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  • Base 62 conversion in Python

    - by mikl
    How would you convert an integer to base 62 (like hexadecimal, but with these digits: '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'). I have been trying to find a good Python library for it, but they all seems to be occupied with converting strings. The Python base64 module only accepts strings and turns a single digit into four characters. I was looking for something akin to what URL shorteners use.

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  • How would I find all sets of N single-digit, non-repeating numbers that add up to a given sum in PHP

    - by TerranRich
    Let's say I want to find all sets of 5 single-digit, non-repeating numbers that add up to 30... I'd end up with [9,8,7,5,1], [9,8,7,4,2], [9,8,6,4,3], [9,8,6,5,2], [9,7,6,5,3], and [8,7,6,5,4]. Each of those sets contains 5 non-repeating digits that add up to 30, the given sum. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Even just a starting point for me to use would be awesome. I came up with one method, which seems like a long way of going about it: get all unique 5-digit numbers (12345, 12346, 12347, etc.), add up the digits, and see if it equals the given sum (e.g. 30). If it does, add it to the list of possible matching sets. I'm doing this for a personal project, which will help me in solving Kakuro puzzles without actually solving the whole thing at once. Yeah, it may be cheating, but it's... it's not THAT bad... :P

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  • How do I find the largest factor of an integer in mysql

    - by Bill H
    I am trying to write a select query that will dynamically determine the minimum number of items that can be packaged together. I am having trouble with one part of the query. ... CASE WHEN (pid.product_id) THEN 1 WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 11 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 11) WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 7 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 7) WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 6 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 6) WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 5 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 5) WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 4 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 4) WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 3 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 3) WHEN ((p.case_pack = p.inner_pack) AND (p.inner_pack % 2 = 0)) THEN CEILING(p.inner_pack / 2) ELSE p.inner_pack END AS min_pack ... What I want to do is find the largest factorial of an integer (p.inner_pack) that is under 12. Is there a better way to do this in mysql?

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  • approximating log10[x^k0 + k1]

    - by Yale Zhang
    Greetings. I'm trying to approximate the function Log10[x^k0 + k1], where .21 < k0 < 21, 0 < k1 < ~2000, and x is integer < 2^14. k0 & k1 are constant. For practical purposes, you can assume k0 = 2.12, k1 = 2660. The desired accuracy is 5*10^-4 relative error. This function is virtually identical to Log[x], except near 0, where it differs a lot. I already have came up with a SIMD implementation that is ~1.15x faster than a simple lookup table, but would like to improve it if possible, which I think is very hard due to lack of efficient instructions. My SIMD implementation uses 16bit fixed point arithmetic to evaluate a 3rd degree polynomial (I use least squares fit). The polynomial uses different coefficients for different input ranges. There are 8 ranges, and range i spans (64)2^i to (64)2^(i + 1). The rational behind this is the derivatives of Log[x] drop rapidly with x, meaning a polynomial will fit it more accurately since polynomials are an exact fit for functions that have a derivative of 0 beyond a certain order. SIMD table lookups are done very efficiently with a single _mm_shuffle_epi8(). I use SSE's float to int conversion to get the exponent and significand used for the fixed point approximation. I also software pipelined the loop to get ~1.25x speedup, so further code optimizations are probably unlikely. What I'm asking is if there's a more efficient approximation at a higher level? For example: Can this function be decomposed into functions with a limited domain like log2((2^x) * significand) = x + log2(significand) hence eliminating the need to deal with different ranges (table lookups). The main problem I think is adding the k1 term kills all those nice log properties that we know and love, making it not possible. Or is it? Iterative method? don't think so because the Newton method for log[x] is already a complicated expression Exploiting locality of neighboring pixels? - if the range of the 8 inputs fall in the same approximation range, then I can look up a single coefficient, instead of looking up separate coefficients for each element. Thus, I can use this as a fast common case, and use a slower, general code path when it isn't. But for my data, the range needs to be ~2000 before this property hold 70% of the time, which doesn't seem to make this method competitive. Please, give me some opinion, especially if you're an applied mathematician, even if you say it can't be done. Thanks.

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  • Learning Basic Mathematics

    - by NeedsToKnow
    I'm going to just come out and say it. I'm 20 and can't do maths. Two years ago I passed the end-of-high-school mathematics exam (but not at school), and did pretty well. Since then, I haven't done a scrap of mathematics. I wondered just how bad I had gotten, so I was looking at some simple algebra problems. You know, the kind you learn halfway through highschool. 5(-3x - 2) - (x - 3) = -4(4x + 5) + 13 Couldn't do them. I've got half a year left until I start a Computer Science undergraduate degree. I love designing and creating programs, and I remember I loved mathematics back when I did it. Basically, I've had a pretty bad education, but I want to be knowledgable in these areas. I was thinking of buying some high school textbooks and reading them, but I'm not sure this is the right way to go. I need to start off at some basic level and work towards a greater understanding. My question is: What should I study, how should I study, and what books can you recommend? Thanks!

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  • Why can't decimal numbers be represented exactly in binary?

    - by Barry Brown
    There have been several questions posted to SO about floating-point representation. For example, the decimal number 0.1 doesn't have an exact binary representation, so it's dangerous to use the == operator to compare it to another floating-point number. I understand the principles behind floating-point representation. What I don't understand is why, from a mathematical perspective, are the numbers to the right of the decimal point any more "special" that the ones to the left? For example, the number 61.0 has an exact binary representation because the integral portion of any number is always exact. But the number 6.10 is not exact. All I did was move the decimal one place and suddenly I've gone from Exactopia to Inexactville. Mathematically, there should be no intrinsic difference between the two numbers -- they're just numbers. By contrast, if I move the decimal one place in the other direction to produce the number 610, I'm still in Exactopia. I can keep going in that direction (6100, 610000000, 610000000000000) and they're still exact, exact, exact. But as soon as the decimal crosses some threshold, the numbers are no longer exact. What's going on? Edit: to clarify, I want to stay away from discussion about industry-standard representations, such as IEEE, and stick with what I believe is the mathematically "pure" way. In base 10, the positional values are: ... 1000 100 10 1 1/10 1/100 ... In binary, they would be: ... 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 ... There are also no arbitrary limits placed on these numbers. The positions increase indefinitely to the left and to the right.

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  • The bigger value in a matrix row

    - by marionmaiden
    How can I get the 2 biggers numbers of a matrix row? If the matrix have a bigger number in other row, it can't be shown. For example, let's suppose I have the following matrix int mat[][] ={{1,2,3}{4,5,6}{7,8,9}}; if I search the 2 biggers numbers from the row 0, it should return me 1 and 2.

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  • Simple encryption - Sum of Hashes in C

    - by Dogbert
    I am attempting to demonstrate a simple proof of concept with respect to a vulnerability in a piece of code in a game written in C. Let's say that we want to validate a character login. The login is handled by the user choosing n items, (let's just assume n=5 for now) from a graphical menu. The items are all medieval themed: eg: _______________________________ | | | | | Bow | Sword | Staff | |-----------|-----------|-------| | Shield | Potion | Gold | |___________|___________|_______| The user must click on each item, then choose a number for each item. The validation algorithm then does the following: Determines which items were selected Drops each string to lowercase (ie: Bow becomes bow, etc) Calculates a simple string hash for each string (ie: `bow = b=2, o=15, w=23, sum = (2+15+23=40) Multiplies the hash by the value the user selected for the corresponding item; This new value is called the key Sums together the keys for each of the selected items; this is the final validation hash IMPORTANT: The validator will accept this hash, along with non-zero multiples of it (ie: if the final hash equals 1111, then 2222, 3333, 8888, etc are also valid). So, for example, let's say I select: Bow (1) Sword (2) Staff (10) Shield (1) Potion (6) The algorithm drops each of these strings to lowercase, calculates their string hashes, multiplies that hash by the number selected for each string, then sums these keys together. eg: Final_Validation_Hash = 1*HASH(Bow) + 2*HASH(Sword) + 10*HASH(Staff) + 1*HASH(Shield) + 6*HASH(Potion) By application of Euler's Method, I plan to demonstrate that these hashes are not unique, and want to devise a simple application to prove it. in my case, for 5 items, I would essentially be trying to calculate: (B)(y) = (A_1)(x_1) + (A_2)(x_2) + (A_3)(x_3) + (A_4)(x_4) + (A_5)(x_5) Where: B is arbitrary A_j are the selected coefficients/values for each string/category x_j are the hash values for each string/category y is the final validation hash (eg: 1111 above) B,y,A_j,x_j are all discrete-valued, positive, and non-zero (ie: natural numbers) Can someone either assist me in solving this problem or point me to a similar example (ie: code, worked out equations, etc)? I just need to solve the final step (ie: (B)(Y) = ...). Thank you all in advance.

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  • Express highest floating point quantity that is less than 1

    - by edA-qa mort-ora-y
    I was doing some rounding calculations and happened upon a question. How can I express the highest quantity less than 1 for a given floating point type? That is, how I write/represent value x such that x < 1, x + y >= 1 for any y > 0. In fractions this would be x = (q-1)/q where q is the precision of the type. For example, if you are counting in 1/999 increments then x = 998/999. For a given type (float, double, long double), how could one express the value x in code? I also wonder if such a value actually exists for all values of y. That is, as y's exponent gets smaller perhaps the relation doesn't hold anymore. So an answer with some range restriction on y is also acceptable. (The value of x I want still does exist, the relationship may just not properly express it.)

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  • Looking for interesing formula

    - by Thinker
    I'm creating a game, where players can make an alloy. To make it less predictable, and more interesting, I thought that durability and hardness of an alloy can't be calculated by simple formula, because it will be extremely easy to find extrema, where alloy have best statistics. So the questions is, is there any formula for a function, where extrema can be found only by investigating all points? Input values will be in percents: 0.0%-100.0%. I think, it should look like this: half sound wave

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  • Find all ways to insert zeroes into a bit pattern

    - by James
    I've been struggling to wrap my head around this for some reason. I have 15 bits that represent a number. The bits must match a pattern. The pattern is defined in the way the bits start out: they are in the most flush-right representation of that pattern. So say the pattern is 1 4 1. The bits will be: 000000010111101 So the general rule is, take each number in the pattern, create that many bits (1, 4 or 1 in this case) and then have at least one space separating them. So if it's 1 2 6 1 (it will be random): 001011011111101 Starting with the flush-right version, I want to generate every single possible number that meets that pattern. The # of bits will be stored in a variable. So for a simple case, assume it's 5 bits and the initial bit pattern is: 00101. I want to generate: 00101 01001 01010 10001 10010 10100 I'm trying to do this in Objective-C, but anything resembling C would be fine. I just can't seem to come up with a good recursive algorithm for this. It makes sense in the above example, but when I start getting into 12431 and having to keep track of everything it breaks down.

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  • Moving a Ball on iPhone

    - by Chandan Shetty SP
    I am using below formula to move the ball circular, where accelX and accelY are the values from accelerometer, it is working fine. But the problem in this code is mRadius(I fixed its value to 50), i need to change mRadius according to accelerometer values and also i need bouncing effect when it touches other circles please send your answers ASAP... I am waiting. float degrees = -atan2(accelX, accelY) * 180 / 3.14159; int x = cCentrePoint.x + mRadius * cos(degreesToRadians(degrees)); int y = cCentrePoint.y + mRadius * sin(degreesToRadians(degrees)); Here is the snap of the game i want to develop. http://iphront.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/bdece528ea334033.jpg.jpg

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  • Position elements without overlap

    - by eWolf
    I have a number of rectangular elements that I want to position in a 2D space. I calculate an ideal position for each element. Now my problem is that many elements overlap as very often the ideal positions are concentrated in one region. I want to avoid overlap as much as possible (doesn't have to be perfect, though). How can I do this? I've heard physics simulations are suitable for this - is that correct? And can anyone provide an example/tutorial? By the way: I'm using XNA, if you know any .NET library that does exactly this job - tell me!

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  • OPTICS Clustering algorithm. How to get the best epsilon

    - by Marco Galassi
    I am implementing a project which needs to cluster geographical points. OPTICS algorithm seems to be a very nice solution. It needs just 2 parameters as input(MinPts and Epsilon), which are, respectively, the minimum number of points needed to consider them as a cluster, and the distance value used to compare if two points are in can be placed in same cluster. My problem is that, due to the extreme variety of the points, I can't set a fixed epsilon. Just look at the image below. The same points structure but in a different scale would result very different. Suppose to set MinPts=2 and epsilon = 1Km. On the left, the algorithm would create 2 clusters(red and blue), but on the right it would create one single cluster containing all of the points(red), but I would like to obtain 2 clusters even on the right. So my question is: is there any kind of way to calculate dynamically the epsilon value to get this result? Thank you very much and excuse my for my poor english. Marco

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  • Fast dot product for a very special case

    - by psihodelia
    Given a vector X of size L, where every scalar element of X is from a binary set {0,1}, it is to find a dot product z=dot(X,Y) if vector Y of size L consists of the integer-valued elements. I suggest, there must exist a very fast way to do it. Let's say we have L=4; X[L]={1, 0, 0, 1}; Y[L]={-4, 2, 1, 0} and we have to find z=X[0]*Y[0] + X[1]*Y[1] + X[2]*Y[2] + X[3]*Y[3] (which in this case will give us -4). It is obvious that X can be represented using binary digits, e.g. an integer type int32 for L=32. Then, all what we have to do is to find a dot product of this integer with an array of 32 integers. Do you have any idea or suggestions how to do it very fast?

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  • Good computer science lecture series

    - by joemoe
    Since we have a thread on books.. what are your recommendations of publicly accessible video lecture series related to programming, computer science, or mathematics? Please post specific courses, not websites with courses. :) This is the video equivalent of this thread: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/194812/list-of-freely-available-programming-books

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  • A simple algorithm for polygon intersection

    - by Elazar Leibovich
    I'm looking for a very simple algorithm for computing the polygon intersection/clipping. That is, given polygons P, Q, I wish to find polygon T which is contained in P and in Q, and I wish T to be maximal among all possible polygons. I don't mind the run time (I have a few very small polygons), I can also afford getting an approximation of the polygons' intersection (that is, a polygon with less points, but which is still contained in the polygons' intersection). But it is really important for me that the algorithm will be simple (cheaper testing) and preferably short (less code). edit: please note, I wish to obtain a polygon which represent the intersection. I don't need only a boolean answer to the question of whether the two polygons intersect.

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  • Determining polygon intersection and containment

    - by Victor Liu
    I have a set of simple (no holes, no self-intersections) polygons, and I need to check that they don't intersect each other (one can be entirely contained in another; that is okay). I can check this by simply checking the per-vertex inside-ness of one polygon versus other polygons. I also need to determine the containment tree, which is the set of relationships that say which polygon contains any given polygon. Since no polygon can intersect any other, then any contained polygon has a unique container; the "next-bigger" one. In other words, if A contains B contains C, then A is the parent of B, and B is the parent of C, and we don't consider A the parent of C. The question: How do I efficiently determine the containment relationships and check the non-intersection criterion? I ask this as one question because maybe a combined algorithm is more efficient than solving each problem separately. The algorithm should take as input a list of polygons, given by a list of their vertices. It should produce a boolean B indicating if none of the polygons intersect any other polygon, and also if B = true, a list of pairs (P, C) where polygon P is the parent of child C. This is not homework. This is for a hobby project I am working on.

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