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  • First ATMs programming language

    - by revo
    First ATMs performed tasks like a cash dispenser, they were offline machines which worked with punch cards impregnated with Carbon and a 6-digit PIN code. Maximum withdrawal with a card was 10 pounds and each one was a one-time use card - ATM swallowed cards! The first ATM was installed in London in the year 1967, as I looked at time line of programming languages, there were many programming languages made before that decade. I don't know about the hardware neither, but in which programming language it was written? *I didn't find a detailed biography of John Shepherd-Barron (ATM inventor at 70s) Update I found this picture, which is taken from a newspaper back to the year 1972 in Iran. Translated PS : Shows Mr. Rad-lon (if spelled correctly), The manager of Barros (if spelled correctly) International Educational Institute in United Kingdom at the right, and Mr. Jim Sutherland - Expert of Computer Kiosks. In the rest of the text I found on this paper, these kind of ATMs which called "Automated Computer Kiosk" were advertised with this: Mr. Rad-lon (if spelled correctly) puts his card to one specific location of Automated Computer Kiosk and after 10 seconds he withdraws his cash. Two more questions are: 1- How those ATMs were so fast? (withdrawal in 10 seconds in that year) 2- I didn't find any text on Internet which state about "Automated Computer Kiosk", Is it valid or were they being called Computer in that time?

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  • Trying to wrap my head around class structure for domain-specific language

    - by svaha
    My work is mostly in embedded systems programming in C, and the proper class structure to pull this off eludes me. Currently we communicate via C# and Visual Basic with a large collection of servos, pumps, and sensors via a USB-to-CAN hid device. Right now, it is quite cumbersome to communicate with the devices. To read the firmware version of controller number 1 you would use: SendCan(Controller,1,ReadFirmwareVersion) or SendCan(8,1,71) This sends three bytes on the CAN bus: (8,1,71) Connected to controllers are various sensors. SendCan(Controller,1,PassThroughCommand,O2Sensor,2,ReadO2) would tell Controller number 1 to pass a command to O2 Sensor number 2 to read O2 by sending the bytes 8,1,200,16,2,0 I would like to develop a domain-specific language for this setup. Instead of commands issued like they are currently, commands would be written like this: Controller1.SendCommand.O2Sensor2.ReadO2 to send the bytes 8,1,200,16,0 What's the best way to do this? Some machines have 20 O2 Sensors, others have 5 controllers, so the numbers and types of controllers and sensors, pumps, etc. aren't static.

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  • copy text (Indian language- GUjarati) from word document to web page text area problem.

    - by Avinash
    Hi all, I am developing one site in Indian language (Gujarati). My problem is as below: My client wants that they able to copy Gujarati text from word document and paste into the Text area. But when i copy text from word doc and paste into text area the its get converted to the English letters. http://www.chanakyanipothi.com/gujchanakya/Gopika.ttf Above is the link of fonts which I am using. I can provide you the demo code for you to make some work on it. Is there any special thing which I am missing. Hope I am clear to you. I am running in PHP and apache. Thanks Avinash

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  • In what programing language are the things i actualy care about writin? [closed]

    - by David
    To be more specific and less subjective: In what language are video games like Halo 3/COD 4/ mario cart written? Microsoft word for windows? for mac? The animation software used by big movie studios to make movies like toystory and monsters inc? The software that helps pilots control the F22 raptor? The software that watches the stock market? The software in the computer in my car? The software that makes the internet work? (this one is a bit vague, if more specificness is needed then google specifically) robots?

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  • How do I set the UI language in vim?

    - by Daren Thomas
    I saw this on reddit, and it reminded me of one of my vim gripes: It shows the UI in German. Damn you, vim! I want English, but since my OS is set up in German (the standard at our office), I guess vim is actually trying to be helpfull. What magic incantations must I perform to get vim to switch the UI language? I have tried googling on various occasions, but can't seem to find an answer (No, Google, you're my friend *pat*, *pat*, but I allready know how to change the syntax highlighting, thank you!)...

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  • SOLR and Natural Language Parsing - Can I use it?

    - by andy
    hey guys, my requirements are pretty similar to this: Requirements http://stackoverflow.com/questions/90580/word-frequency-algorithm-for-natural-language-processing Using Solr While the answer for that question is excellent, I was wondering if I could make use of all the time I spent getting to know SOLR for my NLP. I thought of SOLR because: It's got a bunch of tokenizers and performs a lot of NLP. It's pretty use to use out of the box. It's restful distributed app, so it's easy to hook up I've spent some time with it, so using could save me time. Can I use Solr? Although the above reasons are good, I don't know SOLR THAT well, so I need to know if it would be appropriate for my requirements. Ideal Usage Ideally, I'd like to configure SOLR, and then be able to send SOLR some text, and retrieve the indexed tonkenized content. Context So you guys know, I'm working on a small component of a bigger recommendation engine.

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  • Can I change class types in a setter with an object-oriented language?

    - by user214626
    Hello, Here is the problem statement : Calling a setter on the object should result in the object to change to an object of a different class, which language can support this ? Ex. I have a class called "Man" (Parent Class), and two children namely "Toddler" and "Old Man", they are its children because they override a behaviour in Man called as walk.( i.e Toddler sometimes walks using both his hands and legs kneeled down and the Old man uses a stick to support himself). The Man class has a attribute called age, I have a setter on Man,say it is called setAge(int ageValue). I have 3 objects, 2 toddlers, 1 old-Man. (The system is up and running,i guess when we say objects it is obvious) .I will make this call, toddler.setAge(80), I expect the toddler to change to an object of type Old Man. Is this possible.Please suggest. Thanks,

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  • Is it wise to rely on default features of a programming language?

    - by George Edison
    Should I frequently rely on default values? For example, in PHP, if you have the following: <?php $var .= "Value"; ?> This is perfectly fine - it works. But what if assignment like this to a previously unused variable is later eliminated from the language? (I'm not referring to just general assignment to an unused variable.) There are countless examples of where the default value of something has changed and so much existing code was then useless. On the other hand, without default values, there is a lot of code redundancy. What is the proper way of dealing with this?

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  • Can a programming language without arrays be turing-complete?

    - by Ring
    My question is simple: There are no arrays possible. That means you can address variables only "statically" by directly using their unique name. (This already throws out the default array syntax variable[ index ] and variable variables) "Emulated arrays" are counted as arrays and excluded too. Examples: You could basically simulate arrays using strings (quite easily actually) or use variable variables as in PHP. Can such a language be turing-complete? Brainf*ck for example has arrays, in fact it is one big array, isn't it?

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  • python/django problem with sessions and language

    - by freakish
    Hello everyone! I have the following problem: on the main page I can change language. New language is saved in request.session['django_language']. I also have SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN set to my site, so session should be inherited by subdomains. And it is, because after changing language I check request.session['django_language'] in subdomains and it's fine. Then I use django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware to translate my pages. And it works perfectly... only on main site! If I change language and refresh main site - it is ok. However, if I change language and go to a subpage (for example /LogIn), then the page is NOT translated at all. It stays on default language. This is really strange, because if I use {% load i18n %} {% get_current_language as lang %} in this subpage, then lang is good language. There is no mistake. What kind of problem can it be? Some suggestions?

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  • What do you consider to be a high-level language and for what reason?

    - by Anto
    Traditionally, C was called a high-level language, but these days it is often referred to as a low-level language (it is high-level compared to Assembly, but it is very low-level compared to, for instance, Python, these days). Generally, everyone calls languages of the sort of Python and Java high-level languages nowadays. How would you judge whether a programming language really is a high-level language (or a low-level one)? Must you give direct instructions to the CPU while programming in a language to call it low-level (e.g. Assembly), or is C, which provides some abstraction from the hardware, a low-level language too? Has the meaning of "high-level" and "low-level" changed over the years?

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  • Python and only Python for almost any programming tasks!

    - by Wassim
    Am I wrong if I think that Python is all I need to master, in order to solve most of the common programming tasks? EDIT I'm not OK with learning new programming languages if they don't teach me new concepts of programming and problem solving; hence the idea behind mastering a modern, fast evolving, with a rich set of class libraries, widely used and documented, and of course has a "friendly" learning curve programming language. I think that in the fast evolving tech industry, specialization is key to success.

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  • Why are invariants important in Computer Science

    - by Antony Thomas
    I understand 'invariant' in its literal sense. I also recognize them when I type code. But I don't think I understand the importance of this term in the context of computer science. Whenever I read conversations\white papers about language design from famous programmers\computer scientists, the term 'invariant' keeps popping up as a jargon; and that is the part I don't understand. What is so special about it?

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  • Why no fortran standard library ?

    - by Stefano Borini
    To be a language focused on mathematics and scientific computing, I am always baffled by the total lack of useful mathematical routines in the Fortran standard library. One would expect it to be shipped at least with a routine to compute standard deviation and mean, but this is not the case. In particular with the introduction of Fortran 90 and the addition of modules (thus reducing namespace pollution), I don't see any reason why of this critical lack of services. I would like to hear your knowledge about why this is the case.

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  • What do you think was a poor design choice in Java

    - by Phobia
    Java has been one of the most (the most?) popular programming languages till this day, but this also brought controversy as well. A lot of people now like to bash Java simply because "it's slow", or simply because it's not language X, for example. My question isn't related to any of these arguments at all, I simply want to know what you consider a design flaw, or a poor design choice in Java, and how it might be improved from your point of view. Something like this.

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  • The worst anti-patterns you have came across.

    - by ?????????
    What are the worst anti-patterns you have came across in your career as a programmer? I'm mostly involved in java, although it is probably language-independent. I think the worst of it is what I call the main anti-pattern. It means program consisting of single, extremely big class (sometimes accompanied with a pair of little classes) which contains all logic. Typically with a big loop in which all business logic is contained, sometimes having tens of thousands of lines of code.

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  • Which statically typed languages support intersection types for function return values?

    - by stakx
    Initial note: This question got closed after several edits because I lacked the proper terminology to state accurately what I was looking for. Sam Tobin-Hochstadt then posted a comment which made me recognise exactly what that was: programming languages that support intersection types for function return values. Now that the question has been re-opened, I've decided to improve it by rewriting it in a (hopefully) more precise manner. Therefore, some answers and comments below might no longer make sense because they refer to previous edits. (Please see the question's edit history in such cases.) Are there any popular statically & strongly typed programming languages (such as Haskell, generic Java, C#, F#, etc.) that support intersection types for function return values? If so, which, and how? (If I'm honest, I would really love to see someone demonstrate a way how to express intersection types in a mainstream language such as C# or Java.) I'll give a quick example of what intersection types might look like, using some pseudocode similar to C#: interface IX { … } interface IY { … } interface IB { … } class A : IX, IY { … } class B : IX, IY, IB { … } T fn() where T : IX, IY { return … ? new A() : new B(); } That is, the function fn returns an instance of some type T, of which the caller knows only that it implements interfaces IX and IY. (That is, unlike with generics, the caller doesn't get to choose the concrete type of T — the function does. From this I would suppose that T is in fact not a universal type, but an existential type.) P.S.: I'm aware that one could simply define a interface IXY : IX, IY and change the return type of fn to IXY. However, that is not really the same thing, because often you cannot bolt on an additional interface IXY to a previously defined type A which only implements IX and IY separately. Footnote: Some resources about intersection types: Wikipedia article for "Type system" has a subsection about intersection types. Report by Benjamin C. Pierce (1991), "Programming With Intersection Types, Union Types, and Polymorphism" David P. Cunningham (2005), "Intersection types in practice", which contains a case study about the Forsythe language, which is mentioned in the Wikipedia article. A Stack Overflow question, "Union types and intersection types" which got several good answers, among them this one which gives a pseudocode example of intersection types similar to mine above.

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  • The Sensemaking Spectrum for Business Analytics: Translating from Data to Business Through Analysis

    - by Joe Lamantia
    One of the most compelling outcomes of our strategic research efforts over the past several years is a growing vocabulary that articulates our cumulative understanding of the deep structure of the domains of discovery and business analytics. Modes are one example of the deep structure we’ve found.  After looking at discovery activities across a very wide range of industries, question types, business needs, and problem solving approaches, we've identified distinct and recurring kinds of sensemaking activity, independent of context.  We label these activities Modes: Explore, compare, and comprehend are three of the nine recognizable modes.  Modes describe *how* people go about realizing insights.  (Read more about the programmatic research and formal academic grounding and discussion of the modes here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235971352_A_Taxonomy_of_Enterprise_Search_and_Discovery) By analogy to languages, modes are the 'verbs' of discovery activity.  When applied to the practical questions of product strategy and development, the modes of discovery allow one to identify what kinds of analytical activity a product, platform, or solution needs to support across a spread of usage scenarios, and then make concrete and well-informed decisions about every aspect of the solution, from high-level capabilities, to which specific types of information visualizations better enable these scenarios for the types of data users will analyze. The modes are a powerful generative tool for product making, but if you've spent time with young children, or had a really bad hangover (or both at the same time...), you understand the difficult of communicating using only verbs.  So I'm happy to share that we've found traction on another facet of the deep structure of discovery and business analytics.  Continuing the language analogy, we've identified some of the ‘nouns’ in the language of discovery: specifically, the consistently recurring aspects of a business that people are looking for insight into.  We call these discovery Subjects, since they identify *what* people focus on during discovery efforts, rather than *how* they go about discovery as with the Modes. Defining the collection of Subjects people repeatedly focus on allows us to understand and articulate sense making needs and activity in more specific, consistent, and complete fashion.  In combination with the Modes, we can use Subjects to concretely identify and define scenarios that describe people’s analytical needs and goals.  For example, a scenario such as ‘Explore [a Mode] the attrition rates [a Measure, one type of Subject] of our largest customers [Entities, another type of Subject] clearly captures the nature of the activity — exploration of trends vs. deep analysis of underlying factors — and the central focus — attrition rates for customers above a certain set of size criteria — from which follow many of the specifics needed to address this scenario in terms of data, analytical tools, and methods. We can also use Subjects to translate effectively between the different perspectives that shape discovery efforts, reducing ambiguity and increasing impact on both sides the perspective divide.  For example, from the language of business, which often motivates analytical work by asking questions in business terms, to the perspective of analysis.  The question posed to a Data Scientist or analyst may be something like “Why are sales of our new kinds of potato chips to our largest customers fluctuating unexpectedly this year?” or “Where can innovate, by expanding our product portfolio to meet unmet needs?”.  Analysts translate questions and beliefs like these into one or more empirical discovery efforts that more formally and granularly indicate the plan, methods, tools, and desired outcomes of analysis.  From the perspective of analysis this second question might become, “Which customer needs of type ‘A', identified and measured in terms of ‘B’, that are not directly or indirectly addressed by any of our current products, offer 'X' potential for ‘Y' positive return on the investment ‘Z' required to launch a new offering, in time frame ‘W’?  And how do these compare to each other?”.  Translation also happens from the perspective of analysis to the perspective of data; in terms of availability, quality, completeness, format, volume, etc. By implication, we are proposing that most working organizations — small and large, for profit and non-profit, domestic and international, and in the majority of industries — can be described for analytical purposes using this collection of Subjects.  This is a bold claim, but simplified articulation of complexity is one of the primary goals of sensemaking frameworks such as this one.  (And, yes, this is in fact a framework for making sense of sensemaking as a category of activity - but we’re not considering the recursive aspects of this exercise at the moment.) Compellingly, we can place the collection of subjects on a single continuum — we call it the Sensemaking Spectrum — that simply and coherently illustrates some of the most important relationships between the different types of Subjects, and also illuminates several of the fundamental dynamics shaping business analytics as a domain.  As a corollary, the Sensemaking Spectrum also suggests innovation opportunities for products and services related to business analytics. The first illustration below shows Subjects arrayed along the Sensemaking Spectrum; the second illustration presents examples of each kind of Subject.  Subjects appear in colors ranging from blue to reddish-orange, reflecting their place along the Spectrum, which indicates whether a Subject addresses more the viewpoint of systems and data (Data centric and blue), or people (User centric and orange).  This axis is shown explicitly above the Spectrum.  Annotations suggest how Subjects align with the three significant perspectives of Data, Analysis, and Business that shape business analytics activity.  This rendering makes explicit the translation and bridging function of Analysts as a role, and analysis as an activity. Subjects are best understood as fuzzy categories [http://georgelakoff.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/hedges-a-study-in-meaning-criteria-and-the-logic-of-fuzzy-concepts-journal-of-philosophical-logic-2-lakoff-19731.pdf], rather than tightly defined buckets.  For each Subject, we suggest some of the most common examples: Entities may be physical things such as named products, or locations (a building, or a city); they could be Concepts, such as satisfaction; or they could be Relationships between entities, such as the variety of possible connections that define linkage in social networks.  Likewise, Events may indicate a time and place in the dictionary sense; or they may be Transactions involving named entities; or take the form of Signals, such as ‘some Measure had some value at some time’ - what many enterprises understand as alerts.   The central story of the Spectrum is that though consumers of analytical insights (represented here by the Business perspective) need to work in terms of Subjects that are directly meaningful to their perspective — such as Themes, Plans, and Goals — the working realities of data (condition, structure, availability, completeness, cost) and the changing nature of most discovery efforts make direct engagement with source data in this fashion impossible.  Accordingly, business analytics as a domain is structured around the fundamental assumption that sense making depends on analytical transformation of data.  Analytical activity incrementally synthesizes more complex and larger scope Subjects from data in its starting condition, accumulating insight (and value) by moving through a progression of stages in which increasingly meaningful Subjects are iteratively synthesized from the data, and recombined with other Subjects.  The end goal of  ‘laddering’ successive transformations is to enable sense making from the business perspective, rather than the analytical perspective.Synthesis through laddering is typically accomplished by specialized Analysts using dedicated tools and methods. Beginning with some motivating question such as seeking opportunities to increase the efficiency (a Theme) of fulfillment processes to reach some level of profitability by the end of the year (Plan), Analysts will iteratively wrangle and transform source data Records, Values and Attributes into recognizable Entities, such as Products, that can be combined with Measures or other data into the Events (shipment of orders) that indicate the workings of the business.  More complex Subjects (to the right of the Spectrum) are composed of or make reference to less complex Subjects: a business Process such as Fulfillment will include Activities such as confirming, packing, and then shipping orders.  These Activities occur within or are conducted by organizational units such as teams of staff or partner firms (Networks), composed of Entities which are structured via Relationships, such as supplier and buyer.  The fulfillment process will involve other types of Entities, such as the products or services the business provides.  The success of the fulfillment process overall may be judged according to a sophisticated operating efficiency Model, which includes tiered Measures of business activity and health for the transactions and activities included.  All of this may be interpreted through an understanding of the operational domain of the businesses supply chain (a Domain).   We'll discuss the Spectrum in more depth in succeeding posts.

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  • What good books are out there on program execution models? [on hold]

    - by murungu
    Can anyone out there name a few books that address the topic of program execution models?? I want a book that can answer questions such as... What is the difference between interpreted and compiled languages and what are the performance consequences at runtime?? What is the difference between lazy evaluation, eager evaluation and short circuit evaluation?? Why would one choose to use one evaluation strategy over another?? How do you simulate lazy evaluation in a language that favours eager evaluation??

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  • What to use C++ for?

    - by futlib
    I really love C++. However, I'm struggling to find good uses for it lately. It is still the language to use if you're building huge systems with huge performance requirements. Like backend/infrastructure code at Google and Facebook, or high-end games. But I don't get to do stuff like that. It's also a good choice for code that runs close to the hardware. I'd like to do more low-level stuff, but it isn't part of my job, and I can't think of useful private projects that would involve that. Traditionally, C++ was also a good choice for rich client applications, but those are mostly written in C# and Obj-C lately - and aren't really that important anymore, with everything being a web app. Or a mobile app, which are mostly written in Obj-C and Java. And of course, web-based desktop and mobile apps are quite prominent, too. At my job, I work mostly on web applications, using Java, JavaScript and Groovy. Java is a good/popular choice for non-Google-scale backends, Groovy (or Python, or Ruby or Node.js) is pretty good for the server-side of web apps and JavaScript is the only real choice for the client-side. Even the little games I'm writing in my spare time are lately mostly written in JavaScript, so they can run in the browser. So what would you suggest I could use C++ for? I'm aware that this question is very similar. However, I don't want to learn C++, I was a professional C++ programmer for years. I want to keep doing it and find good new use cases for it. I know that I can use C++ for web apps/games. I could even compile C++ to JavaScript with Emscripten. However, it doesn't seem like a good idea. I'm looking for something C++ is really good at to stay competent in the language. If your answer is: Just give up and forget C++, you'll probably never need it again, so be it.

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  • How does Python compile some its code in C?

    - by Howcan
    I read that some constructs of Python are more efficient because they are compiled in C. https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonSpeed/PerformanceTips Some of the examples used were map() and filter(). I was wondering how Python is able to do this? It's generally interpreted, so how does some of the code get compiled while another is interpreted - and in a different language? Why not just compile the whole thing?

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  • Should comments say WHY the program is doing what it is doing? (opinion on a dictum by the inventor of Forth)

    - by AKE
    The often provocative Chuck Moore (inventor of the Forth language) gave the following advice (paraphrasing): "Use comments sparingly. Programs are self-documenting, with a modicum of help from mnemonics. Comments should say WHAT the program is doing, not HOW." My question: Should comments say WHY the program is doing what it is doing? Update: In addition to the answers below, these two provide additional insight. Beginner's guide to writing comments? http://programmers.stackexchange.com/a/98609/62203

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  • Programming *into* a language vs. writing C code in Ruby

    - by bastibe
    Code Complete states that you should aways code into a language as opposed to code in it. By that, they mean Don't limit your programming thinking only to the concepts that are supported automatically by your language. The best programmers think of what they want to do, and then they assess how to accomplish their objectives with the programming tools at their disposal. (chapter 34.4) Doesn't this lead to using one style of programming in every language out there, regardless of the particular strengths and weaknesses of the language at hand? Or, to put the question in a more answerable format: Would you propose that one should try to encode one's problem as neatly as possible with the particulars of one's language, or should you rather search the most elegant solution overall, even if that means that you need to implement possibly awkward constructs that do not exist natively in one's language?

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  • Looking for terminology for the relation of a subject and a predicate

    - by kostja
    While writing some predicates for collection filtering I have stumbled over the choice of the right words for the relation of the subject and the predicate (English is a foreign language for me). What I ended up writing was "Subjects matching this predicate..." This seems to be incorrect, since predicates are functions and not regular expressions. But saying "Subjects for which this predicate returns true..." sounds awkward to me as well.. So what would be the correct term?

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  • Will loading meta tags dynamically from a database hurt the site?

    - by Nalaka526
    I have a website (ASP.NET MVC) which has its contents mainly in Sinhala language. So the search engines will list my site only when someone searches for Sinhala words. But,I need to list my site's pages in search results when searched with appropriate English words too. So I'm planning to save HTML meta tags (in English) in database and load them dynamically with appropriate page contents. Will loading the meta tags dynamically affect the site adversely?

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