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  • What is the value of checking in failing unit tests?

    - by user20194
    While there are ways of keeping unit tests from being executed, what is the value of checking in failing unit tests? I will use a simple example: Case Sensitivity. The current code is case sensitive. A valid input into the method is "Cat" and it would return an enum of Animal.Cat. However, the desired functionality of the method should not be case sensitive. So if the method described was passed "cat" it could possibly return something like Animal.Null instead of Animal.Cat and the unit test would fail. Though a simple code change would make this work, a more complex issue may take weeks to fix, but identifying the bug with a unit test could be a less complex task. The application currently being analyzed has 4 years of code that "works". However, recent discussions regarding unit tests have found flaws in the code. Some just need explicit implementation documentation (ex. case sensitive or not), or code that does not execute the bug based on how it is currently called. But unit tests can be created executing specific scenarios that will cause the bug to be seen and are valid inputs. What is the value of checking in unit tests that exercise the bug until someone can get around to fixing the code? Should this unit test be flagged with ignore, priority, category etc, to determine whether a build was successful based on tests executed? Eventually the unit test should be created to execute the code once someone fixes it. On one hand it shows that identified bugs have not been fixed. On the other, there could be hundreds of failed unit tests showing up in the logs and weeding through the ones that should fail vs. failures due to a code check-in would be difficult to find.

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  • Modeling complex hierarchies

    - by jdn
    To gain some experience, I am trying to make an expert system that can answer queries about the animal kingdom. However, I have run into a problem modeling the domain. I originally considered the animal kingdom hierarchy to be drawn like -animal -bird -carnivore -hawk -herbivore -bluejay -mammals -carnivores -herbivores This I figured would allow me to make queries easily like "give me all birds", but would be much more expensive to say "give me all carnivores", so I rewrote the hierarchy to look like: -animal -carnivore -birds -hawk -mammals -xyz -herbivores -birds -bluejay -mammals But now it will be much slower to query "give me all birds." This is of course a simple example, but it got me thinking that I don't really know how to model complex relationships that are not so strictly hierarchical in nature in the context of writing an expert system to answer queries as stated above. A directed, cyclic graph seems like it could mathematically solve the problem, but storing this in a relational database and maintaining it (updates) would seem like a nightmare to me. I would like to know how people typically model such things. Explanations or pointers to resources to read further would be acceptable and appreciated.

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  • Class unloading in java

    - by java_geek
    When a classloader is garbage collected, are the classes loaded by it unloaded? When the JVM is running is verbose mode, all the loaded classes are o/p. Similarly will the JVM log when it unloads a class? I wrote a custom class loader to test this, but could not see any verbose log for unloading of the classes. CustomClassLoader loader = new CustomClassLoader(new URL[]{}, CustomClassLoader.class.getClassLoader()); loader.addURL("D:\workspace\ClassLoaderTest\implementation.jar"); Class c = null; try { c = Class.forName("Horse",false,loader); if (c != null) { try { Animal animal = (Animal)c.newInstance(); animal.eat(); } catch(Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } loader = null; byte[] b = new byte[58*1024*1024]; System.gc(); ClassLoadingMXBean clBean = ManagementFactory.getClassLoadingMXBean(); System.out.println("Number of classes currently loaded " + clBean.getLoadedClassCount()); System.out.println("Number of classes loaded totally " + clBean.getTotalLoadedClassCount()); System.out.println("Number of classes unloaded " + clBean.getUnloadedClassCount()); Even the ClassLoadingMXBean gives number of unloaded classes as 0. How can i know that a class is unloaded when the class loader is GCed?

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  • Getting unpredictable data into a tabular format

    - by Acorn
    The situation: Each page I scrape has <input> elements with a title= and a value= I don't know what is going to be on the page. I want to have all my collected data in a single table at the end, with a column for each title. So basically, I need each row of data to line up with all the others, and if a row doesn't have a certain element, then it should be blank (but there must be something there to keep the alignment). eg. First page has: {animal: cat, colour: blue, fruit: lemon, day: monday} Second page has: {animal: fish, colour: green, day: saturday} Third page has: {animal: dog, number: 10, colour: yellow, fruit: mango, day: tuesday} Then my resulting table should be: animal | number | colour | fruit | day cat | none | blue | lemon | monday fish | none | green | none | saturday dog | 10 | yellow | mango | tuesday Although it would be good to keep the order of the title value pairs, which I know dictionaries wont do. So basically, I need to generate columns from all the titles (kept in order but somehow merged together) What would be the best way of going about this without knowing all the possible titles and explicitly specifying an order for the values to be put in?

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  • How to find a folder on Mac OS X 10.5?

    - by user246114
    I'm on Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard). What's the best way to find a folder for which I'm not sure of the full name? For example, I know the folder name I want is like: "farm-animal-type" But the full name may be something like: "farm-animal-type-horse" On Windows, I would just use the find tool through Windows Explorer.

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  • Java enums: Gathering info from another enums

    - by Samuel Carrijo
    I made a similar question a few days ago, but now I have new requirements, and new challenges =). As usual, I'm using the animal enums for didactic purposes, once I don't want to explain domain-specific stuff I have a basic enum of animals, which is used by the whole zoo (I can add stuff to it, but must keep compatibility): public enum Animal { DOG, ELEPHANT, WHALE, SHRIMP, BIRD, GIRAFFE; } I need to categorize them in a few, non-related categories, like gray animals (whale (my whale is gray) and elephant), small animals (bird, shrimp and dog), sea animals (whale and shrimp). I could, as suggested in my previous questions, add a lot of booleans, like isGray, isSmall and isFromSea, but I'd like an approach where I could keep this somewhere else (so my enum doesn't need to know much). Something like: public enum Animal { DOG, ELEPHANT, WHALE, SHRIMP, BIRD, GIRAFFE; public boolean isGray() { // What comes here? } } Somewhere else public enum GrayAnimal { WHALE, ELEPHANT; } How is this possible? Am I requesting too much from Java?

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  • Why is the base() constructor not necessary?

    - by Earlz
    Hello, I have a class structure like abstract class Animal { public Animal(){ //init stuff.. } } class Cat : Animal { public Cat(bool is_keyboard) : base() //NOTE here { //other init stuff } } Now then, look at the noted line. If you remove : base() then it will compile without an error. Why is this? Is there a way to disable this behavior? I have had multiple bugs now from forgetting the base() which I would have thought to be required on such a special thing as a constructor.

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  • How to get parent item in Treeview

    - by Anu
    Hi,To get the child items as string i used the following code private void treeview1_SelectedItemChanged(object sender, RoutedPropertyChangedEventArgs<object> e) { if (treeview1.SelectedItem != null) { Animal bar = (Animal)treeview1.SelectedItem; string str = bar.Name; int boxty = bar.BoxType; int boxno = bar.BoxNo; } } It works fine .But when i click on parent(instead of + sign),it goes to this code and shows error.Ofcourse im casting SelectedItem to my List-Animal. But i dont want this.I have to check,whether the clciked item is parent,if it is so then i will skip this coding.Only when i click the child items it will go to this coding. How can i do that?How can i identify the selected item is parent.

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  • Localized tables and Entity Framework

    - by Pyttroll
    Hi all, I have a scenario where I need to localized values of objects in my database. Let's say you have an application that can create animals, if the user is english the value of the "Name" property of an animal would be entered as "Cat" in the UI whereas it would be entered as "Chat" in french. The animal culture table would contain 2 records pointing to the same animal in the parent table. When reading values back, if the value of "Name" does not exist in the user culture the default value (value the object was originally created with) would be used. The following diagrams demonstrate how the data is stored in SQL: I'm trying to map this schema to an object model using the Entity Framework, I'm a bit confused as to what the best way to approach the problem. Is EF appropriate for this? Should I used EF4? This EF model will be used by .NET RIA Services. Thanks, Pierre-Yves Troel Ayuda Media Systems http://www.ayudasystems.com

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  • INSERT INTO ... SELECT FROM ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE

    - by dnagirl
    I'm doing an insert query where most of many columns would need to be updated to the new values if a unique key already existed. It goes something like this: INSERT INTO lee(exp_id, created_by, location, animal, starttime, endtime, entct, inact, inadur, inadist, smlct, smldur, smldist, larct, lardur, lardist, emptyct, emptydur) SELECT id, uid, t.location, t.animal, t.starttime, t.endtime, t.entct, t.inact, t.inadur, t.inadist, t.smlct, t.smldur, t.smldist, t.larct, t.lardur, t.lardist, t.emptyct, t.emptydur FROM tmp t WHERE uid=x ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE ...; //update all fields to values from SELECT, except for exp_id, created_by, location, animal, starttime, endtime I'm not sure what the syntax for the UPDATE clause should be. How do I refer to the current row from the SELECT clause?

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  • Using Ruby on Rails, can a polymorphic database be created in a few steps (with polymorphic associat

    - by Jian Lin
    I thought it could be created in a few steps but it can't yet: rails poly cd poly ruby script/generate scaffold animal name:string obj_type:string obj_id:integer rake:migrate ruby script/generate scaffold human name:string passportNumber:string rake:migrate ruby script/generate scaffold dog name:string registrationNumber:string rake:migrate and now change app/models/animal.rb to: class Animal < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :obj, :polymorphic => true end and run ruby script/server and go to http://localhost:3000 I thought on the server then if I create an Michael, Human, J123456 and then Woofie, Dog, L23456 then the database will have entries in the Dogs table and "Humen" or "Humans" table as well as in the Animals table? But only the Animals table has records, Dogs and "Humen" do not for some reason. Is there some steps missing?

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  • How do I find the user that has both a cat and a dog?

    - by brad
    I want to do a search across 2 tables that have a many-to-one relationship, eg class User << ActiveRecord::Base has_many :pets end class Pet << ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :users end Now let's say I have some data like so users id name 1 Bob 2 Joe 3 Brian pets id user_id animal 1 1 cat 2 1 dog 3 2 cat 4 3 dog What I want to do is create an active record query that will return a user that has both a cat and a dog (i.e. user 1 - Bob). My attempt at this so far is User.joins(:pets).where('pets.animal = ? AND pets.animal = ?','dog','cat') Now I understand why this doesn't work - it's looking for a pet that is both a dog and a cat so returns nothing. I don't know how to modify this to give me the answer I want however. Does anyone have any suggestions? This seems like it should be easy - it doesn't seem like an especially unusual situation.

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  • Delphi: How to call a method when i click a control?

    - by Ian Boyd
    i have a method: procedure Frob(Sender: TObject); that i want to call when i click a menu item. The method comes to me though an interface: animal: IAnimal; IAnimal = interface procedure Frob(Sender: TObject); end; The question revolves around what to assign to the OnClick event handler of a menu item (i.e. control): var animal: IAnimal; ... begin ... menuItem := TMenuItem.Create(FileMenu) menuItem.Caption := 'Click me!'; menuItem.OnClick := <-------- what to do ... end; The obvious choice, my first attempt, and the wrong answer is: menuItem.OnClick := animal.Frob; So how can i call a method when user clicks a control? See also Why doesn't it work?

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  • How to save derived type (TPT) in Entity Framework?

    - by Peter Stegnar
    I have problems with saving derived type (TPT) with Entity Framework to database. Let's say I have base entity Animal and derived type Dog. I want to save Dog entity. I thought that I could do it like contex.AddToDogs(), but contex contain only base entity - Animal. So I can only save Animal object - contex.AddToAnimals(). I have also tried with contex.AddObject("Animals", dogInstance), but I get the following error: The member with identity 'NavigationProperty' does not exist in the metadata collection. But I have add EntityReference to the "NavigationProperty". So how to save derived type in EF?

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  • Polymorphic classes in templates

    - by soxarered
    Let's say we have a class hierarchy where we have a generic Animal class, which has several classes directly inherit from it (such as Dog, Cat, Horse, etc..). When using templates on this inheritance hierarchy, is it legal to just use SomeTemplateClass<Animal> and then shove in Dogs and Cats and Horses into this templated object? For example, assume we have a templated Stack class, where we want to host all sorts of animals. Can I simply state Stack<Animal> s; Dog d; s.push(d); Cat c; s.push(c);

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  • two classes contain objects of each other

    - by Julz
    hi, i hope there's a simple answer to this. without getting too complicated i have two classes. an "Animal" and a "Cell" Cell contains an Animal as a member. Animal has methods that accept Cells in their parameters. i'm just confused as to how i #include each class the others header? i've only ever had to go up a chain of classes and just included the last class header in the next and so on, but this circular situation has me a bit lost. i hope that makes sense, any help greatly appreciated.

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  • Constants in Model and View with select option and show view

    - by caplod
    i have a some values ,that i use in my model as constants. class Animal < ActiveRecord::Base LEGS = {:vierbeiner => 4, :zweibeiner => 2 } end in the form (formtastic) for the collection i use: <%= f.input :legs, :as => :select, :collection => Animal::LEGS => but how do i format the show view so instead showing me the number , the key of the hash? in show view i have: <p> <strong>Legs:</strong> <%=h @animal.legs %> </p>

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  • What's the purpuse behind wildcards and how are they different from generics?

    - by Nazgulled
    Hi, I never heard about wildcars until a few days ago and after reading my teacher's Java book, I'm still not sure about what's it for and wwhy would I need to use it. Let's say I have a super class Animal and few sub classes like Dog, Cat, Parrot, etc... Now I need to have a list of animals, my first thought would be something like: List<Animal> listAnimals Instead, my colleagues are recommending something like: List<? extends Animal> listAnimals Why should I use wildcards instead of simple generics? Let's say I need to have a get/set method, should I use the former or the later? How are they so different?

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  • How to store and retrieve file in mongoengine?

    - by Seiverence
    I am attempting to store and retrieve file within mongodb, but am having issues with the retrieval. class Animal(Document): genus = StringField() family = StringField() photo = FileField() def get_file(): marmot = Animal.objects(genus='Marmota').first() photo = marmot.photo.read() content_type = marmot.photo.content_type print marmot.family # Prints out "Sciuridae" print content_type # Gives me an error, as content_type is "None" def save_file(): marmot = Animal( genus='Marmota', family='Sciuridae') marmot_photo = open('marmot.jpg', 'r') marmot.photo = marmot_photo marmot.photo.content_type = 'image/jpeg' marmot.save() When I check mongodb, it appears the document does save after the save_file, but when I call get_file, it appears the content_type is "None"? Am I saving and retrieving the file correctly? If not, whats wrong with the code? NOTE: The issue appears only to occur in the Windows environment. When run on linux, it works fine... very confused.

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  • Python MySQLdb placeholders syntax

    - by ensnare
    I'd like to use placeholders as seen in this example: cursor.execute (""" UPDATE animal SET name = %s WHERE name = %s """, ("snake", "turtle")) Except I'd like to have the query be its own variable as I need to insert a query into multiple databases, as in: query = """UPDATE animal SET name = %s WHERE name = %s """, ("snake", "turtle")) cursor.execute(query) cursor2.execute(query) cursor3.execute(query) What would be the proper syntax for doing something like this?

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  • how to update database table in sqlite3 iphone

    - by Ajeet Kumar Yadav
    Hi I am new in Iphone i am developing application that is use database but i am face problem. In My application I am using table view. I am fetch the value from database in the table view this is done after that we also insert value throw text field in that table of database and display that value in table view.I am also use another table in database table name is Alootikki the value of table alootikki is display in other table view in application and user want to add this table alootikki value in first table of database and display that value in table view when we do this value is display only in the table view this is not write in the database table. when value is display and user want to add other data throw text field then only that add value is show first value is remove from table view. I am not able to solve this plz help me. The code is given bellow for database -(void)Data1 { //////databaseName = @"dataa.sqlite"; databaseName = @"Recipe1.sqlite"; NSArray *documentPaths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDir = [documentPaths objectAtIndex:0]; databasePath =[documentsDir stringByAppendingPathComponent:databaseName]; [self checkAndCreateDatabase]; list1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; sqlite3 *database; if (sqlite3_open([databasePath UTF8String], &database) == SQLITE_OK) { if(addStmt == nil) { ////////////const char *sql = "insert into Dataa(item) Values(?)"; const char *sql = " insert into Slist(Incredients ) Values(?)"; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, sql, -1, &addStmt, NULL) != SQLITE_OK) NSAssert1(0, @"Error while creating add statement. '%s'", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } sqlite3_bind_text(addStmt, 1, [i UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); //sqlite3_bind_int(addStmt,1,i); // sqlite3_bind_text(addStmt, 1, [coffeeName UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); // sqlite3_bind_double(addStmt, 2, [price doubleValue]); if(SQLITE_DONE != sqlite3_step(addStmt)) NSAssert1(0, @"Error while inserting data. '%s'", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); else //SQLite provides a method to get the last primary key inserted by using sqlite3_last_insert_rowid coffeeID = sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(database); //Reset the add statement. sqlite3_reset(addStmt); // sqlite3_clear_bindings(detailStmt); //} } sqlite3_finalize(addStmt); addStmt = nil; sqlite3_close(database); } -(void)sopinglist { databaseName= @"Recipe1.sqlite"; NSArray *documentPaths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDir = [documentPaths objectAtIndex:0]; databasePath =[documentsDir stringByAppendingPathComponent:databaseName]; [self checkAndCreateDatabase]; list1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; sqlite3 *database; if (sqlite3_open([databasePath UTF8String], &database) == SQLITE_OK) { if(addStmt == nil) { ///////////const char *sql = "insert into Dataa(item) Values(?)"; const char *sql = " insert into Slist(Incredients,Recipename,foodtype ) Values(?,?,?)"; ///////////// const char *sql =" Update Slist ( Incredients, Recipename,foodtype) Values(?,?,?)"; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, sql, -1, &addStmt, NULL) != SQLITE_OK) NSAssert1(0, @"Error while creating add statement. '%s'", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } /////for( NSString * j in k) sqlite3_bind_text(addStmt, 1, [k UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); //sqlite3_bind_int(addStmt,1,i); // sqlite3_bind_text(addStmt, 1, [coffeeName UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); // sqlite3_bind_double(addStmt, 2, [price doubleValue]); if(SQLITE_DONE != sqlite3_step(addStmt)) NSAssert1(0, @"Error while inserting data. '%s'", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); else //SQLite provides a method to get the last primary key inserted by using sqlite3_last_insert_rowid coffeeID = sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(database); //Reset the add statement. sqlite3_reset(addStmt); // sqlite3_clear_bindings(detailStmt); //} } sqlite3_finalize(addStmt); addStmt = nil; sqlite3_close(database); } -(void)Data { ////////////////databaseName = @"dataa.sqlite"; databaseName = @"Recipe1.sqlite"; NSArray *documentPaths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDir = [documentPaths objectAtIndex:0]; databasePath =[documentsDir stringByAppendingPathComponent:databaseName]; [self checkAndCreateDatabase]; list1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; sqlite3 *database; if (sqlite3_open([databasePath UTF8String], &database) == SQLITE_OK) { if(detailStmt == nil) { const char *sql = "Select * from Slist "; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, sql, -1, &detailStmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { //NSLog(@"Hiiiiiii"); //sqlite3_bind_text(detailStmt, 1, [t1 UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); //sqlite3_bind_text(detailStmt, 2, [t2 UTF8String], -2, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); //sqlite3_bind_int(detailStmt, 3, t3); while(sqlite3_step(detailStmt) == SQLITE_ROW) { NSLog(@"Helllloooooo"); //NSString *item= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 0)]; NSString *item= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 0)]; char *str=( char*)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 0); if( str) { item = [ NSString stringWithUTF8String:str ]; } else { item= @""; } //+ (NSString*)stringWithCharsIfNotNull: (char*)item /// { // if ( item == NULL ) // return nil; //else // return [[NSString stringWithUTF8String: item] //stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet: [NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet]]; //} //NSString *fame= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 1)]; //NSString *cinemax = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 2)]; //NSString *big= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 3)]; //pvr1 = pvr; item1=item; //NSLog(@"%@",item1); data = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; list *animal=[[list alloc] initWithName:item1]; // Add the animal object to the animals Array [list1 addObject:animal]; //[list1 addObject:item]; } sqlite3_reset(detailStmt); } sqlite3_finalize(detailStmt); // sqlite3_clear_bindings(detailStmt); } } detailStmt = nil; sqlite3_close(database); } (void)recpies { /////////////////////databaseName = @"Data.sqlite"; databaseName = @"Recipe1.sqlite"; NSArray *documentPaths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDir = [documentPaths objectAtIndex:0]; databasePath =[documentsDir stringByAppendingPathComponent:databaseName]; [self checkAndCreateDatabase]; list1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; sqlite3 *database; if (sqlite3_open([databasePath UTF8String], &database) == SQLITE_OK) { if(detailStmt == nil) { //////const char *sql = "Select * from Dataa"; const char *sql ="select *from alootikki"; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, sql, -1, &detailStmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { //NSLog(@"Hiiiiiii"); //sqlite3_bind_text(detailStmt, 1, [t1 UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); //sqlite3_bind_text(detailStmt, 2, [t2 UTF8String], -2, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); //sqlite3_bind_int(detailStmt, 3, t3); while(sqlite3_step(detailStmt) == SQLITE_ROW) { //NSLog(@"Helllloooooo"); //NSString *item= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 0)]; NSString *item= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 0)]; char *str=( char*)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 0); if( str) { item = [ NSString stringWithUTF8String:str ]; } else { item= @""; } //NSString *fame= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 1)]; //NSString *cinemax = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 2)]; //NSString *big= [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(detailStmt, 3)]; //pvr1 = pvr; item1=item; //NSLog(@"%@",item1); data = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; list *animal=[[list alloc] initWithName:item1]; // Add the animal object to the animals Array [list1 addObject:animal]; //[list1 addObject:item]; } sqlite3_reset(detailStmt); } sqlite3_finalize(detailStmt); // sqlite3_clear_bindings(detailStmt); } } detailStmt = nil; sqlite3_close(database); }

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  • Avoiding RTTI In Java

    - by destructo_gold
    Hi, If I have a superclass, say Animal, and two subclasses: Zebra and Giraffe, If I decide to define a Vector of Animals: Vector <Animal> animals = new Vector(); and I want to say: You can add Giraffes, but you must own at least one Zebra first. What is the best way to do this without using RTTI? (instanceof)

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  • How to use NSPredicate to catch child objects?

    - by Konstantin
    I'm new to core data and try to get all children objects of various types with one query. Say there's an "Animal" type as parent and "Cat", "Dog" and "Bird" as children. I'd like to get both cats and dogs, but not Birds in single query returned as Animal objects. Is it possible?

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  • assert fact into file in prolog

    - by smile
    Hello everyone, How can I assert a fact into a file without deleting the previous fact? In the following line, when I execute it twice, the second fact overwrites the first fact: tell('animal.txt'),write(Animal),nl,told. But when I use assert or assertz it will do nothing. Help me please. Thank you :)

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