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• GRUB reporting wrong partition type

  - by plok

  It all started when I had to replace one of the disks that the software RAID 1 on this machine currently uses. From that moment on I have not been able to boot to the Windows XP that is installed on the fourth hard drive, /dev/sdd. I am almost positive that the problem is related not to Windows but to GRUB, as if I unplug all the other hard drives so that the Windows XP disk is now /dev/sda it boots with no problem. The problem seems to be that GRUB detects a wrong partition type, which I understand suggest that something is really messed up. This is what I get when I try to follow the steps that until now had worked like a charm: grub> map (hd0) (hd3) grub> map (hd3) (hd0) grub> root (hd3,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd 0xfd? That doesn't make sense. /dev/sdb and sdc are 0xfd (Linux raid), but not /dev/sdd: edel:~# fdisk -l [...] Disk /dev/sdd: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048d89 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 * 1 30400 244187968+ 7 HPFS/NTFS edel:/boot/grub# cat device.map (hd0) /dev/sda (hd1) /dev/sdb (hd2) /dev/sdc (hd3) /dev/sdd I have been trying to work this out for hours, to no avail. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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• Conflicting ip routes with local table on attaching a virtual network interface

  - by user1071840

  I have an EC2 instance with these ip rules: $ sudo ip rule show 0: from all lookup local 32766: from all lookup main 32767: from all lookup default I can attach an elastic network interface to it with a private IP. Say the IP of my machine is 10.1.3.12 and the IP of the interface is 10.1.1.190. As soon as I attach the interface to my machine a new entry is added to the routing policy and local routing table: sudo ip rule show 0: from all lookup local 32765: from 10.1.1.190 lookup 10003 32766: from all lookup main 32767: from all lookup default $ sudo ip route show table local broadcast 10.1.1.0 dev eth3 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.1.190 local 10.1.1.190 dev eth3 proto kernel scope host src 10.1.1.190 broadcast 10.1.1.255 dev eth3 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.1.190 broadcast 10.1.3.0 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.3.12 local 10.1.3.12 dev eth0 proto kernel scope host src 10.1.3.12 broadcast 10.1.3.255 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.1.3.12 broadcast 127.0.0.0 dev lo proto kernel scope link src 127.0.0.1 local 127.0.0.0/8 dev lo proto kernel scope host src 127.0.0.1 local 127.0.0.1 dev lo proto kernel scope host src 127.0.0.1 broadcast 127.255.255.255 dev lo proto kernel scope link src 127.0.0.1 I can send traffic to this ENI directly from a host that can have the same IP as the host the ENI is attached to. This is where the problem starts. I ran tcpdump on the port in question and saw multiple SYNs going to the ENI with src '10.1.3.12' and destination '10.1.1.190' but didn't see even a single ACK. In my understanding if ACKs were being sent from the ENI they'd have destination as 10.1.3.12 i.e. the same as the local machine's IP and such packets will now be routed as local packets matching local routing policy: local 10.1.3.12 dev eth0 proto kernel scope host src 10.1.3.12 I'd like to send all the packets originating from 10.1.1.190 (my ENI) to go back on the same interface i.e. eth3 in this case. Contents of the nee table 10003 are: $ sudo ip route show table 10003 default via 10.1.1.1 dev eth3 I think I can do the following: I don't know if its possible but probably decrease the priority of local table so the packets match the table 10003. Use iptables to mangle these packets and update the local table route to include the mark information But I'm not sure if these are the right approaches.

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• centos install / partitioning

  - by ServerSideX

  I'm using NOC-PS to remotely install Centos 6.2 via KVM / IPMI. I'm going to install cPanel as well and they recommend this layout /boot (99MB) swap (2x server RAM) / (remainder) In the o/s install profile within NOC-PS software, it shows as this: part /boot --fstype ext2 --size 250 part pv.01 --size 1 --grow volgroup vg pv.01 logvol / --vgname=vg --size=1 --grow --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=root logvol /tmp --vgname=vg --size=1024 --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=tmp logvol swap --vgname=vg --recommended --name=swap By the time the default partition setup was done installing Centos, I get this [root@server005 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg-root 532G 907M 504G 1% / tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 243M 28M 202M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/vg-tmp 1008M 34M 924M 4% /tmp [root@server005 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri Dec 7 18:47:24 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/vg-root / ext4 discard,noatime 1 1 UUID=58b31aaf-5072-4fb1-a858-33bc316fa793 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-tmp /tmp ext4 discard,noatime 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 My question is, how should the NOC-PS install profile look like to get the recommended cPanel partitioning? The server has 16GB RAM, dual 600GB SAS drives and will be used for cPanel shared hosting.

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• Logical volume that spans raid1 sets: what happens if a RAID fails?

  - by Jeff Shattock

  Consider the following scenario: /dev/md0 - 10GB RAID 1 volume built from /dev/sda and /dev/sdb /dev/md1 - 10GB RAID 1 volume built from /dev/sdc and /dev/sdd /dev/vg0 - volume group containing md0 and md1 /dev/vg0/lv0 - 15GB logical volume The raid devices are created with mdadm; the logical volumes by LVM. What happens to lv0 if md0 fails entirely? That is, if both sda and sdb disintegrate so that the md0 device can not start. Is the portion of the data that resided on md1 still accessible, or is the entire LV gone? Would the answer change if lv0 were created as a striped volume vs non-striped?

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• Linux data storage and partitioning

  - by Rajeev

  In the following output of df -h you can see that i have added a new hard drive(/dev/hdd1) and have mounted as /hdd1. My question is if I start dumping data to /opt will that data be mounted in /hdd1 or / My goal is to utilise the new hdd1 instead of old disk(/dev/sda3). How can this be done? Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 442G 312G 12G 86% / tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194M 57M 128M 31% /boot /dev/sdb1 1.7T 201M 2.6T 1% /hdd1

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• Can't create LVM due to: not found (or ignored by filtering)

  - by James

  I'm planning to use LVM for KVM, and when I try to create a VG it fails, so how can I create my VG and LV ? Thanks [root@server ~]# vgcreate virtual-machines /dev/sda Device /dev/sda not found (or ignored by filtering). Unable to add physical volume '/dev/sda' to volume group 'virtual-machines'. [root@server ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 2.0T 929G 976G 49% / tmpfs 3.9G 124K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194M 57M 128M 31% /boot [root@server ~]# pvscan No matching physical volumes found

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• Installing grub2 on ubutntu with software raid mirroring

  - by Marko

  Hi guys, Can someone help me out on this? I accidentally installed grub on usb flash drive during ubuntu server installation. Now I cant boot system without drive attached to server. I want to install grub on hard drive with grub-install but i don't know what to set as location for boot loader? my fstab looks like this: file system mount point type options dump pass proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg5 none swap sw 0 0 and partition tables for hard drives as this: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1215662079 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1215664126 1249998847 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1215664128 1249998847 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 75672 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 75672 77809 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 75672 77809 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris ?

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• How should I configure backup of my server?

  - by ed209

  I have just rented a dedicated server. If it helps this is the config I have: CPU1 Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40GHz (Cores 8) RAM 15975 MB Disk /dev/sda doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sda doesn't) Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sdc doesn't) Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sdb doesn't) Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB (=> 114 GIB) Disk /dev/sdc: 3000.6 GB (=> 2861 GIB) Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB (=> 2861 GIB) /dev/sda is a 120GB SSD. This is where I have Ubuntu/lamp installed. It's the drive that will run my site. With the account I got two other drives of 3000GB each which I really don't need but they came with the account. I figured I could use these to back up my main 120gb drive. So a couple of things I wondered were: Should I use these for backups? How should I back up. The data I want to back up is a user uploads directory full of images and the database. Everything else is either in a code repo or backed up some other way. For example, it would be nice to know there is a disk image of the 120gb drive somewhere that I can copy over should there be any problems but equally I don't mind doing a fresh install of all the software and copying over just the images and database dump. Thanks for your advice! (also, happy to not use the two other drives and backup elsewhere if it's more sensible)

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• In Linux, is it possible to get a listing of drives' disk space usage that also shows volume labels?

  - by DavidH

  I know about df, of course, but df does not output volume labels. I have 5 USB hard drives plugged into my NAS box, and would love to know which is which. Current df output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 27G 2.2G 24G 9% / none 56M 476K 55M 1% /dev none 60M 0 60M 0% /dev/shm none 60M 332K 59M 1% /var/run none 60M 0 60M 0% /var/lock none 60M 0 60M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sde1 150G 102G 48G 68% /media/usb0 /dev/sdb1 299G 196G 103G 66% /media/usb1 /dev/sdc1 233G 183G 51G 79% /media/usb2 /dev/sdd1 233G 209G 25G 90% /media/usb3 /dev/sdf1 150G 101G 49G 68% /media/usb4

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• Installing grub2 on ubuntu with software raid mirroring

  - by Marko

  Can someone help me out on this? I accidentally installed grub on usb flash drive during ubuntu server installation. Now I cant boot system without drive attached to server. I want to install grub on hard drive with grub-install but i don't know what to set as location for boot loader? my fstab looks like this: file system mount point type options dump pass proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg5 none swap sw 0 0 and partition tables for hard drives as this: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1215662079 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1215664126 1249998847 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1215664128 1249998847 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 75672 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 75672 77809 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 75672 77809 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris ?

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• Accessing the partitions on an VLM volume

  - by projix

  Suppose you have an LVM volume /dev/vg0/mylv. You have presented this as a virtual disk to a virtualised or emulated guest system. During installation the guest system sees it as /dev/sda and partitions it into /dev/sda{1,2,5,6} and completes the installation. Now at some point you need to access those filesystems from within the host system, without running the guest system. fdisk sees these partitions just fine: # fdisk -l /dev/vg0/mylv Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vg0/mylv1 2048 684031 340992 83 Linux /dev/vg0/mylv2 686078 20969471 10141697 5 Extended /dev/vg0/mylv5 686080 8290303 3802112 83 Linux /dev/vg0/mylv6 8292352 11980799 1844224 83 Linux However, the devices such as /dev/vg0/mylv1 do not actually exist. I guess that because they're within an LV, the OS does not recognise this type of nesting by default. Is there any way I can prod Linux so that /dev/vg0/mylv1 or equivalent appears and thus becomes mountable within the host system? I understand that it's possible with qemu-nbd, and will use this if necessary. However, I was hoping for something more direct if possible, rather than simulating a network block device and attaching that.

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• Installation stuck on "Installation Type" screen

  - by Andrew Latham

  I am trying to install Ubuntu 11.10 with Windows 7 from a CD. I am using an HP Pavilion dm4. I've never used Ubuntu (or any Linux) before. Everything goes alright until I get to the "Installation Type" screen. Instead of giving me options, it just has a blank menu, and all the buttons are disabled. When I click "Continue", it gives me an error saying that it can't find the root or something like that. The trial version works fine, but I can't actually install it. Everything on the trial version is really slow, presumably because everything is on the CD or the Windows partition. I did some research, but the only post I could find was http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1870478 Where the only advice is to format the entire drive, which I'm not willing to do. Any suggestions? I'm downloading 10.04 right now and I'm going to try with that instead. EDIT: 10.04 didn't work either. I got to the partitioning screen and got the same problem. I read some more forums, loaded up 11.10 trial from the disk, opened the Terminal and typed sudo apt-get remove dmraid and then y. Then I was actually able to see something on the "Installation type" page: "Erase disk and install Ubuntu" or "Something else". Which is weird, since Windows 7 should be installed. When I click Something Else, I get: /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 (ntfs) (208 MB) (69 MB used) /dev/sdb2 (ntfs) (477542 MB) (unknown used) /dev/sdb3 (ntfs) (18085 MB) (16094 MB used) /dev/sdb4 (fat32) (4265 MB) (3084 MB used) I have no idea what any of this means. Also, my device for boot loader installation changed from /dev/sda to /dev/sda ATA SAMSUNG MZMPA032 (32.0 GB)

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• Getting the alternative to the 200-Line Linux Kernel patch to work

  - by Gödel

  Apparently, there is a comparable alternative to the 200-line kernel patch that involves no kernel upgrade. It is presented here and discussed here. However, I am not sure if webupd8's solution (under the section "Use it in Ubuntu") on Ubuntu actually works or not. In particular, one commenter on ./ is saying he's getting an error message. Could anyone post the "correct" method that actually works? Suggested solution: Based on the comments I've read so far, the following seems to work. (1) In /etc/rc.local, add the following lines to above exit 0: mkdir -p /dev/cgroup/cpu mount -t cgroup cgroup /dev/cgroup/cpu -o cpu mkdir -m 0777 /dev/cgroup/cpu/user echo "/usr/local/sbin/cgroup_clean" > /dev/cgroup/cpu/release_agent (2) Create a file named /usr/local/sbin/cgroup_clean with the following content: #!/bin/sh rmdir /dev/cgroup/cpu/$1 (3) In your ~/.bashrc, add: if [ "$PS1" ] ; then mkdir -m 0700 /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/$$ echo $$ > /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/$$/tasks echo "1" > /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/$$/notify_on_release fi (4) (To make sure the execution bit is on) execute sudo chmod +x /usr/local/sbin/cgroup_clean /etc/rc.local (5) Reboot.

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• Error mounting: mount exited with exit code 13

  - by Mike Williamson

  I keep a windows partition on my laptop for the occaisional bit of Photoshop work. A while ago I noticed that Windows had disappeared from my grub boot menu and when I try to mount the windows partion, my system hangs for a bit and then I get this: Unable to mount 105 GB Filesystem Error mounting: mount exited with exit code 13: ntfs_attr_pread_i: ntfs_pread failed: Input/output error Failed to calculate free MFT records: Input/output error NTFS is either inconsistent, or there is a hardware fault, or it's a SoftRAID/FakeRAID hardware. In the first case run chkdsk /f on Windows then reboot into Windows twice. The usage of the /f parameter is very important! If the device is a SoftRAID/FakeRAID then first activate it and mount a different device under the /dev/mapper/ directory, (e.g. /dev/mapper/nvidia_eahaabcc1). Please see the 'dmraid' documentation for more details. It seems that chkdsk is a windows command but since I can't boot into windows (since its the windows partition that is the problem) I'm not sure what to do. Here is the output of fdisk to give you the lay of the land: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x98000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 10199 81923436 83 Linux /dev/sda2 * 10200 22947 102398310 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 22948 29164 49938052+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 29165 30401 9936202+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 29165 30401 9936171 82 Linux swap / Solaris Any guidance would be appreciated!

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• Configure Dual Boot, Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04 with or without EFI

  - by Keroak

  I have just installed Ubuntu 12.04 on a laptop with Windows 7 but I don't get to boot from Ubuntu. First, during the installation I made these partitions (may be too many): /dev/sda1 FAT32 SYSTEM 200Mb boot (EFI boot, i guess) /dev/sda2 unknown file system 128 Mb msftres (Windows Boot Manager) /dev/sda3 NTFS OS 100 Gb (Windows 7) /dev/sda4 NTFS DATOS 315 Gb (Data partition) /dev/sda5 ext4 28 Gb (/home) /dev/sda8 unknown file system 1 Gb biog_grub (i'm not very sure why i made this one) /dev/sda6 ext4 17 Gb (/ Ubuntu 12.03 installed withou errors aparently) /dev/sda7 linex-swap 2 GB (swap) I can boot from Windows perfectly. Actually I tried to configure Windows Boot Manager with EasyBCD but it doesn't recognize any boot entry. Anyway, I added an Ubuntu Entry and it configured it automatically. Now I have boot entries the Windows 7 one that appear to work and the Ubuntu 12.04 that it prompt a "No application found" message. I re-started from a USB with Ubuntu and tried to fix GRUB from the command-line and with boot-repair. No results. As far as I understand I have to tell the Windows Boot Manager where my Ubuntu boot loader is. So I have two problems: Actually, I don't know where my Ubuntu boot loader, GRUB or GRUB2 or whatever, is. I don't know how to set my Ubuntu entry in Windows Boot Manager. I guess using BCDedit.exe as EasyBCD didn't show me the entries. Anyway, I don't know what parameters to use. I read several articles about it but i didn't find out anything useful.

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• SD-CARD reader does not show in ubuntu

  - by shantanu

  I bought Acer asipre 4250. It have built-in SD card reader. But it is not working. Nothing show in /media or fdisk but something in dmesg. dmesg: new high-speed USB device number 3 using ehci_hcd [ 127.396733] scsi5 : usb-storage 2-2:1.0 [ 128.526562] scsi 5:0:0:0: Direct-Access Multiple Card Reader 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 [ 128.532512] sd 5:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0 [ 129.008110] ohci_hcd 0000:00:12.0: PCI INT A disabled [ 129.032083] ohci_hcd 0000:00:13.0: PCI INT A disabled [ 129.056411] ohci_hcd 0000:00:16.0: PCI INT A disabled [ 129.338026] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 129.808328] ohci_hcd 0000:00:14.5: PCI INT C disabled [ 167.728616] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, device number 3 [ 169.872284] ehci_hcd 0000:00:13.2: PCI INT B disabled [ 169.872340] ehci_hcd 0000:00:13.2: PME# enabled fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0006bc6d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 48828415 24413184 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 48828416 50829311 1000448 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 50829312 99657727 24414208 83 Linux /dev/sda4 99659774 625141759 262740993 5 Extended Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 99659776 275439615 87889920 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda6 275441664 451221503 87889920 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda7 451223552 625141759 86959104 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT I found another problem just right now. I format last three drives as EXT4 with disk utility. But they are showing as NTFS/exFAT in fdisk. :-(

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• Exempt programs from using active VPN connection

  - by Oxwivi

  When I connect to a VPN, all my network traffic is automatically routed through it. Is there a way to add exemptions to that? I don't know if adding exceptions has anything to do with the VPN protocol, but the VPN I'm using is of the OpenVPN protocol. Speaking of OpenVPN, why is it not installed by default on Ubuntu installs unlike PPTP? I could not get the list of IRCHighWay's servers, and this is the result I get trying to connect on XChat with running the bash script running: * Looking up irc.irchighway.net * Connecting to irc.irchighway.net (65.23.153.98) port 6667... * Connected. Now logging in... * You have been K-Lined. * *** You are not welcome on this network. * *** K-Lined for Open proxies are not allowed. (2011/02/26 01.21) * *** Your IP is 173.0.14.9 * *** For assistance, please email [email protected] and include everything shown here. * Closing Link: 0.0.0.0 (Open proxies are not allowed. (2011/02/26 01.21)) * Disconnected (Remote host closed socket). The IP 173.0.14.9 is the one due to my VPN. I had forgotten to check ip route list before running the script, and this is the one after running it: ~$ ip route list 99.192.193.241 dev ppp0 proto kernel scope link src 173.0.14.9 173.0.14.2 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 proto static 173.0.14.2 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.3 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth1 scope link metric 1000 default dev ppp0 proto static Oh and running the script returned this output: ~$ sudo bash irc_route.sh Usage: inet_route [-vF] del {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [netmask N] [mss Mss] [window W] [irtt I] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [metric M] reject inet_route [-FC] flush NOT supported I ran the script after connecting to the VPN.

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• My Android phone isn't being detected by Ubuntu

  - by Lara

  This is what I've got from terminal, looks like it can see the phone as a USB device just fine but isn't showing up under fdisk so I can't mount it. It automounts just fine in my VMWare Windows. And Internet tethering works fine while under Linux (haven't tried under Windows). Here's lsusb: Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 019: ID 04d9:1135 Holtek Semiconductor, Inc. Bus 001 Device 003: ID 05ca:18c0 Ricoh Co., Ltd Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0489:e00f Foxconn / Hon Hai Foxconn T77H114 BCM2070 [Single-Chip Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Adapter] Bus 003 Device 010: ID 04e8:6860 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Bus 002 Device 012: ID 046d:c315 Logitech, Inc. Classic New Touch Keyboard And here's sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001ff06 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 681845797 340921875 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 * 681846784 845686783 81920000 83 Linux /dev/sda3 845686784 968566783 61440000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 968568830 972475081 1953126 5 Extended /dev/sda5 968568832 972475081 1953125 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: 2000 MB, 2000000000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243 cylinders, total 3906250 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xbe4c2ec7 Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 doesn't contain a valid partition table

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• Windows 7 disappeared in list of Grub while loading

  - by Riyad A.

  Installed Ubuntu 12.04 alongside the Windows 7 two weeks ago. Initially haven't any issues with that. day ago installed updates on Ubuntu and after restarting the system found the absence of Win7 in Grub list. Before the HDD has been partitioned on two volumes Disk C and Work Disk(don't remember the name). When doing the fdisk -l: Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xa93031e0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 408833842 204415897+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 488386560 976773119 244193280 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 408834046 488386559 39776257 5 Extended Partition 3 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 408834048 484421631 37793792 83 Linux /dev/sda6 484423680 488386559 1981440 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 3965 MB, 3965190144 bytes 49 heads, 48 sectors/track, 3292 cylinders, total 7744512 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 7744511 3868160 b W95 FAT32 When sudo mount /dev/sda ~/1 -o offset [488386560*512] - opens and mounts WORK disk. Need help: how to See and mount disk C. how to see and adjust the Grub to appear both systems in Grub menu when loading?

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• Can't access external hard drives or thumb drives

  - by calden

  I am not a complete linux noob but I don't know a lot either and would greatly appreciate some help with this. I just installed Ubuntu 10.10 onto my laptop. Everything is working great however USB devices such as thumb drives and external hard drives wont show up. I have been looking around a bit and when I run sudo fdisk -l it displays this: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00065684 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 29255 234983424 83 Linux /dev/sda2 29255 30402 9212929 5 Extended /dev/sda5 29255 30402 9212928 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 16.0 GB, 16026435072 bytes 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 15283 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000df90d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1 15283 15649776 7 HPFS/NTFS It does seem to display my 16 gig thumb drive but other then seeing it here I cant access it to read and write files to it. It does the same with my external hard drive. I know those devices work as I have tried them on my other computer and they are working fine. Also this is what is in fstab if this will help anybody help me: proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/sdb1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/sdb5 none swap sw 0 0 Thank you very much for the help everyone.

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• Cannot Restore GRUB (Ubuntu 11.04 + Win 7)

  - by Benny

  I'm trying to fix GRUB on my PC, but I'm running into serious issues doing so. Any help would be greatly appreciated as I'm completely crippled right now. Here is the sequence of events for this PC: Installed Windows 7 Split full disk into two partitions (one for win7 and one for multimedia) Long time passed Split one of the partitions into two again Installed Ubuntu 11.04 on new partition A little time passed Windows 7 acting up, reinstall Ubuntu GRUB gone Tried restoring GRUB by mounting and grub-install from live USB Tried switching to a live CD instead of USB (thinking it might be the drive) Now I don't see GRUB and I'm getting "input/output" errors An example i/o error: ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xbe86aff6 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 48727 391393280 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda2 48727 77063 227612647+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 77063 91202 113566721 5 Extended /dev/sda5 77063 90622 108908544 83 Linux /dev/sda6 90622 91202 4657152 82 Linux swap / Solaris ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /mnt ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda mkdir: cannot create directory `/mnt/boot': Input/output error ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cd /mnt ubuntu@ubuntu:/mnt$ ls ls: cannot access etc: Input/output error

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• Resize a pendrive Linux?

  - by user11239

  I'm running Ubuntu from USB media, which has a drive capacity of 250 GB, all existing as one FAT32 partition. However, when I created the bootable Ubuntu drive, only 4.79 GB were allocated for usage. Rather than put files directly into the /cdrom where the drive is mounted, I want to expand what is listed here in aufs to be at least 200 GB. I'm hopeful that I can do this live. Output of df : Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on aufs 4051904 4050108 0 100% / none 1542852 284 1542568 1% /dev /dev/sdb1 244076800 4901648 239175152 3% /cdrom /dev/loop0 688000 688000 0 100% /rofs none 1547840 1496 1546344 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1547840 4828 1543012 1% /tmp none 1547840 80 1547760 1% /var/run none 1547840 0 1547840 0% /var/lock none 1547840 0 1547840 0% /lib/init/rw Output of fdisk -l : Disk /dev/sdb: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00083fe4 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1 30401 244196001 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) So basically what I want to do is get /dev/sdb1 to be entirely, or almost entirely read as aufs. I'm confused over how to do this, as the file systems are all part of /dev/sdb1 on one big partition, rather than separate partitions for separate file systems.

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• How to retain secondary hard drive mounts at reboot and keep shares?

  - by Tom

  I'm running Ubuntu 12.04. A second hard drive connected to this computer does not mount when the computer boots. Additionally, I have set up the drive to be shared but the share is not retained, the share is lost after each boot. My main system drive and a removable drive mount OK and shares remain between boots. Additional information follows: D2Linux sda1 is the secondary hard drive L-Freeagent sdc1 is the removeable drive Here is the contents of fstab immediately after booting (D2Linux /dev/sda1 not yet mounted): '# /etc/fstab: static file system information. ' '# ' '# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a ' '# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices ' '# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). ' '# ' '# ' proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 '# / was on /dev/sdb1 during installation ' UUID=43d29a82-66b3-40f3-91ed-735a27a60004 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 '# swap was on /dev/sdb5 during installation UUID=cf8e3351-11d0-487a-8a6e-e499c2e88a10 none swap sw ' 0 0 Here is the output of mount with all drives mounted (I did not restore the share): /dev/sdb1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/tom/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=tom) /dev/sdc1 on /media/L-Freeagent type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks) /dev/sda1 on /media/D2Linux type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks) Thank you!

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• Install GRUB to Ubuntu Partition

  - by Noel

  So my computer has the following partitions: /dev/sda -- (I know this isn't a real partition, but more so the boot loader) /dev/sda1 -- (Windows 7 Boot Loader) /dev/sda3 -- (Windows 7) /dev/sda4 -- (Data partition, NTFS) that means i have /dev/sda2 as free space. I do not want to change the MBR of the computer. I would like /dev/sda2 to contain GRUB AND Ubuntu. So ideally when I turn my computer on, BIOS would ask if I'd like to boot Windows 7 or Ubuntu(or Grub or partition 2), and I could choose either one. But I would like Grub and Ubuntu to be on the same partition, so they will not interfere in any way with windows or window's boot loader/partition (sda3) How can I do this? Catch: when formatting partitions, Ubuntu does not give me the option to make them virtual partitions, so that makes things harder. I tried: installing Ubuntu to /dev/sda2 (which I formatted as ext4) and then told the Ubuntu installer to install the bootloader to /dev/sda2. But when I select "Ubuntu" from BIOS's boot selection, it loads a black screen and says "invalid arch independent ELF magic grub rescue _" and allows me to input stuff. How can I fix this, or tell my computer where Grub is?

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• SD Card only mounted after a reboot

  - by hattenn

  I have a Kingston 2GB MicroSD and I plug it in via an inconix MicroSD Adapter to the internal card reader of my Samsung N210 Netbook with Ubuntu 10.10, but it doesn't show up. Only if I reboot the system when the card's plugged in it shows up. Why does it need a reboot for mounting? sudo fdisk -l gives the output below. But I can only see the drive when I reboot the computer while the card's plugged. Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9a5a7990 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1959 15728640 27 Unknown Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 * 1959 1972 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 1972 18992 136718750 83 Linux /dev/sda4 18992 19458 3738625 5 Extended /dev/sda5 18992 19458 3738624 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 1973 MB, 1973420032 bytes 60 heads, 59 sectors/track, 1088 cylinders Units = cylinders of 3540 * 512 = 1812480 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 1089 1927100+ 6 FAT16

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