993 5 Extended /dev/sda5 38409 38914 4052992 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/dm-0: 4150 MB, 4150263808 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 504 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xa668cfe8 Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Is it gone? If not, what command should I try to have access to Windows partitions? Thank you.

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  • Wifi doesn't connect if I'm upstairs

    - by user11233
    Hello there, I'm finding that Wifi connects when I'm in the living room, where the internet router etc is. But if I try to connect upstairs it is a no go. Booting in Windows 7 (dual boot :D ) I find that Wifi connects. I find this very confusing and have it since the install. Please help! Kind regards. #sudo lshw -c network *-network description: Wireless interface product: PRO/Wireless 5100 AGN [Shiloh] Network Connection vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 logical name: wlan0 version: 00 serial: 00:21:5d:1a:63:58 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwlagn driverversion=2.6.35-26-generic firmware=8.24.2.12 ip=10.0.0.4 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abg resources: irq:49 memory:de200000-de201fff Hope it helps! Hello guys, just tried to connect internet upstairs and to my surprise it does connect. Don't know exactly why. Only thing I've done recently is input the codes said bij Oli. Two things I've done on my own 1: installed Jupiter and 2: installed laptop-mode-tools. I really don't know if this can effect my internet but it's the only thing I can think of. Thanks for all the help, really appreciate it :) PS If someone thinks it might be helpful for others I would like to help find a 'real' solution to this problem. Just post down what I need to post here and I will try my best to help.

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 wireless disabled even though the direct connectin (thru modem) is working fine

    - by user90841
    Need help with my newly installed Ubuntu 12.04 system (dual booting along with Win 7), even thoguh I can use internet using the modem and directly plugging it, the wireless network is disabled and it says firmware missing. I tried the following options: 1) checking to see if the wireless is disabled using the hot keys (F2 or Ctrl+F2, Fn + F2 keys), the wireless is working fine in Win 7 but not in Ubuntu. 2) I am able directly plug the laptop with the modem and able connect to Internet using Ubuntu. 3) From the top right hand menu bar, te Wireless networks options say "device not ready (firmware missing) and the Enable Wireless checkbox is checked. 4) tried the command "rfkill list" , it shows all are NOT blocked. 0: phy0: Wireless LAN soft blocked:no Hard blocked: no 1: dell-wifi: Wireless LAN soft blocked:no Hard blocked: no 2: dell-bluetooth: BlueTooth soft blocked:no Hard blocked: no 3: hci0 Bluetooth soft blocked:no Hard blocked: no 5) ifconfig command shows eth0 and lo (lcoalhost) up and running but the wlan0 option is not available to show unless I type ifconfig -a, when it shows wlan0 but its down. 6) The command lspci -vvnn | grep 14e4 shows 04:00.0 network Controller [0280]: Broadcom Corp BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY [14e4:4315] {rev 01) 08:00.0 Ethernet Controller [0200]: Broadcom Corp Netlink BCM5784M Gigabit Ethernet PCIe [1434:1698] {rev 10) 7) The file /var/lib/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.state shows all options are true (networking enabled, wireless enabled, wwlanenabled and wimaxenabled all options are set to true). 8) 'additional drivers' in your Dash and/or Preferences do not bring up anything at all. 9) output for lshw -C network shows *-network DISABLED description : Wireless interface physical id: 4 logical name: wlan0 serial: 78:e4_00"43:b6:ab capabilities: ethernet physical wireless Configuration: broadcast=yes driver=b43 driverversion=3.2.0.29-generic-pae firmware=N/A link=no multicast= yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bg

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  • Screen flickering / scrambling on an Asus UL30A

    - by user55059
    Recently my Laptop screen started to flicker. You can view the phenomena here: YouTube Sometimes the screen is totally scrambled, but most of the time it starts with the Title bar only. It happens inconsistently. My Laptop is Asus UL30A and I'm using Ubuntu 11.10. Output from command: sudo lshw -C display; lsb_release -a; uname -a; xrandr *-display:0 description: VGA compatible controller product: Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 07 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:44 memory:fe400000-fe7fffff memory:d0000000-dfffffff ioport:dc00(size=8) *-display:1 UNCLAIMED description: Display controller product: Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2.1 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.1 version: 07 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fe800000-fe8fffff LSB Version: core-2.0-ia32:core-2.0-noarch:core-3.0-ia32:core-3.0-noarch:core-3.1-ia32:core-3.1-noarch:core-3.2-ia32:core-3.2-noarch:core-4.0-ia32:core-4.0-noarch Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 11.10 Release: 11.10 Codename: oneiric Linux steelke 3.0.0-14-generic-pae #23-Ubuntu SMP Mon Nov 21 22:07:10 UTC 2011 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1366 x 768, maximum 8192 x 8192 LVDS1 connected 1366x768+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 293mm x 164mm 1366x768 60.0*+ 1360x768 59.8 60.0 1024x768 60.0 800x600 60.3 56.2 640x480 59.9 VGA1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) HDMI1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) DP1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) DP2 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) I already rolled back the kernel to 3.0.0-14 instead of 3.0.0-17 as mentioned in this post, but without result. I guess the problem is related to the driver, because I don't see similar behaviour in the BIOS Setup. Any tips or help is welcome.

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  • My new hard drive won't automount on boot

    - by user518
    I installed a new hard drive right before installing the new Ubuntu 11.10 by reformatting, not upgrading. I was able to mount my drive, and partition it. It's a 1TB, and I was able to transfer all of my music, and videos to it. For some reason, it won't mount on boot, and I can't figure out how to manually mount it afterwards either. Here's my current /etc/fstab: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=e0fbdf09-f9a0-4336-bac3-ba4dc6cfbcc0 / ext4 errors=remount-ro,user_xattr 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=adf15180-c84c-4309-bc9f-085fd7464f89 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sdc1 /media/sdc1 ext4 defaults 0 0 The last line is what I added for my hard drive. Here's the output from sudo lshw -C disk: % sudo lshw -C disk ~ *-disk:0 description: ATA Disk product: ST3250310AS vendor: Seagate physical id: 0 bus info: scsi@2:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: 3.AD serial: 6RYBF2QE size: 232GiB (250GB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=000da204 *-cdrom description: DVD-RAM writer product: DVD+-RW DH-16A6S vendor: PLDS physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/cdrom logical name: /dev/cdrw logical name: /dev/dvd logical name: /dev/dvdrw logical name: /dev/scd0 logical name: /dev/sr0 version: YD11 capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc

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  • How do I use LibreOffice's 3d transitions in Impress?

    - by Lvkz
    How can I get the 3D transitions working on Impress? I got a presentation coming soon, and as a requirement of the course the professor want us to use transitions on our "Power Point" chapter, obviously I have been using LibreOffice in every exercise but the native transitions are kind of lame, so when I install the newer version of Ubuntu, always install the extra package to the transitions - I had installed the 3D package: libreoffice-ogltrans 1:3.4.3-3ubuntu2 In previous versions of Ubuntu and worked perfectly, but for some reason is not working in this release. I got LibreOffice 3.4.3, Ubuntu Oneiric Ocelot (11.10) and my hardware is not relevant because I had it working before on previous releases. I know is not critical, but for my class is a pretty important deal, and can be a perfect opportunity to show the class that the cool stuff are not only in Windows. As a recomendation of one of Eliah Kagan, I'm putting the output of: sudo lshw -C video *-display:0 description: VGA compatible controller product: Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 07 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:46 memory:f6c00000-f6ffffff memory:e0000000-efffffff ioport:efe8(size=8) *-display:1 UNCLAIMED description: Display controller product: Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2.1 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.1 version: 07 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:f6b00000-f6bfffff And I'm not using Unity - it don't there anyways -, I'm using instead Gnome Shell.

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  • ATI 9550 shows up as laptop in displays after update to 12.04, how do I fix this?

    - by D_H
    My guess is this is on here somewhere but I have searched and even tried looking at bunch of other similar video problems. My ATI 9550 shows up as laptop in displays after update to Ubuntu 12.04, how do I fix this? I found the following command on another post sudo lshw -c video. I get this when I run that command: *-display:0 UNCLAIMED description: VGA compatible controller product: RV350 AS [Radeon 9550] vendor: Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0 version: 00 width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: agp agp-3.0 pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=32 mingnt=8 resources: memory:c0000000-cfffffff ioport:c000(size=256) memory:e5000000-e500ffff memory:e4000000-e401ffff *-display:1 UNCLAIMED description: Display controller product: RV350 AS [Radeon 9550] (Secondary) vendor: Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) physical id: 0.1 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.1 version: 00 width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: pm cap_list configuration: latency=32 mingnt=8 resources: memory:d0000000-dfffffff memory:e5010000-e501ffff" This way more info than the command showed in he other post and as far as I can tell right. This doesn't look to me like a laptop video would list? I also see this command xrandr, it reports this: xrandr: Failed to get size of gamma for output default Screen 0: minimum 640 x 480, current 1280 x 1024, maximum 1280 x 1024 default connected 1280x1024+0+0 0mm x 0mm 1280x1024 0.0* 1024x768 0.0 800x600 0.0 640x480 0.0 This is what shows in displays for resolutions but only the 1280x1024 works the others produce tearing in the video. Also I should have mentioned 3D mode does not work. I have tried ATI/AMD drivers the new one won't load and older ones won't work. I found out the newer driver no longer supports the 9550.

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  • Efficient algorithm for Virtual Machine(VM) Consolidation in Cloud

    - by devansh dalal
    PROBLEM: We have N physical machines(PMs) each with ram Ri, cpu Ci and a set of currently scheduled VMs each with ram requirement ri and ci respectively Moving(Migrating) any VM from one PM to other has a cost associated which depends on its ram ri. A PM with no VMs is shut down to save power. Our target is to minimize the weighted sum of (N,migration cost) by migrating some VMs i.e. minimize the number of working PMs as well as not to degrade the service level due to excessive migrations. My Approach: Brute Force approach is choosing the minimum loaded PM and try to fit its VMs to other PMs by First Fit Decreasing algorithm or we can select the victim PMs and target PMs based on their loading level and shut down victims if possible by moving their VMs to targets. I tried this Greedy approach on the Data of Baadal(IIT-D cloud) but It isn't giving promising results. I have also tried to study the Ant colony optimization for dynamic VM consolidating but was unable to understand very much. I used the links. http://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/72/52/15/PDF/Esnault.pdf http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/72/38/56/PDF/RR-8032.pdf Would anyone please clarify the solution or suggest any new approach/resources for better performance. I am basically searching for the algorithms not the physical optimizations and I also know that many commercial organizations have provided these solution but I just wanted to know more the underlying algorithms. Thanks in advance.

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  • NetworkManager detects no networks with a RTL8188CE

    - by Cormac O'Brien
    I'm on a 2011 Lenovo Thinkpad T420i with a Realtek RTL8188CE WiFi adapter. Here's the scenario: I pop in the Ubuntu LiveCD to install. Laptop detects all networks in range, I connect to my home network, internet working great. Once Ubuntu finishes installing, the home network I am connected to is the only one which appears in the applet list. Upon restarting or waking from suspend, NetworkManager does not detect any networks – it simply displays "Disconnected" under the Wireless Network section of the menu. I am able to connect to my home network by using the "Connect to Hidden Wireless Network" option and it works immediately. I have yet to test if this works with other SSIDs. I have tried reinstalling the entire OS as well as NetworkManager and my wireless drivers. For hardware info, I ran: cormac@cormac-T420:~$ sudo lshw -c network Here is the output for my wireless card: *-network description: Wireless interface product: RTL8188CE 802.11b/g/n WiFi Adapter vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: wlan0 version: 01 serial: d0:df:9a:08:73:50 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=rtl8192ce driverversion=3.2.0-26-generic firmware=N/A ip=192.168.1.138 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn resources: irq:17 ioport:5000(size=256) memory:f2500000-f2503fff I can provide more information if required. This was not a problem in Natty or Oneiric. I hope this can be fixed, I don't want to have to ask for an SSID wherever I need to connect.

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  • Is my graphics card in use or not?

    - by Lindhe94
    I have a Samsung Series 7 NP730U3E which is running Ubuntu Gnome 13.10. This computer have an Intel Core i5 3337U an AMD Radeon HD 8570M on the inside. Ubuntu 13.10 is said to have driver support for this graphics card, but I am not sure whether or not this is the case. When I check System Settings Details it says "Graphics: Intel® Ivybridge Mobile" and lspci | grep VGA returns VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller (rev 09). But lshw -c video returns *-display description: Display controller product: Mars [Radeon HD 8730M] vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0 version: 00 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm pciexpress msi bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=radeon latency=0 resources: irq:47 memory:e0000000-efffffff memory:f7e00000-f7e3ffff ioport:e000(size=256) memory:f7e40000-f7e5ffff *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 09 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:46 memory:f7800000-f7bfffff memory:d0000000-dfffffff ioport:f000(size=64) What is the case? Is my graphics card is use, or do my laptop have undiscovered powers yet to yield?

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  • Grub not loading after Windows 8 Install

    - by RazorXsr
    My system was configured to dual boot Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS and Windows 7. Today I got my hands on the MSDN release of Windows 8 and I installed it over my Windows 7. Now the computer just boots to Windows 8 directly without loading the GRUB screen. So I followed the steps as suggested in: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows. Running this command: ls -l /dev/disk/by-label/ gives the following output: total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 11 07:51 Entertainment -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 11 02:45 PENDRIVE -> ../../sdb1 Also fdisk -l command gives this as the output: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x1246aa23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 319582199 159790076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 319582208 602906623 141662208 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 602908672 625135615 11113472 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 1939 MB, 1939865600 bytes 64 heads, 63 sectors/track, 939 cylinders, total 3788800 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2248 3788799 1893276 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) So I assume that I have to run this: sudo grub-install /dev/sda3 to get GRUB up and running. But I am getting this error: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a device for /boot/grub (is /dev mounted?). Can anyone please guide me in the right direction? The current Ubuntu installation is far too customized to my needs to lose it to a boot manager issue! Any help is much appreciated!

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  • How can I get rid of the motd message "*** /dev/sdb1 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***"? [duplicate]

    - by kmm
    This question already has an answer here: Persistent “disk will be checked…” in the message of the day (motd) even after reboot 3 answers My motd persistently has: *** /dev/sdb1 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** The problem is that I don't have /dev/sdb1 on my system. I only have /dev/sdb2 (mouted as /) and /dev/sda1 which mounts to /media/backup. I delete that line from /etc/motd, but it reappears after reboot. Here's my df output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb2 73G 3.7G 66G 6% / udev 490M 4.0K 490M 1% /dev tmpfs 200M 760K 199M 1% /run none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 498M 0 498M 0% /run/shm /dev/sda1 1.9T 429G 1.4T 25% /media/backup Update Here is the output of sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003dfc2 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 3907024064 1953512001 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders, total 156301488 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00049068 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 152301568 156301311 1999872 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sdb2 * 2048 152301567 76149760 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order I guess /dev/sdb1 is my swap space.

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  • How do I get 12.04 to recognize swap partition so that I can hibernate?

    - by Kayla
    I justed installed 12.04 and used gparted to erase and enlarge my swap partition. When I rebooted, gparted said that the file partition for the swap was unknown. Gparted doesn't let me change the file partition to "linux-swap". It does let me change it to NTFS, but when I reboot, it goes back to "unknown". Thanks in advance for your help. Output from sudo swapon -s: Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 partition 9025532 0 -1 Output from sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders, total 488397168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9d63ac84 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 2459647 1228800 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 2459648 197836472 97688412+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 466890752 488395119 10752184 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 197836798 466890751 134526977 5 Extended /dev/sda5 197836800 448837631 125500416 83 Linux /dev/sda6 448839680 466890751 9025536 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: 9242 MB, 9242148864 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1123 cylinders, total 18051072 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x951b7f53 Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 doesn't contain a valid partition table

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  • Is this a b43 driver problem?

    - by Nullet
    I have 13.04 on a Dell Inspiron 1564 with Broadcom 4312 WiFi card. The wl drivers cause kernel panic on linux-3.8 so I succesfully installed the b43 driver a couple of months ago. Now I have changed ISP and got a new router, and the connection drop when downloading software from internet to a 2008r2 using Remmina Client, and apt-get install on virtual machines in virtualbox. I have no idea why this suddenly became a problem.. My phone does not loose the connection, just Ubuntu. Output from /var/log/syslog after lost connection rfkill list(after disconnecting): 0: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: yes Hard blocked: yes I can use NetworkManager to disable wireless and then enable wireless to connect again. rfkill ublock all/wifi/0 removes only Soft blocked. lshw -C network *-network description: Wireless interface physical id: 4 logical name: wlan0 serial: 78:e4:00:78:d2:05 capabilities: ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=b43 driverversion=3.8.0-32-generic firmware=478.104 ip=10.0.0.3 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE lspci 04:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY (rev 01) After waking from suspend and when booting, it takes about 40 sec to get network connection. This has been a problem all along AND a different question, but I mention it anyway.. cus it's annoying! Please take a look and hopefully someone spot a problem! Thanks!

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  • Mounting a new hard drive (sda1) to my existing filesystem

    - by shank22
    I tried to read some posts regarding mounting a new hard drive, but I am facing some problem. My new hard drive is sda1. The output of sudo fdisk -l is: sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 999.7 GB, 999653638144 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121534 cylinders, total 1952448512 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00016485 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 1935822847 967910400 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 1935824894 1952446463 8310785 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 1935824896 1952446463 8310784 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x78dbcdc1 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1953521663 976759808 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT What should be done to add this new sda1 hard drive on booting up? What should be added in the /etc/fstab file? I have not performed any partition on the new sda1 drive. I need help on how to proceed from scratch and can't afford to take any risk. Please help!

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  • Video quality too bad while playing (any) videos in Intel GM965/GL960 Integrated Graphics Controller Ubuntu 12.04

    - by Sukhdev
    I have searched blogs and forums, installed several drivers, but can't find a solution that can provide equivalent video quality as that of Windows 7. Kindly help. Video quality specially color is too bad while playing with any media player. Configuration details are: Ubuntu - 12.04 Intel Corporation Mobile GM965/GL960 Integrated The results of the following commands are a) sudo lspci | grep VGA 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile GM965/GL960 Integrated Graphics Controller (primary) (rev 0c) b) find /dev -group video /dev/fb0 /dev/dri/card0 /dev/dri/controlD64 /dev/agpgart c) glxinfo | grep -i vendor server glx vendor string: SGI client glx vendor string: ATI OpenGL vendor string: Tungsten Graphics, Inc d) sudo lshw -C video *-display:0 description: VGA compatible controller product: Mobile GM965/GL960 Integrated Graphics Controller (primary) vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 0c width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:44 memory:fea00000-feafffff memory:e0000000-efffffff ioport:efe8(size=8) *-display:1 UNCLAIMED description: Display controller product: Mobile GM965/GL960 Integrated Graphics Controller (secondary) vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2.1 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.1 version: 0c width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:feb00000-febfffff I have spent days installing various drivers, and then un-installing but can't come up with a solution. Please help.

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  • iPhone SDK Tableview Datasource singleton error

    - by mrburns05
    I basically followed apple "TheElements" sample and changed "PeriodicElements" .h & .m to my own "SortedItems" .h & .m During compile I get this error: "Undefined symbols: "_OBJC_CLASS_$_SortedItems", referenced from: __objc_classrefs__DATA@0 in SortedByNameTableDataSource.o ld: symbol(s) not found collect2: ld returned 1 exit status " here is my SortedItems.m file #import "SortedItems.h" #import "item.h" #import "MyAppDelegate.h" @interface SortedItems(mymethods) // these are private methods that outside classes need not use - (void)presortItemsByPhysicalState; - (void)presortItemInitialLetterIndexes; - (void)presortItemNamesForInitialLetter:(NSString *)aKey; - (void)presortItemsWithPhysicalState:(NSString *)state; - (NSArray *)presortItemsByNumber; - (NSArray *)presortItemsBySymbol; - (void)setupItemsArray; @end @implementation SortedItems @synthesize statesDictionary; @synthesize itemsDictionary; @synthesize nameIndexesDictionary; @synthesize itemNameIndexArray; @synthesize itemsSortedByNumber; @synthesize itemsSortedBySymbol; @synthesize itemPhysicalStatesArray; static SortedItems *sharedSortedItemsInstance = nil; + (SortedItems*)sharedSortedItems { @synchronized(self) { if (sharedSortedItemsInstance == nil) { [[self alloc] init]; // assignment not done here } } return sharedSortedItemsInstance; // note: Xcode (3.2) static analyzer will report this singleton as a false positive // '(Potential leak of an object allocated') } + (id)allocWithZone:(NSZone *)zone { @synchronized(self) { if (sharedSortedItemsInstance == nil) { sharedSortedItemsInstance = [super allocWithZone:zone]; return sharedSortedItemsInstance; // assignment and return on first allocation } } return nil; //on subsequent allocation attempts return nil } - (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone { return self; } - (id)retain { return self; } - (unsigned)retainCount { return UINT_MAX; //denotes an object that cannot be released } - (void)release { //do nothing } - (id)autorelease { return self; } // setup the data collection - init { if (self = [super init]) { [self setupItemsArray]; } return self; } - (void)setupItemsArray { NSDictionary *eachItem; // create dictionaries that contain the arrays of Item data indexed by // name self.itemsDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; // physical state self.statesDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; // unique first characters (for the Name index table) self.nameIndexesDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; // create empty array entries in the states Dictionary or each physical state [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Solid"]; [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Liquid"]; [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Gas"]; [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Artificial"]; MyAppDelegate *ad = (MyAppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication]delegate]; NSMutableArray *rawItemsArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [rawItemsArray addObjectsFromArray:ad.items]; // iterate over the values in the raw Items dictionary for (eachItem in rawItemsArray) { // create an atomic Item instance for each Item *anItem = [[Item alloc] initWithDictionary:eachItem]; // store that item in the Items dictionary with the name as the key [itemsDictionary setObject:anItem forKey:anItem.title]; // add that Item to the appropriate array in the physical state dictionary [[statesDictionary objectForKey:anItem.acct] addObject:anItem]; // get the Item's initial letter NSString *firstLetter = [anItem.title substringToIndex:1]; NSMutableArray *existingArray; // if an array already exists in the name index dictionary // simply add the Item to it, otherwise create an array // and add it to the name index dictionary with the letter as the key if (existingArray = [nameIndexesDictionary valueForKey:firstLetter]) { [existingArray addObject:anItem]; } else { NSMutableArray *tempArray = [NSMutableArray array]; [nameIndexesDictionary setObject:tempArray forKey:firstLetter]; [tempArray addObject:anItem]; } // release the Item, it is held by the various collections [anItem release]; } // release the raw Item data [rawItemsArray release]; // create the dictionary containing the possible Item states // and presort the states data self.itemPhysicalStatesArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"something",@"somethingElse",@"whatever",@"stuff",nil]; [self presortItemsByPhysicalState]; // presort the dictionaries now // this could be done the first time they are requested instead [self presortItemInitialLetterIndexes]; self.itemsSortedByNumber = [self presortItemsByNumber]; self.itemsSortedBySymbol = [self presortItemsBySymbol]; } // return the array of Items for the requested physical state - (NSArray *)itemsWithPhysicalState:(NSString*)aState { return [statesDictionary objectForKey:aState]; } // presort each of the arrays for the physical states - (void)presortItemsByPhysicalState { for (NSString *stateKey in itemPhysicalStatesArray) { [self presortItemsWithPhysicalState:stateKey]; } } - (void)presortItemsWithPhysicalState:(NSString *)state { NSSortDescriptor *nameDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"title" ascending:YES selector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:nameDescriptor]; [[statesDictionary objectForKey:state] sortUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [nameDescriptor release]; } // return an array of Items for an initial letter (ie A, B, C, ...) - (NSArray *)itemsWithInitialLetter:(NSString*)aKey { return [nameIndexesDictionary objectForKey:aKey]; } // presort the name index arrays so the items are in the correct order - (void)presortItemsInitialLetterIndexes { self.itemNameIndexArray = [[nameIndexesDictionary allKeys] sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)]; for (NSString *eachNameIndex in itemNameIndexArray) { [self presortItemNamesForInitialLetter:eachNameIndex]; } } - (void)presortItemNamesForInitialLetter:(NSString *)aKey { NSSortDescriptor *nameDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"title" ascending:YES selector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:nameDescriptor]; [[nameIndexesDictionary objectForKey:aKey] sortUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [nameDescriptor release]; } // presort the ItemsSortedByNumber array - (NSArray *)presortItemsByNumber { NSSortDescriptor *nameDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"acct" ascending:YES selector:@selector(compare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:nameDescriptor]; NSArray *sortedItems = [[itemsDictionary allValues] sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [nameDescriptor release]; return sortedItems; } // presort the itemsSortedBySymbol array - (NSArray *)presortItemsBySymbol { NSSortDescriptor *symbolDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"title" ascending:YES selector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:symbolDescriptor]; NSArray *sortedItems = [[itemsDictionary allValues] sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [symbolDescriptor release]; return sortedItems; } @end I followed the sample exactly - don't know where I went wrong. Here is my "SortedByNameTableDataSource.m" #import "SortedByNameTableDataSource.h" #import "SortedItems.h" #import "Item.h" #import "ItemCell.h" #import "GradientView.h" #import "UIColor-Expanded.h" #import "MyAppDelegate.h" @implementation SortedByNameTableDataSource - (NSString *)title { return @"Title"; } - (UITableViewStyle)tableViewStyle { return UITableViewStylePlain; }; // return the atomic element at the index - (Item *)itemForIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { return [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemsWithInitialLetter:[[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] objectAtIndex:indexPath.section]] objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; } // UITableViewDataSource methods - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { static NSString *MyIdentifier = @"ItemCell"; ItemCell *itemCell = (ItemCell *)[tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:MyIdentifier]; if (itemCell == nil) { itemCell = [[[ItemCell alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectZero reuseIdentifier:MyIdentifier] autorelease]; itemCell = CGRectMake(0.0, 0.0, 320.0, ROW_HEIGHT); itemCell.backgroundView = [[[GradientView alloc] init] autorelease]; } itemCell.todo = [self itemForIndexPath:indexPath]; return itemCell; } - (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView { // this table has multiple sections. One for each unique character that an element begins with // [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z] // return the count of that array return [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] count]; } - (NSArray *)sectionIndexTitlesForTableView:(UITableView *)tableView { // returns the array of section titles. There is one entry for each unique character that an element begins with // [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z] return [[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray]; } - (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView sectionForSectionIndexTitle:(NSString *)title atIndex:(NSInteger)index { return index; } - (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section { // the section represents the initial letter of the element // return that letter NSString *initialLetter = [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] objectAtIndex:section]; // get the array of elements that begin with that letter NSArray *itemsWithInitialLetter = [[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemsWithInitialLetter:initialLetter]; // return the count return [itemsWithInitialLetter count]; } - (NSString *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView titleForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section { // this table has multiple sections. One for each unique character that an element begins with // [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z] // return the letter that represents the requested section // this is actually a delegate method, but we forward the request to the datasource in the view controller return [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] objectAtIndex:section]; } @end

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  • Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 12 &ndash; Networking Security

    - by MarkPearl
    After reading this section you should be able to Identify security risks in LANs and WANs and design security policies that minimize risks Explain how physical security contributes to network security Discuss hardware and design based security techniques Understand methods of encryption such as SSL and IPSec, that can secure data in storage and in transit Describe how popular authentication protocols such as RADIUS< TACACS,Kerberos, PAP, CHAP, and MS-CHAP function Use network operating system techniques to provide basic security Understand wireless security protocols such as WEP, WPA and 802.11i Security Audits Before spending time and money on network security, examine your networks security risks – rate and prioritize risks. Different organizations have different levels of network security requirements. Security Risks Not all security breaches result from a manipulation of network technology – there are human factors that can play a role as well. The following categories are areas of considerations… Risks associated with People Risks associated with Transmission and Hardware Risks associated with Protocols and Software Risks associated with Internet Access An effective security policy A security policy identifies your security goals, risks, levels of authority, designated security coordinator and team members, responsibilities for each team member, and responsibilities for each employee. In addition it specifies how to address security breaches. It should not state exactly which hardware, software, architecture, or protocols will be used to ensure security, nor how hardware or software will be installed and configured. A security policy must address an organizations specific risks. to understand your risks, you should conduct a security audit that identifies vulnerabilities and rates both the severity of each threat and its likelihood of occurring. Security Policy Content Security policy content should… Policies for each category of security Explain to users what they can and cannot do and how these measures protect the networks security Should define what confidential means to the organization Response Policy A security policy should provide for a planned response in the event of a security breach. The response policy should identify the members of a response team, all of whom should clearly understand the the security policy, risks, and measures in place. Some of the roles concerned could include… Dispatcher – the person on call who first notices the breach Manager – the person who coordinates the resources necessary to solve the problem Technical Support Specialist – the person who focuses on solving the problem Public relations specialist – the person who acts as the official spokesperson for the organization Physical Security An important element in network security is restricting physical access to its components. There are various techniques for this including locking doors, security people at access points etc. You should identify the following… Which rooms contain critical systems or data and must be secured Through what means might intruders gain access to these rooms How and to what extent are authorized personnel granted access to these rooms Are authentication methods such as ID cards easy to forge etc. Security in Network Design The optimal way to prevent external security breaches from affecting you LAN is not to connect your LAN to the outside world at all. The next best protection is to restrict access at every point where your LAN connects to the rest of the world. Router Access List – can be used to filter or decline access to a portion of a network for certain devices. Intrusion Detection and Prevention While denying someone access to a section of the network is good, it is better to be able to detect when an attempt has been made and notify security personnel. This can be done using IDS (intrusion detection system) software. One drawback of IDS software is it can detect false positives – i.e. an authorized person who has forgotten his password attempts to logon. Firewalls A firewall is a specialized device, or a computer installed with specialized software, that selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks. A firewall typically involves a combination of hardware and software and may reside between two interconnected private networks. The simplest form of a firewall is a packet filtering firewall, which is a router that examines the header of every packet of data it receives to determine whether that type of packet is authorized to continue to its destination or not. Firewalls can block traffic in and out of a LAN. NOS (Network Operating System) Security Regardless of the operating system, generally every network administrator can implement basic security by restricting what users are authorized to do on a network. Some of the restrictions include things related to Logons – place, time of day, total time logged in, etc Passwords – length, characters used, etc Encryption Encryption is the use of an algorithm to scramble data into a format that can be read only by reversing the algorithm. The purpose of encryption is to keep information private. Many forms of encryption exist and new ways of cracking encryption are continually being invented. The following are some categories of encryption… Key Encryption PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) SSH (Secure Shell) SCP (Secure CoPy) SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) For a detailed explanation on each section refer to pages 596 to 604 of textbook Authentication Protocols Authentication protocols are the rules that computers follow to accomplish authentication. Several types exist and the following are some of the common authentication protocols… RADIUS and TACACS PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) CHAP and MS-CHAP EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) 802.1x (EAPoL) Kerberos Wireless Network Security Wireless transmissions are particularly susceptible to eavesdropping. The following are two wireless network security protocols WEP WPA

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  • Microsoft TechEd 2010 - Day 3 @ Bangalore

    - by sathya
    Microsoft TechEd 2010 - Day 3 @ Bangalore Sorry for my delayed post on day 3 because I had to travel from Blore to Chennai So I couldnt write for the past two days. On day 3 as usual we had lot of simultaneous tracks on various sessions. This day I choose the Your Data, Our Platform Track. It had sessions on the following 5 topics :   Developing Data-tier Applications in Visual Studio 2010 - by Sanjay Nagamangalam SQL Server Query Optimization, Execution and Debugging Query Performance - by Vinod Kumar M SQL Server Utility - Its about more than 1 SQL Server - by Vinod Kumar Jagannathan Data Recovery / Consistency with CheckDB - by Vinod Kumar M Developing with SQL Server Spatial and Deep dive into Spatial Indexing - by Pinal Dave Developing Data-tier Applications in Visual Studio 2010 - by Sanjay Nagamangalam This was one of the superb sessions i have attended. He explained all the concepts in detail with a demo. The important thing in this is there is something called Data-Tier application project which is newly introduced in this VS2010 with which we can manage all our data along with our application inside our VS itself. We can create DB,Tables,Procs,Views etc. here itself and once we deploy it creates a compressed file called .dacpac which stores all the changes in Table Schema,Created procs, etc. on to that single file which reduces our (developer's) effort in preparing the deployment scripts and giving it to the DBA. It also has some policy configurations which can be managed easily by checking some rules like in outlook. For Ex : IF the SQL Server Version > 10 then deploy else dont. This rule specifies that even if we try to deploy on SQL Server DB with version less than 10 It will not do it. And if we deploy some .dacpac to SQL server production db with the option upgrade DB with this dacpac once everything completes successfully it will say success else it rollsback to the prior version. Even if it gets deployed successfully and later @ a point of time you wish to revert it back to the prior version, you can go ahead and delete the existing dacpac version so that it reverts to the older version of the db changes. And for the good questions that were asked in the session T-Shirts were given. SQL Server Query Optimization, Execution and Debugging Query Performance - by Vinod Kumar M This one too was the best session. The speaker Vinod explained everything very much clearly. This was really useful session and you dont believe, as per my knowledge, in the total 3 days in the TechEd except the Keynote, for this session seats were full (House FULL)  People were even standing out to attend this session. Such a great one it was. The speaker did a deep dive in to the Query Plan section and showed which actually causes the problem. Its all about the thing that we need to understand about the execution of SQL server Queries. We think in a way and SQL Server never executes in that way. We need to understand that first. He also told about there might be two plans generated for a single query at a point of time because of parallel processors in the system. The Key is here in every query. There is something called Estimated Row Count and Actual Row Count in the query plan. If the estimated row count by SQL server tallies with the actual row count your performance will be awesome. He said some tweaks to achieve the same. After this as usual we had lunch SQL Server Utility - Its about more than 1 SQL Server - by Vinod Kumar Jagannathan This was more of a DBA's session. Am really sorry I was totally blank and I was not interested to attend this session and walked out to attend Migrating to the cloud by Harish Ranganathan (My favorite Speaker) but unfortunately that was some other persons session. There the speaker was telling about how to configure the connection strings in such a way that we can connect to the SQL Azure platform from our VS and also showed us how to deploy the same in to Windows Azure. In between there were lot of technical problems like laptop hang, user locked and he was switching between systems, also i came in the half so i wasnt able to listen that fully. In between, Since I got an MCTS certification they gave me T-Shirt with the lines 'Iam Certified. Are you?' and they asked me to wear that. If we wear that we might get spotted and they would give us some goodies  So on the 3rd day I was wearing that T-Shirt. I got spotted by the person Tarun who was coordinating things about the certification, and he was accompanied with a cameraman and they interviewed me about the certification and I was shown live in the Teched and was seen by 60000 live viewers of the TechEd. I was really happy on that. Data Recovery / Consistency with CheckDB - by Vinod Kumar M This was one of the best sessions too in the TechEd. This guy is really amazing. In front of us he crashed a DB and showed how to recover the same in 6 different ways for different no of failures. Showed about Different types of error msgs like : 823,824,825 msdb..suspect_pages DBCC CheckDB (different parameters to it) I am really waiting for his session to get uploaded live in the Teched Website. Here is his contact info If you wish to connect to him : Twitter : @vinodk_sql Website : www.ExtremeExperts.com Blog : http://blogs.sqlxml.org/vinodkumar Developing with SQL Server Spatial and Deep dive into Spatial Indexing - by Pinal Dave Pinal Dave is a King in SQL and he is a SQL MVP and he is the owner of SQLAuthority.com He took the session on Spatial Databases from the start. Showed about the different types of Spatial : Geometric and Geographic Geometric : x and y axis its a planar surface Geographic : Spherical surface with 3600  as the maximum which is used to represent the geographic points on the earth and easy to draw maps of different kinds. He had a lot of obstacles during his session like rain coming inside the hall, mic wires got bursted due to rain, Videos off on the display screens. In spite of that he asked the audience to come in the front rows and managed to take a good session without ppts and finally we got the displays on and he was showing demos on the same what he explained orally. That was really a fun filled informative session. He gave some books for the persons who asked good questions and answered well for his questions and I got one too  (It was a book on Data Mining - Wrox Publishers) And finally after all these things there was Keynote session for close of the TechEd. and we all assembled in a big hall where Mr.Ashok Soota, a man of age around 70  co-founder of Mindtree was called to give some lecture on his successes. He was explaining about his past and what all companies he switched and for what reasons and what are all his successes and what are all his failures and the learnings of him from his past failures. and his success and failures on his partnerships with the other concern. And there were some questions for him like What is your suggestion on young entrepreneur? How did you learn from past failures? What is reiterating your success? What is your suggestion on partnerships? How to choose partnerships? etc. And they said @ 7.30 Pm there would be a party night, but unfortunately i was not able to attend that because I had to catch my train and before that i had to pack things, so I started @ 7 itself. Thats it about the TechED!!! Stay tuned for further Technology updates.

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  • Infiniband: a highperformance network fabric - Part I

    - by Karoly Vegh
    Introduction:At the OpenWorld this year I managed to chat with interesting people again - one of them answering Infiniband deepdive questions with ease by coffee turned out to be one of Oracle's IB engineers, Ted Kim, who actually actively participates in the Infiniband Trade Association and integrates Oracle solutions with this highspeed network. This is why I love attending OOW. He granted me an hour of his time to talk about IB. This post is mostly based on that tech interview.Start of the actual post: Traditionally datatransfer between servers and storage elements happens in networks with up to 10 gigabit/seconds or in SANs with up to 8 gbps fiberchannel connections. Happens. Well, data rather trickles through.But nowadays data amounts grow well over the TeraByte order of magnitude, and multisocket/multicore/multithread Servers hunger data that these transfer technologies just can't deliver fast enough, causing all CPUs of this world do one thing at the same speed - waiting for data. And once again, I/O is the bottleneck in computing. FC and Ethernet can't keep up. We have half-TB SSDs, dozens of TB RAM to store data to be modified in, but can't transfer it. Can't backup fast enough, can't replicate fast enough, can't synchronize fast enough, can't load fast enough. The bad news is, everyone is used to this, like back in the '80s everyone was used to start compile jobs and go for a coffee. Or on vacation. The good news is, there's an alternative. Not so-called "bleeding-edge" 8gbps, but (as of now) 56. Not layers of overhead, but low latency. And it is available now. It has been for a while, actually. Welcome to the world of Infiniband. Short history:Infiniband was born as a result of joint efforts of HPAQ, IBM, Intel, Sun and Microsoft. They planned to implement a next-generation I/O fabric, in the 90s. In the 2000s Infiniband (from now on: IB) was quite popular in the high-performance computing field, powering most of the top500 supercomputers. Then in the middle of the decade, Oracle realized its potential and used it as an interconnect backbone for the first Database Machine, the first Exadata. Since then, IB has been booming, Oracle utilizes and supports it in a large set of its HW products, it is the backbone of the famous Engineered Systems: Exadata, SPARC SuperCluster, Exalogic, OVCA and even the new DB backup/recovery box. You can also use it to make servers talk highspeed IP to eachother, or to a ZFS Storage Appliance. Following Oracle's lead, even IBM has jumped the wagon, and leverages IB in its PureFlex systems, their first InfiniBand Machines.IB Structural Overview: If you want to use IB in your servers, the first thing you will need is PCI cards, in IB terms Host Channel Adapters, or HCAs. Just like NICs for Ethernet, or HBAs for FC. In these you plug an IB cable, going to an IB switch providing connection to other IB HCAs. Of course you're going to need drivers for those in your OS. Yes, these are long-available for Solaris and Linux. Now, what protocols can you talk over IB? There's a range of choices. See, IB isn't accepting package loss like Ethernet does, and hence doesn't need to rely on TCP/IP as a workaround for resends. That is, you still can run IP over IB (IPoIB), and that is used in various cases for control functionality, but the datatransfer can run over more efficient protocols - like native IB. About PCI connectivity: IB cards, as you see are fast. They bring low latency, which is just as important as their bandwidth. Current IB cards run at 56 gbit/s. That is slightly more than double of the capacity of a PCI Gen2 slot (of ~25 gbit/s). And IB cards are equipped usually with two ports - that is, altogether you'd need 112 gbit/s PCI slots, to be able to utilize FDR IB cards in an active-active fashion. PCI Gen3 slots provide you with around ~50gbps. This is why the most IB cards are configured in an active-standby way if both ports are used. Once again the PCI slot is the bottleneck. Anyway, the new Oracle servers are equipped with Gen3 PCI slots, an the new IB HCAs support those too. Oracle utilizes the QDR HCAs, running at 40gbp/s brutto, which translates to a 32gbp/s net traffic due to the 10:8 signal-to-data information ratio. Consolidation techniques: Technology never stops to evolve. Mellanox is working on the 100 gbps (EDR) version already, which will be optical, since signal technology doesn't allow EDR to be copper. Also, I hear you say "100gbps? I will never use/need that much". Are you sure? Have you considered consolidation scenarios, where (for example with Oracle Virtual Network) you could consolidate your platform to a high densitiy virtualized solution providing many virtual 10gbps interfaces through that 100gbps? Technology never stops to evolve. I still remember when a 10mbps network was impressively fast. Back in those days, 16MB of RAM was a lot. Now we usually run servers with around 100.000 times more RAM. If network infrastrucure speends could grow as fast as main memory capacities, we'd have a different landscape now :) You can utilize SRIOV as well for consolidation. That is, if you run LDoms (aka Oracle VM Server for SPARC) you do not have to add physical IB cards to all your guest LDoms, and you do not need to run VIO devices through the hypervisor either (avoiding overhead). You can enable SRIOV on those IB cards, which practically virtualizes the PCI bus, and you can dedicate Physical- and Virtual Functions of the virtualized HCAs as native, physical HW devices to your guests. See Raghuram's excellent post explaining SRIOV. SRIOV for IB is supported since LDoms 3.1.  This post is getting lengthier, so I will rename it to Part I, and continue it in a second post. 

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  • Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 15 &ndash; Network Management

    - by MarkPearl
    After reading this section you should be able to Understand network management and the importance of documentation, baseline measurements, policies, and regulations to assess and maintain a network’s health. Manage a network’s performance using SNMP-based network management software, system and event logs, and traffic-shaping techniques Identify the reasons for and elements of an asset managements system Plan and follow regular hardware and software maintenance routines Fundamentals of Network Management Network management refers to the assessment, monitoring, and maintenance of all aspects of a network including checking for hardware faults, ensuring high QoS, maintaining records of network assets, etc. Scope of network management differs depending on the size and requirements of the network. All sub topics of network management share the goals of enhancing the efficiency and performance while preventing costly downtime or loss. Documentation The way documentation is stored may vary, but to adequately manage a network one should at least record the following… Physical topology (types of LAN and WAN topologies – ring, star, hybrid) Access method (does it use Ethernet 802.3, token ring, etc.) Protocols Devices (Switches, routers, etc) Operating Systems Applications Configurations (What version of operating system and config files for serve / client software) Baseline Measurements A baseline is a report of the network’s current state of operation. Baseline measurements might include the utilization rate for your network backbone, number of users logged on per day, etc. Baseline measurements allow you to compare future performance increases or decreases caused by network changes or events with past network performance. Obtaining baseline measurements is the only way to know for certain whether a pattern of usage has changed, or whether a network upgrade has made a difference. There are various tools available for measuring baseline performance on a network. Policies, Procedures, and Regulations Following rules helps limit chaos, confusion, and possibly downtime. The following policies and procedures and regulations make for sound network management. Media installations and management (includes designing physical layout of cable, etc.) Network addressing policies (includes choosing and applying a an addressing scheme) Resource sharing and naming conventions (includes rules for logon ID’s) Security related policies Troubleshooting procedures Backup and disaster recovery procedures In addition to internal policies, a network manager must consider external regulatory rules. Fault and Performance Management After documenting every aspect of your network and following policies and best practices, you are ready to asses you networks status on an on going basis. This process includes both performance management and fault management. Network Management Software To accomplish both fault and performance management, organizations often use enterprise-wide network management software. There various software packages that do this, each collect data from multiple networked devices at regular intervals, in a process called polling. Each managed device runs a network management agent. So as not to affect the performance of a device while collecting information, agents do not demand significant processing resources. The definition of a managed devices and their data are collected in a MIB (Management Information Base). Agents communicate information about managed devices via any of several application layer protocols. On modern networks most agents use SNMP which is part of the TCP/IP suite and typically runs over UDP on port 161. Because of the flexibility and sophisticated network management applications are a challenge to configure and fine-tune. One needs to be careful to only collect relevant information and not cause performance issues (i.e. pinging a device every 5 seconds can be a problem with thousands of devices). MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher) is a simple command line utility that uses SNMP to poll devices and collects data in a log file. MRTG can be used with Windows, UNIX and Linux. System and Event Logs Virtually every condition recognized by an operating system can be recorded. This is typically done using event logs. In Windows there is a GUI event log viewer. Similar information is recorded in UNIX and Linux in a system log. Much of the information collected in event logs and syslog files does not point to a problem, even if it is marked with a warning so it is important to filter your logs appropriately to reduce the noise. Traffic Shaping When a network must handle high volumes of network traffic, users benefit from performance management technique called traffic shaping. Traffic shaping involves manipulating certain characteristics of packets, data streams, or connections to manage the type and amount of traffic traversing a network or interface at any moment. Its goals are to assure timely delivery of the most important traffic while offering the best possible performance for all users. Several types of traffic prioritization exist including prioritizing traffic according to any of the following characteristics… Protocol IP address User group DiffServr VLAN tag in a Data Link layer frame Service or application Caching In addition to traffic shaping, a network or host might use caching to improve performance. Caching is the local storage of frequently needed files that would otherwise be obtained from an external source. By keeping files close to the requester, caching allows the user to access those files quickly. The most common type of caching is Web caching, in which Web pages are stored locally. To an ISP, caching is much more than just convenience. It prevents a significant volume of WAN traffic, thus improving performance and saving money. Asset Management Another key component in managing networks is identifying and tracking its hardware. This is called asset management. The first step to asset management is to take an inventory of each node on the network. You will also want to keep records of every piece of software purchased by your organization. Asset management simplifies maintaining and upgrading the network chiefly because you know what the system includes. In addition, asset management provides network administrators with information about the costs and benefits of certain types of hardware or software. Change Management Networks are always in a stage of flux with various aspects including… Software changes and patches Client Upgrades Shared Application Upgrades NOS Upgrades Hardware and Physical Plant Changes Cabling Upgrades Backbone Upgrades For a detailed explanation on each of these read the textbook (Page 750 – 761)

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  • Mounting ddrescue image after recovery (in over my head)

    - by BorgDomination
    I'm having problems mounting the recovery image. I've tried to mount the image multiple ways. quark@DS9 ~ $ sudo mount -t ext4 /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img /mnt mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so quark@DS9 ~ $ sudo mount -r -o loop /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img recover mount: you must specify the filesystem type quark@DS9 ~ $ sudo mount /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img mnt mount: you must specify the filesystem type It doesn't even give me detailed information on the file I just made, nautilus says it's 160gb. quark@DS9 ~ $ file /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img: data quark@DS9 ~ $ mmls /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img Cannot determine partition type I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong or if I started this process incorrectly from the beginning. I've outlined what I've done so far below. I'm clueless, I'd appreciate if someone had some input for me. What I have done from the beginning My laptop has two hard drives. One has the dual boot Win7 / Linux Mint system files. Secondary one contained my /home folder. The laptop was jarred and the /home disk was broken. I tried a LiveCD recovery, it failed. Wouldn't even load a Live session with the disk installed. So I turned to ddrescue. quark@DS9 ~ $ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0009fc18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 112642047 56320000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 138033152 312580095 87273472 83 Linux /dev/sda3 112644094 138033151 12694529 5 Extended /dev/sda5 112644096 132173823 9764864 83 Linux /dev/sda6 132175872 138033151 2928640 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0002a8ea Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 312576704 156288321 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdc: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xed6d054b Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 63 1953520064 976760001 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT sda - 160g internal, holds all system files and all computer functions. sdb - 160g internal, BROKEN, contains about 140g of data I'd like to recover. sdc - 1T external, contains recovery image. Only place that has space to do all this. From this site, https://apps.education.ucsb.edu/wiki/Ddrescue I used this script to create an image of the broken hard drive. I changed the destination to the external USB drive. #!/bin/sh prt=sdb1 src=/dev/$prt dst=/media/jump1/1recover/$prt.img log=$dst.log sudo time ddrescue --no-split $src $dst $log sudo time ddrescue --direct --max-retries=3 $src $dst $log sudo time ddrescue --direct --retrim --max-retries=3 $src $dst $log Everything looked like it came off without a hitch: quark@DS9 ~ $ sudo bash recover1 Press Ctrl-C to interrupt Initial status (read from logfile) rescued: 0 B, errsize: 0 B, errors: 0 Current status rescued: 160039 MB, errsize: 4096 B, current rate: 35588 B/s ipos: 3584 B, errors: 1, average rate: 22859 kB/s opos: 3584 B, time from last successful read: 0 s Finished 12.78user 1060.42system 1:56:41elapsed 15%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 4944maxresident)k 312580958inputs+0outputs (1major+601minor)pagefaults 0swaps Press Ctrl-C to interrupt Initial status (read from logfile) rescued: 160039 MB, errsize: 4096 B, errors: 1 Current status rescued: 160039 MB, errsize: 1024 B, current rate: 0 B/s ipos: 1536 B, errors: 1, average rate: 13 B/s opos: 1536 B, time from last successful read: 1.3 m Finished 0.00user 0.00system 3:43.95elapsed 0%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 4944maxresident)k 238inputs+0outputs (3major+374minor)pagefaults 0swaps Press Ctrl-C to interrupt Initial status (read from logfile) rescued: 160039 MB, errsize: 1024 B, errors: 1 Current status rescued: 160039 MB, errsize: 1024 B, current rate: 0 B/s ipos: 1536 B, errors: 1, average rate: 0 B/s opos: 1536 B, time from last successful read: 3.7 m Finished 0.00user 0.00system 3:43.56elapsed 0%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 4944maxresident)k 8inputs+0outputs (0major+376minor)pagefaults 0swaps It looks like, from where I'm standing it worked perfectly. Here's the log: # Rescue Logfile. Created by GNU ddrescue version 1.14 # Command line: ddrescue --direct --retrim --max-retries=3 /dev/sdb1 /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img /media/jump1/1recover/sdb1.img.log # current_pos current_status 0x00000600 + # pos size status 0x00000000 0x00000400 + 0x00000400 0x00000400 - 0x00000800 0x254314FC00 + I'm not sure how to proceed. Does this mean all of my data is lost???????? Appreciate ANY input!

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