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  • Convert args to flat list?

    - by Mark
    I know this is very similar to a few other questions, but I can't quite get this function to work correctly. def flatten(*args): return list(item for iterable in args for item in iterable) The output I'm looking for is: flatten(1) -> [1] flatten(1,[2]) -> [1, 2] flatten([1,[2]]) -> [1, 2] The current function, which I from another SO answer doesn't seem to produce correct results at all: >>> flatten([1,[2]]) [1, [2]] I wrote the following function which seems to work for 0 or 1 levels of nesting, but not deeper: def flatten(*args): output = [] for arg in args: if hasattr(arg, '__iter__'): output += arg else: output += [arg] return output

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  • How to clone a mercurial repository over an ssh connection initiated by fabric when http authorizati

    - by Monika Sulik
    I'm attempting to use fabric for the first time and I really like it so far, but at a certain point in my deployment script I want to clone a mercurial repository. When I get to that point I get an error: err: abort: http authorization required My repository requires http authorization and fabric doesn't prompt me for the user and password. I can get around this by changing my repository address from: https://hostname/repository to: https://user:password@hostname/repository But for various reasons I would prefer not to go this route. Are there any other ways in which I could bypass this problem?

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  • How do I store multiple copies of the same field in Django?

    - by Alistair
    I'm storing OLAC metadata which describes linguistic resources. Many of the elements of the metadata are repeatable -- for example, a resource can have two languages, three authors and four dates associated with it. Is there any way of storing this in one model? It seems like overkill to define a model for each repeatable metadata element -- especially since the models will only have one field: it's value.

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  • Artificial Intelligence in online game using Google App Engine

    - by Hortinstein
    I am currently in the planning stages of a game for google app engine, but cannot wrap my head around how I am going to handle AI. I intend to have persistant NPCs that will move about the map, but short of writing a program that generates the same XML requests I use to control player actions, than run it on another server I am stuck on how to do it. I have looked at the Task Queue feature, but due to long running processes not being an option on the App engine, I am a little stuck. I intend to run multiple server instances with 200+ persistant NPC entities that I will need to update. Most action is slowly roaming around based on player movements/concentrations, and attacking close range players...(you can probably guess the type of game im developing)

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  • Why is win32com so much slower than xlrd?

    - by Josh
    I have the same code, written using win32com and xlrd. xlrd preforms the algorithm in less than a second, while win32com takes minutes. Here is the win32com: def makeDict(ws): """makes dict with key as header name, value as tuple of column begin and column end (inclusive)""" wsHeaders = {} # key is header name, value is column begin and end inclusive for cnum in xrange(9, find_last_col(ws)): if ws.Cells(7, cnum).Value: wsHeaders[str(ws.Cells(7, cnum).Value)] = (cnum, find_last_col(ws)) for cend in xrange(cnum + 1, find_last_col(ws)): #finds end column if ws.Cells(7, cend).Value: wsHeaders[str(ws.Cells(7, cnum).Value)] = (cnum, cend - 1) break return wsHeaders And the xlrd def makeDict(ws): """makes dict with key as header name, value as tuple of column begin and column end (inclusive)""" wsHeaders = {} # key is header name, value is column begin and end inclusive for cnum in xrange(8, ws.ncols): if ws.cell_value(6, cnum): wsHeaders[str(ws.cell_value(6, cnum))] = (cnum, ws.ncols) for cend in xrange(cnum + 1, ws.ncols):#finds end column if ws.cell_value(6, cend): wsHeaders[str(ws.cell_value(6, cnum))] = (cnum, cend - 1) break return wsHeaders

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  • Matplotlib: plotting discrete values

    - by Arkapravo
    I am trying to plot the following ! from numpy import * from pylab import * import random for x in range(1,500): y = random.randint(1,25000) print(x,y) plot(x,y) show() However, I keep getting a blank graph (?). Just to make sure that the program logic is correct I added the code print(x,y), just the confirm that (x,y) pairs are being generated. (x,y) pairs are being generated, but there is no plot, I keep getting a blank graph. Any help ?

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  • how to import a.py not a folder

    - by zjm1126
    zjm_code |-----a.py |-----a |----- __init__.py |-----b.py in a.py is : c='ccc' in b.py is : import a print dir(a) when i execute b.py ,it show (it import 'a' folder): ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__path__'] and when i delete a folder, it show ,(it import a.py): ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'c'] so my question is : how to import a.py via not delete a folder thanks

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  • The dictionary need to add every word in SpellingMistakes and the line number but it only adds the l

    - by Will Boomsight
    modules import sys import string Importing and reading the files form the Command Prompt Document = open(sys.argv[1],"r") Document = open('Wc.txt', 'r') Document = Document.read().lower() Dictionary = open(sys.argv[2],"r") Dictionary = open('Dict.txt', 'r') Dictionary = Dictionary.read() def Format(Infile): for ch in string.punctuation: Infile = Infile.replace(ch, "") for no in string.digits: Infile = Infile.replace(no, " ") Infile = Infile.lower() return(Infile) def Corrections(Infile, DictWords): Misspelled = set([]) Infile = Infile.split() DictWords = DictWords.splitlines() for word in Infile: if word not in DictWords: Misspelled.add(word) Misspelled = sorted(Misspelled) return (Misspelled) def Linecheck(Infile,ErrorWords): Infile = Infile.split() lineno = 0 Noset = list() for line in Infile: lineno += 1 line = line.split() for word in line: if word == ErrorWords: Noset.append(lineno) sorted(Noset) return(Noset) def addkey(error,linenum): Nodict = {} for line in linenum: Nodict.setdefault(error,[]).append(linenum) return Nodict FormatDoc = Format(Document) SpellingMistakes = Corrections(FormatDoc,Dictionary) alp = str(SpellingMistakes) for word in SpellingMistakes: nSet = str(Linecheck(FormatDoc,word)) nSet = nSet.split() linelist = addkey(word, nSet) print(linelist) # # for word in Nodict.keys(): # Nodict[word].append(line) Prints each incorrect word on a new line

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  • Serve external template in Django

    - by AlexeyMK
    Hey, I want to do something like return render_to_response("http://docs.google.com/View?id=bla", args) and serve an external page with django arguments. Django doesn't like this (it looks for templates in very particular places). What's the easiest way make this work? Right now I'm thinking to use urllib to save the page to somewhere locally on my server and then serve with the templates pointing to there. Note: I'm not looking for anything particularly scalable here, I realize my proposal above is a little dirty.

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  • Sort a list of tuples without case sensitivity

    - by dound
    How can I efficiently and easily sort a list of tuples without being sensitive to case? For example this: [('a', 'c'), ('A', 'b'), ('a', 'a'), ('a', 5)] Should look like this once sorted: [('a', 5), ('a', 'a'), ('A', 'b'), ('a', 'c')] The regular lexicographic sort will put 'A' before 'a' and yield this: [('A', 'b'), ('a', 5), ('a', 'a'), ('a', 'c')]

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  • How can I display multiple django modelformset forms together?

    - by JT
    I have a problem with needing to provide multiple model backed forms on the same page. I understand how to do this with single forms, i.e. just create both the forms call them something different then use the appropriate names in the template. Now how exactly do you expand that solution to work with modelformsets? The wrinkle, of course, is that each 'form' must be rendered together in the appropriate fieldset. For example I want my template to produce something like this: <fieldset> <label for="id_base-0-desc">Home Base Description:</label> <input id="id_base-0-desc" type="text" name="base-0-desc" maxlength="100" /> <label for="id_likes-0-icecream">Want ice cream?</label> <input type="checkbox" name="likes-0-icecream" id="id_likes-0-icecream" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="id_base-1-desc">Home Base Description:</label> <input id="id_base-1-desc" type="text" name="base-1-desc" maxlength="100" /> <label for="id_likes-1-icecream">Want ice cream?</label> <input type="checkbox" name="likes-1-icecream" id="id_likes-1-icecream" /> </fieldset> I am using a loop like this to process the results for base_form, likes_form in map(None, base_forms, likes_forms): which works as I'd expect (I'm using map because the # of forms can be different). The problem is that I can't figure out a way to do the same thing with the templating engine. The system does work if I layout all the base models together then all the likes models after wards, but it doesn't meet the layout requirements.

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  • Import boto from local library

    - by ensnare
    I'm trying to use boto as a downloaded library, rather than installing it globally on my machine. I'm able to import boto, but when I run boto.connect_dynamodb() I get an error: ImportError: No module named dynamodb.layer2 Here's my file structure: project/ project/ __init__.py libraries/ __init__.py flask/ boto/ views/ .... modules/ __init__.py db.py .... templates/ .... static/ .... runserver.py And the contents of the relevant files as follows: project/project/modules/db.py from project.libraries import boto conn = boto.connect_dynamodb( aws_access_key_id='<YOUR_AWS_KEY_ID>', aws_secret_access_key='<YOUR_AWS_SECRET_KEY>') What am I doing wrong? Thanks in advance.

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  • How can I detect whether an image is a PNG or APNG format?

    - by perlit
    APNG is backwards compatible with PNG. I opened up an apng and png file in a hex editor and the first few bytes look identical. So if a user uploads either of these formats, how do I detect what the format really is? I've seen this done on some sites that block apng. I'm guessing the ImageMagick library makes this easy, but what if I were to do the detect without the use of an image processing library (for learning purposes)? Can I look for specific bytes that tell me if the file is apng? Solutions in any language is welcome.

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  • Scrapy Not Returning Additonal Info from Scraped Link in Item via Request Callback

    - by zoonosis
    Basically the code below scrapes the first 5 items of a table. One of the fields is another href and clicking on that href provides more info which I want to collect and add to the original item. So parse is supposed to pass the semi populated item to parse_next_page which then scrapes the next bit and should return the completed item back to parse Running the code below only returns the info collected in parse If I change the return items to return request I get a completed item with all 3 "things" but I only get 1 of the rows, not all 5. Im sure its something simple, I just can't see it. class ThingSpider(BaseSpider): name = "thing" allowed_domains = ["somepage.com"] start_urls = [ "http://www.somepage.com" ] def parse(self, response): hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) items = [] for x in range (1,6): item = ScrapyItem() str_selector = '//tr[@name="row{0}"]'.format(x) item['thing1'] = hxs.select(str_selector")]/a/text()').extract() item['thing2'] = hxs.select(str_selector")]/a/@href').extract() print 'hello' request = Request("www.nextpage.com", callback=self.parse_next_page,meta={'item':item}) print 'hello2' request.meta['item'] = item items.append(item) return items def parse_next_page(self, response): print 'stuff' hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) item = response.meta['item'] item['thing3'] = hxs.select('//div/ul/li[1]/span[2]/text()').extract() return item

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  • In Elixir or SQLAlchemy, is there a way to also store a comment for a/each field in my entities?

    - by kchau
    Our project is basically a web interface to several systems of record. We have many tables mapped, and the names of each column aren't as well named and intuitive as we'd like... The users would like to know what data fields are available (i.e. what's been mapped from the database). But, it's pointless to just give them column names like: USER_REF1, USER_REF2, etc. So, I was wondering, is there a way to provide a comment in the declaration of my field? E.g. class SegregationCode(Entity): using_options(tablename="SEGREGATION_CODES") segCode = Field(String(20), colname="CODE", ... primary_key=True) #Have a comment attr too? If not, any suggestions?

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  • How do I call setattr() on the current module?

    - by Matt Joiner
    What do I pass as the first parameter "object" to the function setattr(object, name, value), to set variables on the current module? For example: setattr(object, "SOME_CONSTANT", 42); giving the same effect as: SOME_CONSTANT = 42 within the module containing these lines (with the correct object). I'm generate several values at the module level dynamically, and as I can't define __getattr__ at the module level, this is my fallback.

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  • How to turn a list of tuples into a string?

    - by matt
    I have a list of tuples that I'm trying to incorporate into a SQL query but I can't figure out how to join them together without adding slashes. My like this: list = [('val', 'val'), ('val', 'val'), ('val', 'val')] If I turn each tuple into a string and try to join them with a a comma I'll get something like ' (\'val\, \'val\'), ... ' What's the right way to do this, so I can get the list (without brackets) as a string?

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  • Execute function without sending 'self' to it

    - by Sergey
    Is that possible to define a function without referencing to self this way? def myfunc(var_a,var_b) But so that it could also get sender data, like if I defined it like this: def myfunc(self, var_a,var_b) That self is always the same so it looks a little redundant here always to run a function this way: myfunc(self,'data_a','data_b'). Then I would like to get its data in the function like this sender.fields. UPDATE: Here is some code to understand better what I mean. The class below is used to show a page based on Jinja2 templates engine for users to sign up. class SignupHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self, *args, **kwargs): utils.render_template(self, 'signup.html') And this code below is a render_template that I created as wrapper to Jinja2 functions to use it more conveniently in my project: def render_template(response, template_name, vars=dict(), is_string=False): template_dirs = [os.path.join(root(), 'templates')] logging.info(template_dirs[0]) env = Environment(loader=FileSystemLoader(template_dirs)) try: template = env.get_template(template_name) except TemplateNotFound: raise TemplateNotFound(template_name) content = template.render(vars) if is_string: return content else: response.response.out.write(content) As I use this function render_template very often in my project and usually the same way, just with different template files, I wondered if there was a way to get rid of having to call it like I do it now, with self as the first argument but still having access to that object.

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  • Error -3 while decompressing data: incorrect header check

    - by Rahul99
    I have .zip file which contain csv data. I am reading .zip file using <input type = "file" name = "select_file"/> I want to decompress that .zip file and read csv data. file_data = self.request.get('select_file') file_str = zlib.decompress(file_data) #file_data_list = file_str.split('\n') #file_Reader = csv.reader(file_data_list,quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE ) I am expecting csv data in file_str but I am getting error. error :: Error -3 while decompressing data: incorrect header check What I have to use?

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  • Loading url with cyrillic symbols

    - by Ockonal
    Hi guys, I have to load some url with cyrillic symbols. My script should work with this: http://wincode.org/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5/ If I'll use this in browser it would replaced into normal symbols, but urllib code fails with 404 error. How to decode correctly this url? When I'm using that url directly in code, like address = 'that address', it works perfect. But I used parsing page for getting this url. I have a list of urls which contents cyrillic. Maybe they have uncorrect encoding? Here is more code: requestData = urllib2.Request( %SOME_ADDRESS%, None, {"User-Agent": user_agent}) requestHandler = pageHandler.open(requestData) pageData = requestHandler.read().decode('utf-8') soupHandler = BeautifulSoup(pageData) topicLinks = [] for postBlock in soupHandler.findAll('a', href=re.compile('%SOME_REGEXP%')): topicLinks.append(postBlock['href']) postAddress = choice(topicLinks) postRequestData = urllib2.Request(postAddress, None, {"User-Agent": user_agent}) postHandler = pageHandler.open(postRequestData) postData = postHandler.read() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/urllib2.py", line 518, in http_error_default raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code, msg, hdrs, fp) urllib2.HTTPError: HTTP Error 404: Not Found

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  • Combinatorial optimisation of a distance metric

    - by Jose
    I have a set of trajectories, made up of points along the trajectory, and with the coordinates associated with each point. I store these in a 3d array ( trajectory, point, param). I want to find the set of r trajectories that have the maximum accumulated distance between the possible pairwise combinations of these trajectories. My first attempt, which I think is working looks like this: max_dist = 0 for h in itertools.combinations ( xrange(num_traj), r): for (m,l) in itertools.combinations (h, 2): accum = 0. for ( i, j ) in itertools.izip ( range(k), range(k) ): A = [ (my_mat[m, i, z] - my_mat[l, j, z])**2 \ for z in xrange(k) ] A = numpy.array( numpy.sqrt (A) ).sum() accum += A if max_dist < accum: selected_trajectories = h This takes forever, as num_traj can be around 500-1000, and r can be around 5-20. k is arbitrary, but can typically be up to 50. Trying to be super-clever, I have put everything into two nested list comprehensions, making heavy use of itertools: chunk = [[ numpy.sqrt((my_mat[m, i, :] - my_mat[l, j, :])**2).sum() \ for ((m,l),i,j) in \ itertools.product ( itertools.combinations(h,2), range(k), range(k)) ]\ for h in itertools.combinations(range(num_traj), r) ] Apart from being quite unreadable (!!!), it is also taking a long time. Can anyone suggest any ways to improve on this?

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  • Condition checking vs. Exception handling

    - by Aidas Bendoraitis
    When is exception handling more preferable than condition checking? There are many situations where I can choose using one or the other. For example, this is a summing function which uses a custom exception: # module mylibrary class WrongSummand(Exception): pass def sum_(a, b): """ returns the sum of two summands of the same type """ if type(a) != type(b): raise WrongSummand("given arguments are not of the same type") return a + b # module application using mylibrary from mylibrary import sum_, WrongSummand try: print sum_("A", 5) except WrongSummand: print "wrong arguments" And this is the same function, which avoids using exceptions # module mylibrary def sum_(a, b): """ returns the sum of two summands if they are both of the same type """ if type(a) == type(b): return a + b # module application using mylibrary from mylibrary import sum_ c = sum_("A", 5) if c is not None: print c else: print "wrong arguments" I think that using conditions is always more readable and manageable. Or am I wrong? What are the proper cases for defining APIs which raise exceptions and why?

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