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• Styles of games that work at low-resolution

  - by Brendan Long

  I'm taking a class on compilers, and the goal is to write a compiler for Meggy Jr devices (Arduino). The goal is just to make a simple compilers with loops and variables and stuff. Obviously, that's lame, so the "real goal" is to make an impressive game on the device. The problem is that it only has 64 pixels to work with (technically 72, but the top 8 are single-color and not part of the main display, so they're really only useful for displaying things like money). My problem is thinking of something to do on a device that small. It doesn't really matter if it's original, but it can't be something that's already available. My first idea was "snake", but that comes with the SDK. Same with a side-scrolling shooter. Remaining ideas include a tower defense game (hard to write, hard to control), an RPG (same), tetris (lame).. The problem is that all of the games I like require a high-resolution screen because they have a lot of text. Even a really simple game like nethack would be hard because each creature would be a single color. tl;dr What styles of games require a. No text; and b. Few enough objects that representing them each with a single color is acceptable?

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• Is there any existing (old) game that released graphic as free or open source?

  - by Alexey Petrushin

  I'd like to (re)create an online version (html5/JS) of some old game, for example something like HoM&M 2. Maybe, some of old games were released as free or open source (I'm interested in the graphical assets only)? I heard something about Red Alert been released as free, but I'm not sure if it's permitted to reuse graphical assets in such manner. Do You know such games? Another question - can You please share Your thoughts, rough estimate - how much it will cost to pay an artist to create graphics similar to HoM&M 2?

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• Producing a smooth mesh from density cloud and marching cubes

  - by Wardy

  Based on my results from this question I decided to build myself a 3D noise map containing float values in place of my existing boolean point values. The effect I'm trying to produce is something like this, rather than typical rolling hills; which should explain the "missing cubes" in the image below. If I render my density map in normal "minecraft mode" (1 block per point in the density map) varying the size of the cube based on the value in my density map (floats in the range 0 to 1) I get something like this: I'm now happy that I can produce a density map for the marching cubes algorithm (which will need a little tweaking) but for some reason when I run it through my implementation it's not producing what I expect. My problem is that I'm getting something like the first image in this answer to my previous question, when I want to achieve the effect in the second image. Upon further investigation I can't see how marching cubes does the "move vertex along the edge" type logic (i.e. the difference between the two images on my previous link). I see that it does do some interpolation, but I'm not convinced I have the correct understanding of what I think it should do, because the code in question appears to give the same result regardless of whether I use boolean or float values. I took the code from here which is a C# implementation of marching cubes, but instead of using the MarchingCubesPrimitive I modified it to accept an object of type IDrawable, containing lists for the various collections (vertices, normals, UVs, indices), the logic was otherwise untouched. My understanding is that given a very low isovalue the accuracy level of the surface being rendered should increase, so in short "less 45 degree slows more rolling hills" type mesh output. However this isn't what I'm seeing. Have I missed something or is the implementation flawed and need to be fixed? EDIT: A little more detail on what I am seeing when I "marching cube" the data. Ok so firstly, ignore the fact that the meshes created by the chunks don't "connect" (i'll probably raise another question about this later). Then look at the shaping of the island, it's too ... square, from the voxels rendered as boxes you get the impression there's a clean soft gradual hill and yet from the image there are sharp falling edges even in the most central areas where the gradient in the first image looks the most smooth. The data is "regenerated" each time I run this so no 2 islands come out the same, and it's purely random so not based on noise, but still, how can it look so smooth in 1 image and so not smooth in the other?

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• Arrive steering behavior

  - by dbostream

  I bought a book called Programming game AI by example and I am trying to implement the arrive steering behavior. The problem I am having is that my objects oscillate around the target position; after oscillating less and less for awhile they finally come to a stop at the target position. Does anyone have any idea why this oscillating behavior occur? Since the examples accompanying the book are written in C++ I had to rewrite the code into C#. Below is the relevant parts of the steering behavior: private enum Deceleration { Fast = 1, Normal = 2, Slow = 3 } public MovingEntity Entity { get; private set; } public Vector2 SteeringForce { get; private set; } public Vector2 Target { get; set; } public Vector2 Calculate() { SteeringForce.Zero(); SteeringForce = SumForces(); SteeringForce.Truncate(Entity.MaxForce); return SteeringForce; } private Vector2 SumForces() { Vector2 force = new Vector2(); if (Activated(BehaviorTypes.Arrive)) { force += Arrive(Target, Deceleration.Slow); if (!AccumulateForce(force)) return SteeringForce; } return SteeringForce; } private Vector2 Arrive(Vector2 target, Deceleration deceleration) { Vector2 toTarget = target - Entity.Position; double distance = toTarget.Length(); if (distance > 0) { //because Deceleration is enumerated as an int, this value is required //to provide fine tweaking of the deceleration.. double decelerationTweaker = 0.3; double speed = distance / ((double)deceleration * decelerationTweaker); speed = Math.Min(speed, Entity.MaxSpeed); Vector2 desiredVelocity = toTarget * speed / distance; return desiredVelocity - Entity.Velocity; } return new Vector2(); } private bool AccumulateForce(Vector2 forceToAdd) { double magnitudeRemaining = Entity.MaxForce - SteeringForce.Length(); if (magnitudeRemaining <= 0) return false; double magnitudeToAdd = forceToAdd.Length(); if (magnitudeToAdd > magnitudeRemaining) magnitudeToAdd = magnitudeRemaining; SteeringForce += Vector2.NormalizeRet(forceToAdd) * magnitudeToAdd; return true; } This is the update method of my objects: public void Update(double deltaTime) { Vector2 steeringForce = Steering.Calculate(); Vector2 acceleration = steeringForce / Mass; Velocity = Velocity + acceleration * deltaTime; Velocity.Truncate(MaxSpeed); Position = Position + Velocity * deltaTime; } If you want to see the problem with your own eyes you can download a minimal example here. Thanks in advance.

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• XNA Quadtree with LOD

  - by Byron Cobb

  I'm looking to create a fairly large environment, and as such would like to implement a quadtree and use LOD on it. I've looked through numerous examples and I get the basic idea of a quadtree. Start with a root node with 4 vertices covering the whole map and divide into 4 children nodes until I meet some criteria(max number of triangles) I'm looking for some very very basic algorithm or explanation with respect to drawing the quadtree. What vertices need to be stored per iteration? When do I determine what vertices to draw? When to update indices and vertices? Hope to integrate the bounding frustrum? Do I include parent and child vertices? I'm looking for very simple instruction on what to do. I've scoured the internet for days now looking, but everyone adds extra code and a different spin without explanation. I understand quadtrees, but not with respect to 3d rendering and lod. A link to an outside source will probably have been read by myself already and won't help. Regards, Byron.

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• changing body type without change of center of mass

  - by philipp

  I have an box2d project with some bodies in it, which move around without any user interaction. But if the user selects one of the bodies, he should be able to move it around just like he wants to. To keep it short, I want to change the type of the body to "kinematic" while the user controls it and back to "dynamic" afterwards. If I do so the rotation center of the body changes with the change of the type. How can I reset this? The body's fixture is created of a single b2PolygonShape, with its vertices set via SetAsArray(). Greetings philipp EDIT:: So I looked around about setting the local center of bodies. what brought me to this solution: var md = new b2MassData(); this.body.GetMassData( md ); this.body.SetType( b2body.b2_kinematicBody ); this.body.SetMassData( md ); that did not work, so I had a look at the source and found that SetMassData() always returns if the body is not "dynamic". So I tried this: var md = new b2MassData(); this._body.GetMassData( md ); this._body.SetType( b2Body.b2_kinematicBody ); this._body.m_sweep.localCenter.Set( md.center.x, md.center.y ); what actually is modifying the private data of the body. But it works and no errors appear, but can I really do this without the risk of breaking the application, or in other words, under which circumstances could this solution might cause errors? n.b.: I am using box2dweb of the latest release. Greetings philipp

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• Determine percentage of screen covered by an object without using frustum culling

  - by Meltac

  On the CPU-side of an 3D first-person / ego perspective game I need to check whether what the players currently sees on screen is the inside of a box object defined by world space coordinates (the player might be outside of that box but on screen sees only/mostly the inside of the box, or vice-versa, looks from within the box to the outside). The "casual" way of performing such a check would incorporate frustum culling but such an approach would be hard to achieve with my given set of engine parameters which I'd like to avoid if there is a simpler way. What I actually have at the point where I would like to do the check (high-level script on CPU, not GPU side): Camera world position Camera direction Camera FOV Two Box corner world coordinates (left-bottom-front, right-top-back) What I do not have right away: View frustrum definition (near/far plane or say 6 planes defining frustum) Any specific pixel information (uv, view space position, depth or the like) What I would like to calculate: Percentage of screen "covered" by box. Any hints on how to perform such calculation?

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• Should I be using Lua for game logic on mobile devices?

  - by Rob Ashton

  As above really, I'm writing an android based game in my spare time (android because it's free and I've no real aspirations to do anything commercial). The game logic comes from a very typical component based model whereby entities exist and have components attached to them and messages are sent to and fro in order to make things happen. Obviously the layer for actually performing that is thin, and if I were to write an iPhone version of this app, I'd have to re-write the renderer and core driver (of this component based system) in Objective C. The entities are just flat files determining the names of the components to be added, and the components themselves are simple, single-purpose objects containing the logic for the entity. Now, if I write all the logic for those components in Java, then I'd have to re-write them on Objective C if I decided to do an iPhone port. As the bulk of the application logic is contained within these components, they would, in an ideal world, be written in some platform-agnostic language/script/DSL which could then just be loaded into the app on whatever platform. I've been led to believe however that this is not an ideal world though, and that Lua performance etc on mobile devices still isn't up to scratch, that the overhead is too much and that I'd run into troubles later if I went down that route? Is this actually the case? Obviously this is just a hypothetical question, I'm happy writing them all in Java as it's simple and easy get things off the ground, but say I actually enjoy making this game (unlikely, given how much I'm currently disliking having to deal with all those different mobile devices) and I wanted to make a commercially viable game - would I use Lua or would I just take the hit when it came to porting and just re-write all the code?

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• Best algorithm for recursive adjacent tiles?

  - by OhMrBigshot

  In my game I have a set of tiles placed in a 2D array marked by their Xs and Zs ([1,1],[1,2], etc). Now, I want a sort of "Paint Bucket" mechanism: Selecting a tile will destroy all adjacent tiles until a condition stops it, let's say, if it hits an object with hasFlag. Here's what I have so far, I'm sure it's pretty bad, it also freezes everything sometimes: void destroyAdjacentTiles(int x, int z) { int GridSize = Cubes.GetLength(0); int minX = x == 0 ? x : x-1; int maxX = x == GridSize - 1 ? x : x+1; int minZ = z == 0 ? z : z-1; int maxZ = z == GridSize - 1 ? z : z+1; Debug.Log(string.Format("Cube: {0}, {1}; X {2}-{3}; Z {4}-{5}", x, z, minX, maxX, minZ, maxZ)); for (int curX = minX; curX <= maxX; curX++) { for (int curZ = minZ; curZ <= maxZ; curZ++) { if (Cubes[curX, curZ] != Cubes[x, z]) { Debug.Log(string.Format(" Checking: {0}, {1}", curX, curZ)); if (Cubes[curX,curZ] && Cubes[curX,curZ].GetComponent<CubeBehavior>().hasFlag) { Destroy(Cubes[curX,curZ]); destroyAdjacentTiles(curX, curZ); } } } } }

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• Should I use procedural animation?

  - by user712092

  I have started to make a fantasy 3d fps swordplay game and I want to add animations. I don't want to animate everything by hand because it would take a lot of time, so I decided to use procedural animation. I would certainly use IK (starting with simple reaching an object with hand ...). I also assume procedural generation of animations will make less animations to do by hand (I can blend animations ...). I want also to have a planner for animation which would simplify complex animations; those which can be split to a sequence - run and then jump, jump and then roll - or which are separable - legs running and torso swinging with sword -. I want for example a character to chop a head of a big troll. If troll crouches character would just chop his head off, if it is standing he would climb on a troll. I know that I would have to describe the state ("troll is low", "troll is high", "chop troll head" ..) which would imply what regions animation will be in (if there is a gap between them character would jump), which would imply what places character can have some of legs and hands or would choose an predefined animation. My main goal is simplicity of coding, but I want my game to be looking cool also. Is it worthy to use procedural animation or does it make more troubles that it solves? (there can be lot of twiddling ...) I am using Blender Game Engine (therefore Python for scripting, and Bullet Physics).

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• Image with FadeIn effect blinks when added to scene

  - by Ef Es

  I am trying to add an image to the scene, but it should just be added to the scene invisible, FadeIn and then be deleted when the effect finishes. My problem is that the images blink once when they are added to the scene, then they do the intended effect. My best guess is that when they are added they show on the scene for a split second before starting the animation. I though of making them invisible for a split second before activating them, but I am not sure how to code it. const bool Sunbeams::add() { const CCSize kSceenSize = CCDirector::sharedDirector()->getWinSize(); const int nRayType = random( m_kRays.size()); const CCPoint kPosition( random( static_cast < int >( kSceenSize.width)), 0.0f); const float fDuration = random( m_fDurationVariance) + m_fDurationMin; CCSprite* pkLightBeam = CCSprite::spriteWithTexture( m_kRays[nRayType]); if ( !pkLightBeam) { msg::debug( "Sunbeams::add", "Failed to create sprite from ray '%d'!\n", m_kRays[nRayType]); return false; } pkLightBeam->setAnchorPoint( CCPointZero); pkLightBeam->setPosition( kPosition); m_kActiveBeams.push_back( pkLightBeam); CCDirector::sharedDirector()->getRunningScene()->addChild( pkLightBeam); CCActionInterval* pkAction = CCFadeIn::actionWithDuration( fDuration); CCActionInterval* pkActionBack = pkAction->reverse(); pkLightBeam->runAction( CCSequence::actions( pkAction, pkActionBack, 0)); return true; }

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• Making game constants/tables available to game logic classes/routines in a modular manner

  - by Extrakun

  Suppose I have a game where there are several predefined constants and charts (a XP chart, cost of goods and so on). Those could be defined at runtime, or load from files at start-up. The question is how should those logic routines access the constants and charts? For example, I could try using global variables, but that cause all classes relying on the variables to be tightly coupled with them.

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• Randomly placing items script not working - sometimes items spawn in walls, sometimes items spawn in weird locations

  - by Timothy Williams

  I'm trying to figure out a way to randomly spawn items throughout my level, however I need to make sure they won't spawn inside another object (walls, etc.) Here's the code I'm currently using, it's based on the Physics.CheckSphere(); function. This runs OnLevelWasLoaded(); It spawns the items perfectly fine, but sometimes items spawn partway in walls. And sometimes items will spawn outside of the SpawnBox range (no clue why it does that.) //This is what randomly generates all the items. void SpawnItems () { if (Application.loadedLevelName == "Menu" || Application.loadedLevelName == "End Demo") return; //The bottom corner of the box we want to spawn items in. Vector3 spawnBoxBot = Vector3.zero; //Top corner. Vector3 spawnBoxTop = Vector3.zero; //If we're in the dungeon, set the box to the dungeon box and tell the items we want to spawn. if (Application.loadedLevelName == "dungeonScene") { spawnBoxBot = new Vector3 (8.857f, 0, 9.06f); spawnBoxTop = new Vector3 (-27.98f, 2.4f, -15); itemSpawn = dungeonSpawn; } //Spawn all the items. for (i = 0; i != itemSpawn.Length; i ++) { spawnedItem = null; //Zeroes out our random location Vector3 randomLocation = Vector3.zero; //Gets the meshfilter of the item we'll be spawning MeshFilter mf = itemSpawn[i].GetComponent<MeshFilter>(); //Gets it's bounds (see how big it is) Bounds bounds = mf.sharedMesh.bounds; //Get it's radius float maxRadius = new Vector3 (bounds.extents.x + 10f, bounds.extents.y + 10f, bounds.extents.z + 10f).magnitude * 5f; //Set which layer is the no walls layer var NoWallsLayer = 1 << LayerMask.NameToLayer("NoWallsLayer"); //Use that layer as your layermask. LayerMask layerMask = ~(1 << NoWallsLayer); //If we're in the dungeon, certain items need to spawn on certain halves. if (Application.loadedLevelName == "dungeonScene") { if (itemSpawn[i].name == "key2" || itemSpawn[i].name == "teddyBearLW" || itemSpawn[i].name == "teddyBearLW_Admiration" || itemSpawn[i].name == "radio") randomLocation = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.x, -26.96f), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.y, spawnBoxTop.y), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.z, -2.141f)); else randomLocation = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.x, spawnBoxTop.x), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.y, spawnBoxTop.y), Random.Range(-2.374f, spawnBoxTop.z)); } //Otherwise just spawn them in the box. else randomLocation = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.x, spawnBoxTop.x), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.y, spawnBoxTop.y), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.z, spawnBoxTop.z)); //This is what actually spawns the item. It checks to see if the spot where we want to instantiate it is clear, and if so it instatiates it. Otherwise we have to repeat the whole process again. if (Physics.CheckSphere(randomLocation, maxRadius, layerMask)) spawnedItem = Instantiate(itemSpawn[i], randomLocation, Random.rotation); else i --; //If we spawned something, set it's name to what it's supposed to be. Removes the (clone) addon. if (spawnedItem != null) spawnedItem.name = itemSpawn[i].name; } } What I'm asking for is if you know what's going wrong with this code that it would spawn stuff in walls. Or, if you could provide me with links/code/ideas of a better way to check if an item will spawn in a wall (some other function than Physics.CheckSphere). I've been working on this for a long time, and nothing I try seems to work. Any help is appreciated.

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• Game window systems and internal frames

  - by 2080

  I don't know if this is a valid question, but: What kind of window manager do games use which have internal frames (Frames inside frames)? Does this differ between the programming languages (Are e.g. in Java the AWT/Swing libraries used to manage these and other graphical elements, such as buttons,or is this to restrictive (speed, graphical possibilities?)) A special example would be EVE Online, where the client can use the ingame windows like on a normal desktop.

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• Missing z-axis rotation for transforming between two vectors

  - by Steve Baughman

  I'm trying to rotate a cube so that it's facing up, but am getting hung up on the final implementation details. It now reliably will rotate the x,y axis to the correct side, but the z-axis is never rotating (See photos of before and after rotation). When I'm using the code below I always get '0' for my rotationVector.z. What am I missing here? // Define lookAt vector lookAtVector = GLKVector3Make(0,0,1); // Define axes vectors axes[0] = GLKVector3Make(0,0,1); axes[1] = GLKVector3Make(-1,0,0); axes[2] = GLKVector3Make(0,1,0); axes[3] = GLKVector3Make(1,0,0); axes[4] = GLKVector3Make(0,-1,0); axes[5] = GLKVector3Make(0,0,-1); CGFloat highest_dot = -1.0; GLKVector3 closest_axis; for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { // multiply cube's axes by existing matrix GLKVector3 axis = GLKMatrix4MultiplyVector3(matrix, axes[i]); CGFloat dot = GLKVector3DotProduct(axis, lookAtVector); if(dot > highest_dot) { closest_axis = axis; highest_dot = dot; } } GLKVector3 rotationVector = GLKVector3CrossProduct(closest_axis, lookAtVector); // Get angle between vectors CGFloat angle = atan2(GLKVector3Length(rotationVector), GLKVector3DotProduct(closest_axis, lookAtVector)); // normalize the rotation vector rotationVector = GLKVector3Normalize(rotationVector); // Create transform CATransform3D rotationTransform = CATransform3DMakeRotation(angle, rotationVector.x, rotationVector.y, rotationVector.z); // add rotation transform to existing transformation baseTransform = CATransform3DConcat(baseTransform, rotationTransform); return baseTransform; Before 3d Rotation After 3d Rotation Implementation based on this post

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• ray collision with rectangle and floating point accuracy

  - by phq

  I'm trying to solve a problem with a ray bouncing on a box. Actually it is a sphere but for simplicity the box dimensions are expanded by the sphere radius when doing the collision test making the sphere a single ray. It is done by projecting the ray onto all faces of the box and pick the one that is closest. However because I'm using floating point variables I fear that the projected point onto the surface might be interpreted as being below in the next iteration, also I will later allow the sphere to move which might make that scenario more likely. Also the bounce coefficient might be as low as zero, making the sphere continue along the surface. So my naive solution is to project not only forwards but backwards to catch those cases. That is where I got into problems shown in the figure: In the first iteration the first black arrow is calculated and we end up at a point on the surface of the box. In the second iteration the "back projection" hits the other surface making the second black arrow bounce on the wrong surface. If there are several boxes close to each other this has further consequences making the sphere fall through them all. So my main question is how to handle possible floating point accuracy when placing the sphere on the box surface so it does not fall through. In writing this question I got the idea to have a threshold to only accept back projections a certain amount much smaller than the box but larger than the possible accuracy limitation, this would only cause the "false" back projection when the sphere hit the box on an edge which would appear naturally. To clarify my original approach, the arrows shown in the image is not only the path the sphere travels but is also representing a single time step in the simulation. In reality the time step is much smaller about 0.05 of the box size. The path traveled is projected onto possible sides to avoid traveling past a thinner object at higher speeds. In normal situations the floating point accuracy is not an issue but there are two situations where I have the concern. When the new position at the end of the time step is located very close to the surface, very unlikely though. When using a bounce factor of 0, here it happens every time the sphere hit a box. To add some loss of accuracy, the motivation for my concern, is that the sphere and box are in different coordinate systems and thus the sphere location is transformed for every test. This last one is why I'm not willing to stand on luck that one floating point value lying on top of the box always will be interpreted the same. I did not know voronoi regions by name, but looking at it I'm not sure how it would be used in a projection scenario that I'm using here.

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• Collision Resolution

  - by ultifinitus

  Hey all, I'm making a simple side-scrolling game, and I would appreciate some input! My collision detection system is a simple bounding box detection, so it's really easy to implement. However my collision resolution is ridiculous! Currently I have a little formula like this: if (colliding(firstObject,secondObject)) firstObject.resolve_collision(yAxisOffset); if (colliding(firstObject,secondObject)) firstObject.resolve_collision(xAxisOffset); where yAxisOffset is only set if the first object's previous y position was outside the second object's collision frame, respectively xAxisOffset as well. Now this is working great, in general. However there is a single problem. When I have a stack of objects and I push the first object against that stack, the first object get's "stuck," on the stack. What's I think is happening is the object's collision system checks and resolves for collisions based on creation time, so If I check one axis, then the other, the object will "sink" object directly along the checking axis. This sinking action causes the collision detection routine to think there's a gap between our position and the other object's position, and when I finally check the object that I've already sunk into, my object's position is resolved to it's original position... All this is great, and I'm sure if I bang my head against a wall long enough i'll come up with a working algorithm, but I'd rather not =). So what in the heck do you think I should do? How could I change my collision resolution system to fix this? Here's the program (temporary link, not sure how long it'll last) (notes: arrow keys to navigate, click to drop block, x to jump) I'd appreciate any help you can offer!

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• Turn-based games [closed]

  - by Blue

  I've been looking for tutorials on turn-based games. I found an incomplete tutorial series by InsugentX about turn-based games. I haven't looked through it, but since it's incomplete, I worry that I won't be able to finish the scripts. I'm looking for tutorials or some good tips or advice to create turn-based games(similar to Worms). Recently I finished watching the WalkerBoys' tutorials so I am familiar with code. Where can I find some info and/or tutorials on creating Turn-based games? I'd prefer it to be video format. How can I create turn-based games (not the entire thing, only the set-up) or a turn-based event like in Worms? To explain more, How do I create 2 parties(1st player, 2nd player) exchanging turns(turn-based games and/or hotseat). While parties have characters similar to Worms(having more than 1 character within each party)? Do I use an array, an enum? I don't have any experience in turn-based games, so I would like to know how to actually make turn-based games. I can't find any reference to help me with construction of a turn-based game code similar to Worms in a programming language I can understand.

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• How to run the pixel shader effcet??

  - by Yashwinder

  Below stated is the code for my pixel shader which I am rendering after the vertex shader. I have set the wordViewProjection matrix in my program but I don't know to set the progress variable i.e in my pixel shader file which will make the image displayed by the help of a quad to give out transition effect. Here is the code for my pixel shader program::: As my pixel shader is giving a static effect and now I want to use it to give some effect. So for this I have to add a progress variable in my pixel shader and initialize to the Constant table function i.e constantTable.SetValue(D3DDevice,"progress",progress ); I am having the problem in using this function for progress in my program. Anybody know how to set this variable in my program. And my new pixel Shader code is float progress : register(C0); sampler2D implicitInput : register(s0); sampler2D oldInput : register(s1); struct VS_OUTPUT { float4 Position : POSITION; float4 Color : COLOR0; float2 UV : TEXCOORD 0; }; float4 Blinds(float2 uv) { if(frac(uv.y * 5) < progress) { return tex2D(implicitInput, uv); } else { return tex2D(oldInput, uv); } } // Pixel Shader { return Blinds(input.UV); }

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• Best practices for periodically saving game state to disk

  - by Ben Morris

  I'm working on an MMO. All of the player and environment data lives on a server and is kept in memory. There's a "world" object which keeps track of all of the maps, characters, etc. and their relations to each other. To avoid data loss in case of a crash, I've been periodically serializing the world to disk. The trouble is, this object can be quite large, so when the server starts writing, there's noticeable in-game slowdown for a few seconds, which I'd like to avoid. Any pointers on how to go about this in a more efficient way?

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• Draw a never-ending line in XNA

  - by user2236165

  I am drawing a line in XNA which I want to never end. I also have a tool that moves forward in X-direction and a camera which is centered at this tool. However, when I reach the end of the viewport the lines are not drawn anymore. Here are some pictures to illustrate my problem: At the start the line goes across the whole screen, but as my tool moves forward, we reach the end of the line. Here are the method which draws the lines: private void DrawEvenlySpacedSprites (Texture2D texture, Vector2 point1, Vector2 point2, float increment) { var distance = Vector2.Distance (point1, point2); // the distance between two points var iterations = (int)(distance / increment); // how many sprites with be drawn var normalizedIncrement = 1.0f / iterations; // the Lerp method needs values between 0.0 and 1.0 var amount = 0.0f; if (iterations == 0) iterations = 1; for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) { var drawPoint = Vector2.Lerp (point1, point2, amount); spriteBatch.Draw (texture, drawPoint, Color.White); amount += normalizedIncrement; } } Here are the draw method in Game. The dots are my lines: protected override void Draw (GameTime gameTime) { graphics.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Black); nyVector = nextVector (gammelVector); GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget (renderTarget); spriteBatch.Begin (); DrawEvenlySpacedSprites (dot, gammelVector, nyVector, 0.9F); spriteBatch.End (); GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget (null); spriteBatch.Begin (SpriteSortMode.Deferred, BlendState.AlphaBlend, null, null, null, null, camera.transform); spriteBatch.Draw (renderTarget, new Vector2 (), Color.White); spriteBatch.Draw (tool, new Vector2(toolPos.X - (tool.Width/2), toolPos.Y - (tool.Height/2)), Color.White); spriteBatch.End (); gammelVector = new Vector2 (nyVector.X, nyVector.Y); base.Draw (gameTime); } Here's the next vector-method, It just finds me a new point where the line should be drawn with a new X-coordinate between 100 and 200 pixels and a random Y-coordinate between the old vector Y-coordinate and the height of the viewport: Vector2 nextVector (Vector2 vector) { return new Vector2 (vector.X + r.Next(100, 200), r.Next ((int)(vector.Y - 100), viewport.Height)); } Can anyone point me in the right direction here? I'm guessing it has to do with the viewport.width, but I'm not quite sure how to solve it. Thank you for reading!

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• Automated texture mapping

  - by brandon

  I have a set of seamless tiling textures. I want to be able to take an arbitrary model and create a UV map with these properties: No stretching (all textures tile appropriately so there is no stretching and sheering of the texture) The textures display on the correct axis relative to the model it's mapping to (if you look at the example, you can see some of the letters on the front are tilted, the y axis of the texture should be matching up with the y axis of the object. Some other faces have upside down letters too) the texture is as continuous as possible on the surface of the model (if two faces are adjacent, the texture continues on the adjacent face where it left off) the model is closed (all faces are completely enclosed by other faces) A few notes. This mapping will occur before triangulation. I realize there are ways to do this by hand and it's probably a hard problem to automatically map textures in general, but since these textures are seamless and I just need uniform coverage it seems like an easier problem. I'm looking for an algorithmic approach to this that I can apply in general, not a tool that does it. What approach would work for this, is there an existing one? (I assume so)

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• Tessellating to a curve?

  - by Avi

  I'm creating a game engine, and I'm trying to define a 3D model format I want to use. I haven't come across a format that quite does what I want. My game engine assumes a shader model 5+ environment. By the time I'm finished with it, that won't be a very unreasonable requirement. Because it assumes such a modern environment, I'm going to try and exploit tessellation. The most popular way, it seems, to procedurally increase geometry through tessellation is to tessellate to a height map. This works for a lot of things, but has limitations in that height maps still use up VRAM and also only have finite scalability. So I want to be able to use curves to define what a mesh should tessellate to. The thing is, I have no idea what definition of curves I should use, how I should store it, and how I should tessellate to it. Do I use NURBS curves? Bezier? Hermite? And once I figure that out, is there an algorithm to determine how the tessellation shader should produce and move vertices to match the curve as closely as possible? Is the infinite scalability and lower memory usage when compared to height maps worth the added computational complexity? I'm sorry I'm kind if ignorant as to these matters. I just don't know where to start.

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• Shadows shimmer when camera moves

  - by Chad Layton

  I've implemented shadow maps in my simple block engine as an exercise. I'm using one directional light and using the view volume to create the shadow matrices. I'm experiencing some problems with the shadows shimmering when the camera moves and I'd like to know if it's an issue with my implementation or just an issue with basic/naive shadow mapping itself. Here's a video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyprATt5BBg&feature=youtu.be Here's the code I use to create the shadow matrices. The commented out code is my original attempt to perfectly fit the view frustum. You can also see my attempt to try clamping movement to texels in the shadow map which didn't seem to make any difference. Then I tried using a bounding sphere instead, also to no apparent effect. public void CreateViewProjectionTransformsToFit(Camera camera, out Matrix viewTransform, out Matrix projectionTransform, out Vector3 position) { BoundingSphere cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere = BoundingSphere.CreateFromFrustum(camera.ViewFrustum); float lightNearPlaneDistance = 1.0f; Vector3 lookAt = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Center; float distanceFromLookAt = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius + lightNearPlaneDistance; Vector3 directionFromLookAt = -Direction * distanceFromLookAt; position = lookAt + directionFromLookAt; viewTransform = Matrix.CreateLookAt(position, lookAt, Vector3.Up); float lightFarPlaneDistance = distanceFromLookAt + cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius; float diameter = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius * 2.0f; Matrix.CreateOrthographic(diameter, diameter, lightNearPlaneDistance, lightFarPlaneDistance, out projectionTransform); //Vector3 cameraViewFrustumCentroid = camera.ViewFrustum.GetCentroid(); //position = cameraViewFrustumCentroid - (Direction * (camera.FarPlaneDistance - camera.NearPlaneDistance)); //viewTransform = Matrix.CreateLookAt(position, cameraViewFrustumCentroid, Up); //Vector3[] cameraViewFrustumCornersWS = camera.ViewFrustum.GetCorners(); //Vector3[] cameraViewFrustumCornersLS = new Vector3[8]; //Vector3.Transform(cameraViewFrustumCornersWS, ref viewTransform, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS); //Vector3 min = cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[0]; //Vector3 max = cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[0]; //for (int i = 1; i < 8; i++) //{ // min = Vector3.Min(min, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[i]); // max = Vector3.Max(max, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[i]); //} //// Clamp to nearest texel //float texelSize = 1.0f / Renderer.ShadowMapSize; //min.X -= min.X % texelSize; //min.Y -= min.Y % texelSize; //min.Z -= min.Z % texelSize; //max.X -= max.X % texelSize; //max.Y -= max.Y % texelSize; //max.Z -= max.Z % texelSize; //// We just use an orthographic projection matrix. The sun is so far away that it's rays are essentially parallel. //Matrix.CreateOrthographicOffCenter(min.X, max.X, min.Y, max.Y, -max.Z, -min.Z, out projectionTransform); } And here's the relevant part of the shader: if (CastShadows) { float4 positionLightCS = mul(float4(position, 1.0f), LightViewProj); float2 texCoord = clipSpaceToScreen(positionLightCS) + 0.5f / ShadowMapSize; float shadowMapDepth = tex2D(ShadowMapSampler, texCoord).r; float distanceToLight = length(LightPosition - position); float bias = 0.2f; if (shadowMapDepth < (distanceToLight - bias)) { return float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); } } The shimmer is slightly better if I drastically reduce the view volume but I think that's mostly just because the texels become smaller and it's harder to notice them flickering back and forth. I'd appreciate any insight, I'd very much like to understand what's going on before I try other techniques.

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• Why is Spritebatch drawing my Textures out of order?

  - by Andrew

  I just started working with XNA Studio after programming 2D games in java. Because of this, I have absolutely no experience with Spritebatch and sprite sorting. In java, I could just layer the images by calling the draw methods in order. For a while, my Spritebatch was working fine in deferred sorting mode, but when I made a change to one of my textures, it suddenly started drawing them out of order. I have searched for a solution to this problem, but nothing seems to work. I have tried adding layer depths to the sprites and changing the sort mode to BackToFront or FrontToBack or even immediate, but nothing seems to work. Here is my drawing code: protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Gray); Game1.spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Deferred, BlendState.AlphaBlend, SamplerState.PointClamp, null, null); for (int x = 0; x < 5; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < 5; y++) { region[x, y].draw(((float)w / aw)); // Draws the Tile-Based background } } player.draw(spriteBatch, ((float)w / aw));//draws the character (This method is where the problem occurs) enemy.draw(spriteBatch, (float)w/aw); // draws a basic enemy Game1.spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); } player.draw method: public void draw(SpriteBatch sb, float ratio){ //draws the player base (The character without hair or equipment) sb.Draw(playerbase[0], new Rectangle((int)(pos.X - (24 * ratio)), (int)(pos.Y - (48 * ratio)), (int)(48 * ratio), (int)(48 * ratio)), new Rectangle(orientation * 48, animFrame * 48, 48, 48), Color.White,0,Vector2.Zero,SpriteEffects.None,0); //draws the player's hair sb.Draw(playerbase[3], new Rectangle((int)(pos.X - (24 * ratio)), (int)(pos.Y - (48 * ratio)), (int)(48 * ratio), (int)(48 * ratio)), new Rectangle(orientation * 48, animFrame * 48, 48, 48), Color.White, 0, Vector2.Zero, SpriteEffects.None, 0); //draws the player's shirt sb.Draw(equipment[0], new Rectangle((int)(pos.X - (24 * ratio)), (int)(pos.Y - (48 * ratio)), (int)(48 * ratio), (int)(48 * ratio)), new Rectangle(orientation * 48, animFrame * 48, 48, 48), Color.White, 0, Vector2.Zero, SpriteEffects.None, 0); //draws the player's pants sb.Draw(equipment[1], new Rectangle((int)(pos.X - (24 * ratio)), (int)(pos.Y - (48 * ratio)), (int)(48 * ratio), (int)(48 * ratio)), new Rectangle(orientation * 48, animFrame * 48, 48, 48), Color.White, 0, Vector2.Zero, SpriteEffects.None, 0); //draws the player's shoes sb.Draw(equipment[2], new Rectangle((int)(pos.X - (24 * ratio)), (int)(pos.Y - (48 * ratio)), (int)(48 * ratio), (int)(48 * ratio)), new Rectangle(orientation * 48, animFrame * 48, 48, 48), Color.White, 0, Vector2.Zero, SpriteEffects.None, 0); } the game has a top-down perspective much like the early legend of zelda games. It draws sections of the texture depending on which direction the character is facing and the animation frame. However, instead of drawing the character in the order the draw methods are called, it ends up drawing the character out of order. Please help me with this problem.

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