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• C++: Simple data type for a variable in IF statement?

  - by Jason

  I am new to C++ and am making a simple text RPG, anyway, The scenario is I have a "welcome" screen with choices 1-3, and have a simple IF statement to check them, here: int choice; std::cout << "--> "; std::cin >> choice; if(choice == 1) { //.. That works fine, but if someone enters a letter as selection (instead of 1, 2 or 3) it'll become "-392493492"or something and crash the program. So I came up with: char choice; std::cout << "--> "; std::cin >> choice; if(choice == 1) { //.. This works kinda fine, but when I enter a number it seems to skip the IF statements completely.. Is the char "1" the same as the number 1? I get a compiler errro with this (ISO-CPP or something): if(choice == "1") So how on earth do I see if they entered 1-3 correctly!?

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• How to decrease size of c++ source code? [closed]

  - by free0u

  For example #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin); freopen("output.txt", "w", stdout); int n; cin >> n; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { cout << i; } return 0; } Decrease: #include <fstream> int main() { std::ifstream y("input.txt"); std::ofstream z("output.txt"); int n, i = 0; y >> n; while(i < n) z << i++; exit(0); } What's about "fstream"? std::fstream y("input.txt"), z("output.txt") It's amazing but output is not correct.) "output.txt" isn't remaking. Output is writing from begin of file. How to decrease code? Just for fun)

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• Measuring the CPU frequency scaling effect

  - by Bryan Fok

  Recently I am trying to measure the effect of the cpu scaling. Is it accurate if I use this clock to measure it? template<std::intmax_t clock_freq> struct rdtsc_clock { typedef unsigned long long rep; typedef std::ratio<1, clock_freq> period; typedef std::chrono::duration<rep, period> duration; typedef std::chrono::time_point<rdtsc_clock> time_point; static const bool is_steady = true; static time_point now() noexcept { unsigned lo, hi; asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi)); return time_point(duration(static_cast<rep>(hi) << 32 | lo)); } }; Update: According to the comment from my another post, I believe redtsc cannot use for measure the effect of cpu frequency scaling because the counter from the redtsc does not affected by the CPU frequency, am i right?

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• Which C++ Standard Library wrapper functions do you use?

  - by Neil Butterworth

  This question, asked this morning, made me wonder which features you think are missing from the C++ Standard Library, and how you have gone about filling the gaps with wrapper functions. For example, my own utility library has this function for vector append: template <class T> std::vector<T> & operator += ( std::vector<T> & v1, const std::vector <T> & v2 ) { v1.insert( v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end() ); return v1; } and this one for clearing (more or less) any type - particularly useful for things like std::stack: template <class C> void Clear( C & c ) { c = C(); } I have a few more, but I'm interested in which ones you use? Please limit answers to wrapper functions - i.e. no more than a couple of lines of code.

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• Should '#include' and 'using' statements be repeated in both header and implementation files (C++)?

  - by Dr. Monkey

  I'm fairly new to C++, but my understanding is that a #include statement will essentially just dump the contents of the #included file into the location of that statement. This means that if I have a number of '#include' and 'using' statements in my header file, my implementation file can just #include the header file, and the compiler won't mind if I don't repeat the other statements. What about people though? My main concern is that if I don't repeat the '#include', 'using', and also 'typedef' (now that I think of it) statements, it takes that information away from the file in which it's used, which could lead to confusion. I am just working on small projects at the moment where it won't really cause any issues, but I can imagine that in larger projects with more people working on them it could become a significant issue. An example follows: //Unit.h #include <string> #include <ostream> #include "StringSet.h" using std::string; using std::ostream; class Unit { public: //public members private: //private members //unrelated side-question: should private members //even be included in the header file? } ; //Unit.cpp #include "Unit.h" //The following are all redundant from a compiler perspective: #include <string> #include <ostream> #include "StringSet.h" using std::string; using std::ostream; //implementation goes here

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• How to properly assign a value to the member of a struct that has a class data type?

  - by sasayins

  Hi, Please kindly see below for the codes. Its compiling successfully but the expected result is not working. Im very confused because my initialization of the array is valid, //cbar.h class CBar { public: class CFoo { public: CFoo( int v ) : m_val = v {} int GetVal() { return m_val; } private: int m_val; }; public: static const CFoo foo1; static const CFoo foo2; public: CBar( CFoo foo ) m_barval( foo.GetVal() ){} int GetFooVal() { return m_barval; } private: int m_barval; }; //cbar.cpp const CBar::CFoo foo1 = CBar::CFoo(2); const CBar::CFoo foo2 = CBar::CFoo(3); //main.cpp struct St { CBar::CFoo foo; }; St st[] = { CBar::foo1, CBar::foo2 }; for( int i=0; i<sizeof(st)/sizeof(St); i++ ) { CBar cbar( st[i].foo ); std::cout << cbar.GetFooVal() << std::endl; } But then when I change the St::foo to a pointer. And like assign the address of CBar::foo1 or CBar::foo2, its working, like this, //main.cpp struct St { const CBar::CFoo *foo; }; St st[] = { &CBar::foo1, &CBar::foo2 }; for( int i=0; i<sizeof(st)/sizeof(St); i++ ) { CBar cbar( *st[i].foo ); std::cout << cbar.GetFooVal() << std::endl; } The real problem is. The app should output 2 3 Please advice. Many thanks.

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• Managing a log stream in C++ in a cout-like notation

  - by Andry

  Hello! I have a class in c++ in order to write log files for an application of mine. I have already built the class and it works, it is something like this: class Logger { std::string _filename; public: void print(std::string tobeprinted); } Well, it is intuitive that, in order to print a line in the log file, for an object of Logger, it is simply necessary to do the following: Logger mylogger("myfile.log"); mylogger.print(std::string("This is a log line")); Well. Using a method approach is not the same as using a much better pattern like << is. I would like to do the following: Logger mylogger("myfile.log"); mylogger << "This is a log line"; That's all. I suppose I must overload the << operator... But overloading using this signature (the classic one): ostream& operator<<(ostream& output, const MyObj& o); But I do not have a ostream... So, should I do as follows? Logger& operator<<(Logger& output, const std::string& o); Is this the right way? Thanks

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• Failed to specialize function template

  - by citizencane

  This is homework, although it's already submitted with a different approach. I'm getting the following from Visual Studio 2008 error C2893: Failed to specialize function template 'void std::sort(_RanIt,_RanIt,_Pr)' The code is as follows main.cpp Database<> db; db.loadDatabase(); db.sortDatabase(sort_by_title()); Database.cpp void Database<C>::sortDatabase(const sort_by &s) { std::sort(db_.begin(), db_.end(), s); } And the function objects are defined as struct sort_by : public std::binary_function<const Media *, const Media *, bool> { virtual bool operator()(const Media *l, const Media *r) const = 0; }; struct sort_by_title : public sort_by { bool operator()(const Media *l, const Media *r) const { ... } }; ... What's the cure here? [Edit] Sorry, maybe I should have made the inheritance clear template <typename C = std::vector<Media *> > class Database : public IDatabase<C> [/Edit]

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• Why does this code leak? (simple codesnippet)

  - by Ela782

  Visual Studio shows me several leaks (a few hundred lines), in total more than a few MB. I traced it down to the following "helloWorld example". The leak disappears if I comment out the H5::DataSet.getSpace() line. #include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include "cpp/H5Cpp.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { _CrtSetDbgFlag ( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF ); // dump leaks at return H5::H5File myfile; try { myfile = H5::H5File("C:\\Users\\yyy\\myfile.h5", H5F_ACC_RDONLY); } catch (H5::Exception& e) { std::string msg( std::string( "Could not open HDF5 file.\n" ) + e.getCDetailMsg() ); throw msg; } H5::Group myGroup = myfile.openGroup("/so/me/group"); H5::DataSet myDS = myGroup.openDataSet("./myfloatvec"); hsize_t dims[1]; //myDS.getSpace().getSimpleExtentDims(dims, NULL); // <-- here's the leak H5::DataSpace dsp = myDS.getSpace(); // The H5::DataSpace seems to leak dsp.getSimpleExtentDims(dims, NULL); //dsp.close(); // <-- doesn't help either std::cout << "Dims: " << dims[0] << std::endl; // <-- Works as expected return 0; } Any help would be appreciated. I've been on this for hours, I hate unclean code...

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• static member specialization of templated child class and templated base class

  - by b3nj1

  I'm trying to have a templated class (here C) that inherits from another templated class (here A) and perform static member specialization (of int var here), but I cant get the right syntax to do so (if it's possible #include <iostream> template<typename derived> class A { public: static int var; }; //This one works fine class B :public A<B> { public: B() { std::cout << var << std::endl; } }; template<> int A<B>::var = 9; //This one doesn't works template<typename type> class C :public A<C<type> > { public: C() { std::cout << var << std::endl; } }; //template<> template<typename type> int A<C<type> >::a = 10; int main() { B b; C<int> c; return 0; } I put an example that works with a non templated class (here B) and i can get the static member specialization of var, but for C that just doesn't work. Here is what gcc tells me : test.cpp: In constructor ‘C<type>::C()’: test.cpp:29:26: error: ‘var’ was not declared in this scope test.cpp: At global scope: test.cpp:34:18: error: template definition of non-template ‘int A<C<type> >::a’ I'm using gcc version 4.6.3, thanks for any help

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• Name lookup for names not dependent on template parameter in VC++2008 Express. Is it a bug?

  - by Maciej H

  While experimenting a bit with C++ templates I managed to produce this simple code, for which the output is different, than I expected according to my understanding of C++ rules. void bar(double d) { std::cout << "bar(double) function called" << std::endl; } template <typename T> void foo(T t) { bar(3); } void bar(int i) { std::cout << "bar(int) function called" << std::endl; } int main() { foo(3); return 0; } When I compile this code is VC++2008 Express function bar(int) gets called. That would be the behaviour I would expect if bar(3);in the template body was dependent on the template parameter. But it's not. The rule I found here says "The C++ standard prescribes that all names that are not dependent on template parameters are bound to their present definitions when parsing a template function or class". Am I wrong, that "present definition" of bar when parsing the template function foo is the definition of void bar(double d);? Why it's not the case if I am wrong. There are no forward declarations of bar in this compilation unit.

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• switch namespace by if condtion

  - by pascal

  Hi, in my C++ program I have several namespaces that contain several pointers with identical names. I then want a function to choose a namespace according to a parameter. I.e. something like: #include <iostream> namespace ns1{ double x[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; } namespace ns2{ double x[5]={6,7,8,9,10}; } int main(){ int b=1; if(b==1){ using namespace ns1; } if(b==2){ using namespace ns2; } std::cout << x[3] << std::endl; } However, this doesn't work since the compiler complains that x isn't known in that scope. I guess the problem is that "using namespace ..." is only valid within the if-statement. I think that it should be possible to switch namespaces somehow, but cannot find out how... Do you know how to do this without casting all variable separately? int main(){ int b=1; double *x; if(b==1){ x = ns1::x; } if(b==2){ x = ns2::x; } std::cout << x[3] << std::endl; } Cheers, Pascal

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• Template access of symbol in unnamed namespace

  - by Fred Larson

  We are upgrading our XL C/C++ compiler from V8.0 to V10.1 and found some code that is now giving us an error, even though it compiled under V8.0. Here's a minimal example: test.h: #include <iostream> #include <string> template <class T> void f() { std::cout << TEST << std::endl; } test.cpp: #include <string> #include "test.h" namespace { std::string TEST = "test"; } int main() { f<int>(); return 0; } Under V10.1, we get the following error: "test.h", line 7.16: 1540-0274 (S) The name lookup for "TEST" did not find a declaration. "test.cpp", line 6.15: 1540-1303 (I) "std::string TEST" is not visible. "test.h", line 5.6: 1540-0700 (I) The previous message was produced while processing "f<int>()". "test.cpp", line 11.3: 1540-0700 (I) The previous message was produced while processing "main()". We found a similar difference between g++ 3.3.2 and 4.3.2. I also found in g++, if I move the #include "test.h" to be after the unnamed namespace declaration, the compile error goes away. So here's my question: what does the Standard say about this? When a template is instantiated, is that instance considered to be declared at the point where the template itself was declared, or is the standard not that clear on this point? I did some looking though the n2461.pdf draft, but didn't really come up with anything definitive.

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• Work with function references

  - by Ockonal

  Hello, I have another one question about functions reference. For example, I have such definition: typedef boost::function<bool (Entity &handle)> behaviorRef; std::map< std::string, ptr_vector<behaviorRef> > eventAssociation; The first question is: how to insert values into such map object? I tried: eventAssociation.insert(std::pair< std::string, ptr_vector<behaviorRef> >(eventType, ptr_vector<behaviorRef>(callback))); But the error: no matching function for call to ‘boost::ptr_vector<boost::function<bool(Entity&)> >::push_back(Entity::behaviorRef&)’ And I undersatnd it, but can't make workable code. The second question is how to call such functions? For example, I have one object of behaviorRef, how to call it with boost::bind with passing my own values?

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• Should we use p(..) or (*p)(..) when p is a function pointer?

  - by q0987

  Reference: [33.11] Can I convert a pointer-to-function to a void*? #include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> int f(char x, int y) { return x; } int g(char x, int y) { return y; } typedef int(*FunctPtr)(char,int); int callit(FunctPtr p, char x, int y) // original { return p(x, y); } int callitB(FunctPtr p, char x, int y) // updated { return (*p)(x, y); } int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { FunctPtr p = g; // original std::cout << p('c', 'a') << std::endl; FunctPtr pB = &g; // updated std::cout << (*pB)('c', 'a') << std::endl; return 0; } Question Which way, the original or updated, is the recommended method? Thank you Although I do see the following usage in the original post: void baz() { FredMemFn p = &Fred::f; ? declare a member-function pointer ... }

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• an error "has no member named"

  - by helloWorld

  I have this snippet of the code account.cpp #include "account.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; Account::Account(string firstName, string lastName, int id) : strFirstName(firstName), strLastName(lastName), nID(id) {} void Account::printAccount(){ cout << strFirstName; } account.h #include <string> using std::string; class Account{ private: string strLastName; //Client's last name string strFirstName; //Client's first name int nID; //Client's ID number int nLines; //Number of lines related to account double lastBill; public: Account(string firstName, string lastName, int id); void printAccount(); }; company.h #ifndef CELLULAR_COMPANY_H #define CELLULAR_COMPANY_H #include <string> #include <list> #include <iostream> #include "account.h" using namespace std; class Company { private: list<Account> listOfAccounts; public: void addAccount(string firstName, string lastName, int id) { Account newAccount(firstName, lastName, id); listOfAccounts.push_back(newAccount); } void printAccounts(){ for(list<Account>::iterator i = listOfAccounts.begin(); i != listOfAccounts.end(); ++i){ i.printAccount; //here bug } } }; #endif // CELLULAR_COMPANY_H main.cpp #include "cellularcompany.h" int main(){ Company newCompany; newCompany.addAccount("Pavel", "Nedved", 11111); newCompany.printAccounts(); return 0; } can somebody please explain what does my error mean? thanks in advance (I have it in company.h see comment there) I have bug 'struct std::_List_iterator<Account>' has no member named 'printAccount'

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• Doubt on pointer conversion

  - by Simone

  Suppose we have the following code: #include <iostream> struct A { virtual void f() { std::cout << "A::f()" << std::endl; } }; struct B: A { void f() { std::cout << "B::f()" << std::endl; } }; void to_A(void* voidp) { A* aptr = static_cast<A*>(voidp); aptr->f(); } void to_B(void* voidp) { B* bptr2 = static_cast<B*>(voidp); bptr2->f(); } int main() { B* bptr = new B; void* voidp = bptr; to_A(voidp); // prints B::f() to_B(voidp); // prints B::f() } is this code guaranteed to always work as in the code comments or is it UB? AFAIK it should be ok, but I'd like to be reassured.

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• Different output between release and Debug

  - by AthomSfere

  I can't figure this one out. I have a c++ Application that works in Debug mode exactly as expected: #include "stdafx.h" #include <string> #include <Windows.h> #include <iostream> using namespace std; void truncateServer(std::string inString); int _tmain(int argc, char *argv[]) { char* server = argv[1]; truncateServer(server); } void truncateServer(std::string inString) { std::string server = ""; int whackCount = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < inString.length(); i++) { char c = inString[i]; if (whackCount < 3) { if (c == '\\') whackCount++; else server += c; } } cout << server; } For example if I call the server I want via its UNC path \\serverName\Share\ in the debug it gives me exactly what I want: servername However, if I use the release build I get nothing: I deleted the release output folder, but the issue is exactly the same. I can only assume there is some other difference between the release and build applications that is exposing a major issue with my code? Or another difference between the outputs I need to account for. What do I need to do to get the expected output?

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• Usage of CRTP in a call chain

  - by fhw72

  In my widget library I'd like to implement some kind of call chain to initialize a user supplied VIEW class which might(!) be derived from another class which adds some additional functionality like this: #include <iostream> template<typename VIEW> struct App { VIEW view; void init() {view.initialize(); } }; template<typename DERIVED> struct SpecializedView { void initialize() { std::cout << "SpecializedView" << std::endl; static_cast<DERIVED*>(this)->initialize(); } }; struct UserView : SpecializedView<UserView> { void initialize() {std::cout << "UserView" << std::endl; } }; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { // Cannot be altered to: App<SpecializedView<UserView> > app; App<UserView> app; app.init(); return 0; } Is it possible to achieve some kind of call chain (if the user supplied VIEW class is derived from "SpecializedView") such that the output will be: console output: SpecializedView UserView Of course it would be easy to instantiate variable app with the type derived from but this code is hidden in the library and should not be alterable. In other words: The library code should only get the user derived type as parameter.

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• Efficiently get the size of a parameter pack up to a certain index

  - by NmdMystery

  I want to be able to determine the number of bytes that are in a subset of a parameter pack from 0 to a given index. Right now I'm using a non-constexpr way of doing this. Below is my code: template <size_t index, typename... args> struct pack_size_index; template <size_t index, typename type_t, typename... args> struct pack_size_index <index, type_t, args...> { static const size_t index_v = index; static const size_t value(void) { if (index_v > 0) { return sizeof(type_t) + pack_size_index<index - 1, args...>::value(); } return 0; } }; template <size_t index> struct pack_size_index <index> { static const size_t index_v = index; static const size_t value(void) { return 0; } }; Usage: //output: 5 (equal to 1 + 4) std::cout << pack_size_index<2, bool, float, int, double>::value() << std::endl; //output: 20 (equal to 8 + 8 + 4) std::cout << pack_size_index<3, double, double, float, int>::value() << std::endl; This gets the job done, but this uses runtime comparison and the resulting executable increases in size rapidly whenever this is used. What's a less expensive way of doing this?

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• deleting an array that stores pointers to some objects

  - by memC

  hi, I am storing pointers to elements of a vec_A in an array A* a_ptrs[3] . Assume that vec_A will not be resized. So, a_ptrs[i] will point to the correct element. My question is: Suppose A* a_ptrs[3] is declared in a class B. Since it is not created using 'new' I am guessing I don't need to delete it in the destructor. Am I right?? class A { public: int getNumber(); A(int val); ~A(){}; private: int num; }; A::A(int val){ num = val; }; int A::getNumber(){ return num; }; int main(){ int i =0; int num; std::vector<A> vec_A; for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++){ vec_A.push_back(A(i)); } A* a_ptrs[3]; a_ptrs[0] = &vec_A[0]; a_ptrs[1] = &vec_A[3]; a_ptrs[2] = &vec_A[5]; for (i = 0; i<3; i++){ std::cout<<"\n: a_ptrs[i].getNumber() = "<<a_ptrs[i]->getNumber(); } std::cout << "\nPress RETURN to continue..."; std::cin.get(); return 0; }

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• Implement two functions with the same name but different, non-covariant return types due to multiple abstract base classes

  - by user1508167

  If I have two abstract classes defining a pure virtual function with the same name, but different, non-covariant return types, how can I derive from these and define an implementation for both their functions? #include <iostream> class ITestA { public: virtual ~ITestA() {}; virtual float test() =0; }; class ITestB { public: virtual ~ITestB() {}; virtual bool test() =0; }; class C : public ITestA, public ITestB { public: /* Somehow implement ITestA::test and ITestB::test */ }; int main() { ITestA *a = new C(); std::cout << a->test() << std::endl; // should print a float, like "3.14" ITestB *b = dynamic_cast<ITestB *>(a); if (b) { std::cout << b->test() << std::endl; // should print "1" or "0" } delete(a); return 0; } As long as I don't call C::test() directly there's nothing ambiguous, so I think that it should work somehow and I guess I just didn't find the right notation yet. Or is this impossible, if so: Why?

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• format, iomanip, c++

  - by Crystal

  I'm trying to learn to use namespaces declarations more definitive than not just say "using namespace std". I'm trying to format my data to 2 decimal places, and set the format to be fixed and not scientific. This is my main file: #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include "SavingsAccount.h" using std::cout; using std::setprecision; using std::ios_base; int main() { SavingsAccount *saver1 = new SavingsAccount(2000.00); SavingsAccount *saver2 = new SavingsAccount(3000.00); SavingsAccount::modifyInterestRate(.03); saver1->calculateMonthlyInterest(); saver2->calculateMonthlyInterest(); cout << ios_base::fixed << "saver1\n" << "monthlyInterestRate: " << saver1->getMonthlyInterest() << '\n' << "savingsBalance: " << saver1->getSavingsBalance() << '\n'; cout << "saver2\n" << "monthlyInterestRate: " << saver2->getMonthlyInterest() << '\n' << "savingsBalance: " << saver2->getSavingsBalance() << '\n'; } On Visual Studio 2008, when I run my program, I get an output of "8192" before the data I want. Is there a reason for that? Also, I don't think I am setting the fixed part or 2 decimal places correctly since I seem to get scientific notation once I added the setprecision(2). Thanks.

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• hash tables and 2d vectors

  - by Sunil

  I want to push a 2d vector into a hash table row by row and later search for a row (vector) in the hash table and want to be able to find it. I want to do something like #include <iostream> #include <set> #include <vector> using namespace std; int main(){ std::set < vector<int> > myset; vector< vector<int> > v; int k = 0; for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { v.push_back ( vector<int>() ); for ( int j = 0; j < 5; j++ ) v[i].push_back ( k++ ); } for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { std::copy(v[i].begin(),v[i].end(),std::inserter(myset)); // This is not correct but what is the right way ? // and also here, I want to search for a particular vector if it exists in the table. for ex. the second row of vector v. } return 0; } I'm not sure how to insert and look up a vector in a set. So if nybody could guide me, it will be helpful. Thanks

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• [c++/STL] Selective iterator

  - by rubenvb

  FYI: no boost, yes it has this, I want to reinvent the wheel ;) Is there some form of a selective iterator (possible) in C++? What I want is to seperate strings like this: some:word{or other to a form like this: some : word { or other I can do that with two loops and find_first_of(":") and ("{") but this seems (very) inefficient to me. I thought that maybe there would be a way to create/define/write an iterator that would iterate over all these values with for_each. I fear this will have me writing a full-fledged custom way-too-complex iterator class for a std::string. So I thought maybe this would do: std::vector<size_t> list; size_t index = mystring.find(":"); while( index != std::string::npos ) { list.push_back(index); index = mystring.find(":", list.back()); } std::for_each(list.begin(), list.end(), addSpaces(mystring)); This looks messy to me, and I'm quite sure a more elegant way of doing this exists. But I can't think of it. Anyone have a bright idea? Thanks PS: I did not test the code posted, just a quick write-up of what I would try

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