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  • Theory of formal languages - Automaton

    - by dader51
    Hi everybody ! I'm wondering about formal languages. I have a kind of parser : It reads à xml-like serialized tree structure and turn it into a multidimmensionnal array. I figured out that i need at least three variables to achieve the job : $tree = array(); // a new array $pTree = array(&$tree); // a new array which the first element points to $tree; $deep = 0; plus the one containing the sentence splitted into words. My point is on the similarities between the algorithm deing used and the differents kinds of automatons ( state machines turing machines stack ... ). The $words variable is the "tape" of the automaton, the test/conditions of the algorithm are transitions, $deep is the state and $tree is the output. I cannont figure what is $pTree. So the question is : which is the automaton I implictly use here, and to which formal languages family does it fit ? And what's about recursion ?

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  • Switching languages on a website with PHP

    - by jnkrois
    Hello everybody, I'm just looking for some advice. I'm creating a website that offers (at least) 2 languages. The way I'm setting it up is by using XML files for the language, PHP to retrieve the values in the XML nodes. Say you have any XML file, being loaded as follows: <?php $lang = "en"; $xmlFile = simplexml_load_file("$lang/main.xml"); ?> Once the file contents are available, I just output each node into an HTML tag like so: <li><?php echo $xmlFile->navigation->home; ?></li> which in turn is equal to : <li><a href="#">Home</a></li> as a nav bar link. Now, the way in which I'm switching languages is by changing the value of the "$lang" variable, through a "$_POST", like so: if(isset($_POST['es'])){ $lang = "es"; }elseif(isset($_POST['en'])){ $lang = "en"; } The value of the "$lang" variable is reset and the new file is loaded, loading as well all the new nodes from the new XML file, hence changing the language. I'm just wondering if there is another way to reset the "$lang" variable using something else, other than "$_POST" or "$_GET". I don't want to use query string either. I know I could use JavaScript or jQuery to achieve this, but I'd like to make the site not too dependable on JavaScript. I'd appreciate any ideas or advice. Thanks

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  • The use of getters and setters for different programming languages [closed]

    - by leonhart88
    So I know there are a lot of questions on getters and setters in general, but I couldn't find something exactly like my question. I was wondering if people change the use of get/set depending on different languages. I started learning with C++ and was taught to use getters and setters. This is what I understand: In C++ (and Java?), a variable can either be public or private, but we cannot have a mix. For example, I can't have a read-only variable that can still be changed inside the class. It's either all public (can read and change it), or all private (can't read and can only change inside the class). Because of this (and possibly other reasons), we use getters and setters. In MATLAB, I can control the "setaccess" and "getaccess" properties of variables, so that I can make things read-only (can directly access the property, but can't overwrite it). In this case, I don't feel like I need a getter because I can just do class.property. Also, in Python it is considered "Pythonic" to not use getters/setters and to only put things into properties if needed. I don't really understand why its OK to have all public variables in Python, because that's opposite of what I learned when I started with C++. I'm just curious what other people's thoughts are on this. Would you use getters and setters for all languages? Would you only use it for C++/Java and do direct access in MATLAB and Python (which is what I am currently doing)? Is the second option considered bad? For my purposes, I am only referring to simple getters and setters (just return/set the value and do not do anything else). Thanks!

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  • Python vs all the major professional languages [closed]

    - by Matt
    I've been reading up a lot lately on comparisons between Python and a bunch of the more traditional professional languages - C, C++, Java, etc, mainly trying to find out if its as good as those would be for my own purposes. I can't get this thought out of my head that it isn't good for 'real' programming tasks beyond automation and macros. Anyway, the general idea I got from about two hundred forum threads and blog posts is that for general, non-professional-level progs, scripts, and apps, and as long as it's a single programmer (you) writing it, a given program can be written quicker and more efficiently with Python than it could be with pretty much any other language. But once its big enough to require multiple programmers or more complex than a regular person (read: non-professional) would have any business making, it pretty much becomes instantly inferior to a million other languages. Is this idea more or less accurate? (I'm learning Python for my first language and want to be able to make any small app that I want, but I plan on learning C eventually too, because I want to get into driver writing eventually. So I've been trying to research each ones strengths and weaknesses as much as I can.) Anyway, thanks for any input

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  • Why do you like Python?

    - by Arnav
    I have to make a presentation at work to convince everyone why they should try coding in Python. So, I thought of taking a poll here... What is it about Python (features, etc) over other languages that you love? The reason I usually give is that in Python you forget about the complexities and frills of programming languages and can just focus on producing code that works... What do you think?

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  • What could be the Java successor Oracle wants to invest in?

    - by deamon
    I've read that Oracle wants to invest into another language than Java: "On the other hand, Oracle has been particularly supportive of alternative JVM languages. Adam Messinger ( http://www.linkedin.com/in/adammessinger ) was pretty blunt at the JVM Languages Summit this year about Java the language reaching it's logical end and how Oracle is looking for a 'higher level' language to 'put significant investment into.'" But what language could be the one Oracle wants to invest in? Is there another candidate than Scala?

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  • Did Java invent interfaces?

    - by Jordão
    I know about C++ pure virtual classes, but Java went one step further and created a first-class (no pun intended) concept for multiple-interface (not implementation) inheritance, the interface. It's now a staple of major statically-typed languages. Did Java invent the interface concept? Or did it appear in older languages also as a first-class concept?

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  • What "exotic" language feature do you use every day?

    - by fmark
    For most programmers using procedural or object-oriented languages there is a language-feature lowest common denominator: variables, procedures, standard control structures, and classes. However, almost all languages add features on top of this. Recent C# versions have LINQ and delegates. C++ has template metaprogramming. Java has annotations. What features such as these do you use every day?

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  • Programming Language Choices for High Integrity Systems

    - by Finbarr
    What programming languages are a good choice for High Integrity Systems? An example of a bad choice is Java as there is a considerable amount of code that is inaccessible to the programmer. I am looking for examples of strongly typed, block structured languages where the programmer is responsible for 100% of the code, and there is as little interference from things like a JVM as possible. Compilers will obviously be an issue. Language must have a complete and unambiguous definition.

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  • What type of programs are C/C++ used for now?

    - by Ryan Detzel
    I started off with C in school, went to Java and now I primarily use the P's(Php, Perl, Python) so my exposure to the lower level languages have all but disappeared. I would like to get back into it but I can never justify using C over Perl or Python. What real-world apps are being built with these languages? Any suggestions if I want to dive back in, what can I do with C/C++ that I can't easily do with Perl/Python?

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  • Java or C for image processing

    - by its-me
    I am looking in to learning a programming language (take a course) for image analysis and processing. Possibly Bioinformatics too. Which language should I go for? C or Java? Other languages are not an option for me. Also please explain why either of the languages is a better option for my application.

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  • How to find out what is installed on a server

    - by masfenix
    Hi, im an undergrad student and we have special access to a server. The server is a unix server (dont know the OS or anything.. is there a way to find out? ). we also get a website associated with the server. There is a public_html folder. I uploaded with a test file with phpinfo() but the server didnt parse it (yes i had the right extension) . So im guessing PHP isnt installed. is there a way to see what "common" languages ARE installed?

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  • How can I change my language/keyboard input language system-wide temporarily?

    - by Adam Lynch
    I currently have two languages set up; English and Dutch. The only difference is in keyboard input. The Dutch one uses the French/Belgian AZERTY layout and the English one uses the Irish/English QWERTY layout (@ = Shift+'). When a Belgian colleague needs to use my computer, I switch the language to NL (Dutch) (therefore the input to AZERTY) using the language bar, but it seems to be application-specific. (I.e: After changing the input to AZERTY for my colleague, if he then clicks on another program it switches back to QWERTY for that program). Is there a way I can quickly switch between the two comprehensively yet temporarily?

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  • language input is changed by itself, not only by keystroke of alt+shift

    - by Berry Tsakala
    I'm using 2 and sometimes more input methods in windows I use ALT + left Shift for switching between languages. Sometimes, every once in a while, another action(s) trigger the language switch. It happens in the same application, (i.e. the input language changes for the same app without my request) or, while switching tasks with Alt-Tab, which causes language input to change in an arbitrary application's context. I realized that some of these actions could be the use of the scroll wheel button. It's super annoying How do I disable any other language switching, and stay only with alt+shift? Why does this happen? It happened to my in the past in these and more occasions: middle mouse click pressing Windows key pression Alt Tab (unknown)

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  • Exclude an input language from Alt+Shift/Ctrl+Shift switching cycle on Windows

    - by Headcrab
    I have 3 input languages installed on my Windows 7: English, Russian and Japanese. So when I switch between them by Ctrl+Shift, they go like English - Russian - Japanese - English - ... I don't use Japanese much, but still need it occasionally. Is there a way to somehow exclude it from the "Ctrl+Shift cycle" without uninstalling it from the system? E. g. Ctrl+Shift will be like English - Russian - English - ..., while I still could switch to Japanese by a dedicated keyboard shortcut, say, Ctrl + 3? That extra Ctrl+Shift to go through Japanese just to switch between English and Russian is very annoying, and using Ctrl+1, Ctrl+2, Ctrl+3 for each input language isn't very ergonomic, either.

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  • How do I install a language pack in Windows 7 Home Premium?

    - by ekaj
    Specifically, I want Korean (link), but I hope this helps other people in general. According to this page, it is only possible for Ultimate and Enterprise. Specifically, I'd like to enable my keyboard to type in Korean, and I specified Korean as the input language (Start - type "Input Languages", only result). Under the General tab, I selected Add, and specified Korean.. but it doesn't work, because the language pack isn't installed I presume. Would anyone know how to add different language input / packs to Windows 7 Home Premium? Also, I tried following this tutorial on adding a language pack to HP, but the .cab keeps disappearing so it will not work. Note: Unlike the link in the tutorial as well, I do not have an option to change the display language of Windows, only the option to change input methods.

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  • What programming languages do the top tier Universities teach?

    - by Simucal
    I'm constantly being inundated with articles and people talking about how most of today's Universities are nothing more than Java vocational schools churning out mediocre programmer after mediocre programmer. Our very own Joel Spolsky has his famous article, "The Perils of Java Schools." Similarly, Alan Kay, a famous Computer Scientist (and SO member) has said this in the past: "I fear — as far as I can tell — that most undergraduate degrees in computer science these days are basically Java vocational training." - Alan Kay (link) If the languages being taught by the schools are considered such a contributing factor to the quality of the school's program then I'm curious what languages do the "top-tier" computer science schools teach (MIT, Carnegie Mellon, Stanford, etc)? If the average school is performing so poorly due in large part the languages (or lack of) that they teach then what languages do the supposed "good" cs programs teach that differentiate them? If you can, provide the name of the school you attended, followed by a list of the languages they use throughout their coursework. Edit: Shog-9 asks why I don't get this information directly from the schools websites themselves. I would, but many schools websites don't discuss the languages they use in their class descriptions. Quite a few will say, "using high-level languages we will...", without elaborating on which languages they use. So, we should be able to get a pretty accurate list of languages taught at various well known institutions from the various SO members who have attended at them.

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  • RFC regarding WAM

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Request For Comment regarding Whitespace's Assembly Mnemonics What follows in a first generation attempt at creating mnemonics for a whitespace assembly language. STACK ===== push number copy copy number swap away away number MATH ==== add sub mul div mod HEAP ==== set get FLOW ==== part label call label goto label zero label less label back exit I/O === ochr oint ichr iint In the interest of making improvements to this small and simple instruction set, this is a second attempt. hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo save Store load Retrieve L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller exit End the program print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack What do you think of the following revised list for Whitespace's assembly instructions? I'm still thinking outside of the box somewhat and trying to come up with a better mnemonic set than last time. When the previous interpreter was written, it was completed over two contiguous, rushed evenings. This rewrite deserves significantly more time now that it is the summer. Of course, the next version of Whitespace (0.4) may have its instructions revised even more, but this is just a redesign of what originally was done in a very short amount of time. Hopefully, the instructions make more sense once someone new to programmings thinks about them.

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  • RFC: Whitespace's Assembly Mnemonics

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Request For Comment regarding Whitespace's Assembly Mnemonics What follows in a first generation attempt at creating mnemonics for a whitespace assembly language. STACK ===== push number copy copy number swap away away number MATH ==== add sub mul div mod HEAP ==== set get FLOW ==== part label call label goto label zero label less label back exit I/O === ochr oint ichr iint In the interest of making improvements to this small and simple instruction set, this is a second attempt. hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo save Store load Retrieve L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller exit End the program print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack What is the general consensus on the following revised list for Whitespace's assembly instructions? They definitely come from thinking outside of the box and trying to come up with a better mnemonic set than last time. When the previous python interpreter was written, it was completed over two contiguous, rushed evenings. This rewrite deserves significantly more time now that it is the summer. Of course, the next version of Whitespace (0.4) may have its instructions revised even more, but this is just a redesign of what originally was done in a few hours. Hopefully, the instructions make more sense to those new to programming jargon.

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