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• Creating Persistent Drive Labels With UDEV Using /dev/disk/by-path

  - by Matt

  I have a new BackBlaze Pod (BackBlaze Pod 2.0). It has 45 3TB drives and they when I first set it up they were labeled /dev/sda through /dev/sdz and /dev/sdaa through /dev/sdas. I used mdadm to setup three really big 15 drive RAID6 arrays. However, since first setup a few weeks ago I had a couple of the hard drives fail on me. I've replaced them but now the arrays are complaining because they can't find the missing drives. When I list the the disks... ls -l /dev/sd* I see that /dev/sda /dev/sdf /dev/sdk /dev/sdp no longer appear and now there are 4 new ones... /dev/sdau /dev/sdav /dev/sdaw /dev/sdax I also just found that I can do this... ls -l /dev/disk/by-path/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 -> ../../sdau lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-0:1:0:0 -> ../../sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-0:2:0:0 -> ../../sdc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-0:3:0:0 -> ../../sdd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-0:4:0:0 -> ../../sde lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-2:0:0:0 -> ../../sdae lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-2:1:0:0 -> ../../sdg lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-2:2:0:0 -> ../../sdh lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-2:3:0:0 -> ../../sdi lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-2:4:0:0 -> ../../sdj lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-3:0:0:0 -> ../../sdav lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-3:1:0:0 -> ../../sdl lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-3:2:0:0 -> ../../sdm lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-3:3:0:0 -> ../../sdn lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:02:04.0-scsi-3:4:0:0 -> ../../sdo lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 -> ../../sdax lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-0:1:0:0 -> ../../sdq lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-0:2:0:0 -> ../../sdr lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-0:3:0:0 -> ../../sds lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-0:4:0:0 -> ../../sdt lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-2:0:0:0 -> ../../sdu lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-2:1:0:0 -> ../../sdv lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-2:2:0:0 -> ../../sdw lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-2:3:0:0 -> ../../sdx lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-2:4:0:0 -> ../../sdy lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 19 18:08 pci-0000:04:04.0-scsi-3:0:0:0 -> ../../sdz I didn't list them all....you can see the problem above. They're sorted by scsi id here but sda is missing...replaced by sdau...etc... So obviously the arrays are complaining. Is it possible to get Linux to reread the drive labels in the correct order or am I screwed? My initial design with 15 drive arrays is not ideal. With 3TB drives the rebuild times were taking 3 or 4 days....maybe more. I'm scrapping the whole design and I think I am going to go with 6 x 7 RAID5 disk arrays and 3 hot spares to make the arrays a bit easier to manage and shorten the rebuild times. But I'd like to clean up the drive labels so they aren't out of order. I haven't figured out how to do this yet. Does anyone know how to get this straightened out? Thanks, Matt

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• drive life time

  - by Remus Rigo

  hi all can anyone tell me or send me a ink about the lifetime of drives (floppy,hard disk, CD, DVD, flash...) thanks

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• Would running sudo rm -rf / in OS X wipe out any attached time machine backups?

  - by Andrew Grimm

  Would running (rm deliberately broken) sudo r m -rf / Wipe out any USB-attached external hard drives being used for time machine backups?

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• Using 2-port LSI 2308-8e card to control 24 SAS HDDs

  - by GregC

  I would like to rely on a RAID-on-chip solution to control 24 SAS hard drives in a direct-attached environment. How would you approach this to get best bandwidth given that I'd like to spend less than $10,000 on the interconnect. I've read that LSI 2308 chip can easily handle 8-drive SSD RAID6 in hardware. I'd like to harness its power to control 24 SAS hard drives over an expander in an external enclosure. Currently I use an Infortrend S24S-G2240 external enclosure. It provides its own controller and expander. I'd like to use LSI 2308 controller for RAID6 somehow instead of the mystery controller in the enclosure. P.S. I tried to create SAS-expander as a tag, but my rep on this site is low.

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• NTFS write speed really slow (<15MB/s) on Ubuntu

  - by Zulakis

  When copying large files or testing writespeed with dd, the max writespeed I can get is about 12-15MB/s on drives using the NTFS filesystem. I tested multiple drives (all connected using SATA) which all got writespeeds of 100MB/s+ on Windows or when formatted with ext4, so it's not an alignment or drive issue. top shows high cpu usage for the mount.ntfs process. AMD dual core processor (2.2 GHz) Kernel version: 3.5.0-23-generic Ubuntu 12.04 ntfs-3g version: both 2012.1.15AR.1 (Ubuntu default version) and 2013.1.13AR.2 How can I fix the writespeed?

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• net use mapping not working in batch files but works in cmd

  - by Philippe

  Ok so here's the problem : I've got users using logon script in the domain (username.bat). The script simply lists 4 or 5 (net use letter: \\SERVER\directory\). However, when they open their session, the logon script doesnt work and returns system error 53 or 67 for all of them. I tried running the script after the profile has loaded and evrything is running, and it still gives me the error. I've then tried to run the same command in the cmd.exe. Everything mapped correctly. It also works fine if I map the drives using the "Tools Map network drives" utility. Is there anything that can prevent a command to work when ran in a batch-file but works correctly when typed in manually?

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• Performance required to improve Windows Experience Index?

  - by Ian Boyd

  Is there a guide on the metrics required to obtain a certain Windows Experience Index? A Microsoft guy said in January 2009: On the matter of transparency, it is indeed our plan to disclose in great detail how the scores are calculated, what the tests attempt to measure, why, and how they map to realistic scenarios and usage patterns. Has that amount of transparency happened? Is there a technet article somewhere? If my score was limited by my Memory subscore of 5.9. A nieve person would suggest: Buy a faster RAM Which is wrong of course. From the Windows help: If your computer has a 64-bit central processing unit (CPU) and 4 gigabytes (GB) or less random access memory (RAM), then the Memory (RAM) subscore for your computer will have a maximum of 5.9. You can buy the fastest, overclocked, liquid-cooled, DDR5 RAM on the planet; you'll still have a maximum Memory subscore of 5.9. So in general the knee-jerk advice "buy better stuff" is not helpful. What i am looking for is attributes required to achieve a certain score, or move beyond a current limitation. The information i've been able to compile so far, chiefly from 3 Windows blog entries, and an article: Memory subscore Score Conditions ======= ================================ 1.0 < 256 MB 2.0 < 500 MB 2.9 <= 512 MB 3.5 < 704 MB 3.9 < 944 MB 4.5 <= 1.5 GB 5.9 < 4.0GB-64MB on a 64-bit OS Windows Vista highest score 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Graphics Subscore Score Conditions ======= ====================== 1.0 doesn't support DX9 1.9 doesn't support WDDM 4.9 does not support Pixel Shader 3.0 5.9 doesn't support DX10 or WDDM1.1 Windows Vista highest score 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Gaming graphics subscore Score Result ======= ============================= 1.0 doesn't support D3D 2.0 supports D3D9, DX9 and WDDM 5.9 doesn't support DX10 or WDDM1.1 Windows Vista highest score 6.0-6.9 good framerates (e.g. 40-50fps) at normal resoltuions (e.g. 1280x1024) 7.0-7.9 even higher framerates at even higher resolutions 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Processor subscore Score Conditions ======= ========================================================================== 5.9 Windows Vista highest score 6.0-6.9 many quad core processors will be able to score in the high 6 low 7 ranges 7.0+ many quad core processors will be able to score in the high 6 low 7 ranges 7.9 8-core systems will be able to approach 8.9 Windows 7 highest score Primary hard disk subscore (note) Score Conditions ======= ======================================== 1.9 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 2.0 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 2.9 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 3.0 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 5.9 highest you're likely to see without SSD Windows Vista highest score 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Bonus Chatter You can find your WEI detailed test results in: C:\Windows\Performance\WinSAT\DataStore e.g. 2011-11-06 01.00.19.482 Disk.Assessment (Recent).WinSAT.xml <WinSAT> <WinSPR> <DiskScore>5.9</DiskScore> </WinSPR> <Metrics> <DiskMetrics> <AvgThroughput units="MB/s" score="6.4" ioSize="65536" kind="Sequential Read">89.95188</AvgThroughput> <AvgThroughput units="MB/s" score="4.0" ioSize="16384" kind="Random Read">1.58000</AvgThroughput> <Responsiveness Reason="UnableToAssess" Kind="Cap">TRUE</Responsiveness> </DiskMetrics> </Metrics> </WinSAT> Pre-emptive snarky comment: "WEI is useless, it has no relation to reality" Fine, how do i increase my hard-drive's random I/O throughput? Update - Amount of memory limits rating Some people don't believe Microsoft's statement that having less than 4GB of RAM on a 64-bit edition of Windows doesn't limit the rating to 5.9: And from xxx.Formal.Assessment (Recent).WinSAT.xml: <WinSPR> <LimitsApplied> <MemoryScore> <LimitApplied Friendly="Physical memory available to the OS is less than 4.0GB-64MB on a 64-bit OS : limit mem score to 5.9" Relation="LT">4227858432</LimitApplied> </MemoryScore> </LimitsApplied> </WinSPR> References Windows Vista Team Blog: Windows Experience Index: An In-Depth Look Understand and improve your computer's performance in Windows Vista Engineering Windows 7 Blog: Engineering the Windows 7 “Windows Experience Index”

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• Worth it to move /var to physical disk vs logical?

  - by Tammer Ibrahim

  Brief question about partition layout. I use an SSD for /, /boot, /usr, & /home partitions. I'd like to move /var to a mechanical disk to minimize writes to the SSD. I'm mainly concerned about maximizing drive life rather than maximizing performance (although I obviously wouldn't want to cripple my server). My mechanical disks consist of two drives sharing LVM, and a third used for nightly rsync backups. I also have a bunch of old 2.5in hard disks lying around. My question is, should I simply create a new LVM volume '/var' on my primary data store, or would it be worth the increased energy consumption (in terms of maximizing the lifetime of the LVMed drives) to install a low volume 2.5in disk to use just for /var? On a more general level my question is about the trade offs of placing OS mounts on the same physical volumes as my data. Thanks for any help!

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• How to execute everything in the Local Area Network

  - by matnagel

  We have a very small LAN here, but some peolpe here think we need Active Directory, though nobody knows how to maintain it. I am not in the position to change this. How can I get full access (on Linux it would be "execute" rights) also for files on network drives (the files are just on another machine next room) My account is in the group Administrators on a windows 2003 server Domain Controller. I cannot open simple MS Access 2000 Databases or CHM Files from network drives in the lan How to do that? Some policy setting? I want to change that once. It is useless. We have no distinction between local or network files here. I would have to copy everything to a local drive and then do what I want.

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• Simultaneous read/write to RAID array slows server to a crawl

  - by Jeff Leyser

  Fairly beefy NFS/SMB server (32GB RAM, 2 Xeon quad cores) with LSI MegaRAID 8888ELP controlling 12 drives configured into 3 different arrays. 5 2TB drives are grouped into a RAID 6 array. As expected, write performance to the array is slow. However, sustained, simultaneous read/write to the array (wether through NFS or done locally) seems to practically block any other access to anything else on the controller. For example, if I do: cp /home/joe/BigFile /home/joe/BigFileCopy where BigFile is 20G, then even a simple ls /home/jane will take many 10s of seconds to complete. In addition, an ls /backup will also take many tens of seconds, even though /backup is a different array on the same controller. As soon as the cp is done, everything is back to normal. cp /home/joe/BigFile /backup/BigFile does not exhibit this behavior. It's only when doing read/write to the same array.

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• Computer Studdering When Transferring Over Network

  - by Nalandial

  This is a really weird problem that I've never even seen before. When I copy to or from my server share, my computer studders terribly and the data transfers very slowly at only around 12MB/s. By studdering I mean the mouse skips around and all my applications respond very slowly; as soon as I cancel the transfer it resolves immediately. I looked at Task Manager and the CPU is only at ~35% with plenty of RAM free. This only started semi-recently; before, I had no problems and the transfer speed maxed out the gigabit connection. I have two hard drives in my computer. When I try transferring files between drives it's fine, but when I copy from the share to either drive or to it from either drive, I get studdering. I'm running Windows 7 x64. Anyone have any idea what's going on? Any help would be much appreciated.

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• Email alerts when hard drive fails on a Dell PowerEdge 2950 (PERC5I, SAS)?

  - by BigJoe714

  I recently purchased a used Dell PowerEdge 2950. I setup the hard drives in RAID-5 configuration. I want to be able to get an email alert if one of the drives fails. I have been trying to determine what the easiest way to setup an email alert would be. The controller card is listed as PERC5I, SAS PowerEdge. From my numerous Google searches, it looks like I need to install Dell OpenManage Essentials. However ,this looks to be a giant application with tons of bells & whistles for managing many servers, when all I really want is something for this one server. Can anyone offer me any insight into what I could do?

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• Partition error being reported by only some programs

  - by Mahmoud20070

  I am getting an error about the partitions on one of my drives. I checked my hard disk with Acronis Disk Director 11 Home, HDTunePro, MiniTool Partition Wizard, Hddscan, HDD Regenerator 2011, WD Data Lifeguard Diagnostics, GParted, and Parted Magic, but none of them found any problems with the drive. However, when I perform a check with PartitionGuru, DiskGenius, and an old version of Partition Magic (8.0), I get the following error (seen below) about the partition being bad and needing to reformat to fix it: Error - The number of sectors record in DBR overflow - Reformat Should I reforamt or not? I checked two other hard drives, one of them like my 500 WD Blue, and neither has any errors with any progras. Are there any other programs that can check partitions for errors? Finally, how should a large SATA hard disk be formatted? I currently use programs like GParted, Acronis Disk Director, or MiniTool Partition Wizard. Are these programs good for formatting a new hard disk? Could the choice of format tool be the cause of the error?

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• How to fix Windows 7 always delete file permanently

  - by Allen

  I am using a laptop from my company, installed with Windows 7. I found that I cannot delete the files to Recycle Bin. The files will always deleted permanently without going to the Recycle Bin. I am sure that the setting of the Recycle Bin is not "Remove files immediately when deleted". Then, I checked that, deleting files work fine in other drives, but only C: does not work. Besides that, C:\$RECYCLE.BIN is missing, but D: and E: have the $RECYCLE.BIN. I think that is why there is no problem other drives to use Recycle Bin. Please help.

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• What's the best external hard drive configuration for a software developer laptop?

  - by Dan

  I've got a Dell laptop that I use as a software developer box at work and find that the drive is usually the bottleneck. I'd like to hook up two 10k RPM drives that are striped for performance. I've looked for drive cases with RAID but there don't seem to be very many choices and I'm worried about compatibility with the drives (preferably SATA 2). Also I don't have a SATA connection on my machine so it'll have to USB 2.0 for now. Am I headed down the right path or am I missing a much simpler configuration?

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• Unable to create system partition or locate existing system partition during Windows-7 installation

  - by glenneroo

  I have Windows XP 32-bit installed on an ASUS A8N-SLI Deluxe with 2x 500gb drives in RAID1 using the NV RAID controller. On this there are 3 partitions (XP, XP backup and DATA) There are also 4x 500gb drives in RAID10 using the Silicon Image 3114R RAID controller. I just purchased a Windows 7 64-bit as an ISO download upgrade version which I promptly burned to DVD and attempted to perform an upgrade installation. Here is the error message I am getting: Firstly, where are these "Setup log files" located? Second, does this mean I need to find compatible (64-bit?) drivers for the Mainboard and put them on floppy? EDIT: As suggested on another forum, I tried downloading the nVidia Mainboard RAID drivers for Windows 2003 64-bit. I loaded the drivers successfully using the Load Driver button, but pressing NEXT still returns this error.

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• Supermicro SmartOS setup issue with HDDs

  - by Andrew B.

  I'm trying to setup SmartOS on my new Supermicro server (SYS-6027R-N3RF4+). I have 8 HDDs + 2 SSDs installed in the hot-swappable drive bays. I have not configured the Intel RAID controller on the machine (it shows no RAID configured, and lists all 8 HDDs). When I boot SmartOS from my USB key for the first time and get to the initial zpool creation I only see 2 disks listed. How can I tell which two drives are being referenced? How can I get SmartOS to recognize all 8+2 drives? Is there a BIOS setting I need to adjust?

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• How to build a small network/server at home, basics

  - by Moe

  I'm one class away from my BA IT, I took several classes in general IT. Out of all the books I found just two to be really beneficial. I'm trying to get the hands on experience so my question is.... I want to build a small network in my home, wireless and also wired; printer, laptop, desktop, server (I have 4 1TB external drives of movies/music I want to be available to all computers) Where would I start from building a server with my hard drives, good modem, router, switch port, firewall internet speed/connection etc. This is my first project I want to try.

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• Can a Double-Density Floppy drive be swapped out for a High-Density drive?

  - by Ben

  I'm trying to fix the floppy drive in my Roland MC-500. The floppy drive inside is a Matsushita DDF3-1 which doesn't seem to be in production anymore. The DDF3-2 is still available, however it is an HD drive. Does anyone know off the top of their heads if there is any issue with simply swapping the two drives? Could the power usage be different on the drives? Since the machine is expecting a 720k DD drive, are there any jumper settings to have the HD drive function as a DD drive?

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• How to boot from a flash drive OS using VirtualBox?

  - by kokbira

  I have two flash drive, one with Slax installed and another for Android x86 Live installed, but they do not boot in my laptop (in my work they boot perfectly). I can boot from some live CDs/DVDs or its ISO files using VirtualBox, but I cannot do it for live flash drives - I put the flash drives and start a VirtualBox without any virtual HD, but VirtualBox does not recognize them as boot options, as it does for CDs/DVDs. Any ideas? Any alternatives if VirtualBox does not support it? Edit1: I'm using Windows (Windows 7) but I would like to know how to do it in Linux (Ubuntu, for example) too.

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• is a mini PCIe SSD worth it?

  - by Narcolapser

  Question: Is getting a mini-PCIe worth investing in? Info: I have a an Acer Aspire 1 n270. It has this mini PCIe slot that is just sitting there empty. I would like to change this, and I would like to speed up my boot time. So I've been considering getting a mini-PCIe SSD. They are about the same price as faster same size drives of the 2.5" variation. The advantage of the mini-PCIe card is that I can have my HDD still. So I have good boot time, but still have the storage of my HDD. What I want to know is: will this allow me to spin down the HDD more often allowing me to save power? Will the OS (Ubuntu 10.04 LTS) see them as separate drives? Is there anything that the mini-PCIe slot could be better used for? Thanks. ~n

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• What is "2LUN" mode in connection with RAID?

  - by naxa

  I've came across RAID products that also list JBOD (just a bunch of disks) mode and 2LUN mode. What the heck is 2LUN mode? I could not find a description; the closest thing seems to be LUN 'logical unit number' but I don't get the 2LUN thing. UPDATE 1 This is what Wikipedia has to say about JBOD: JBOD (derived from "just a bunch of disks"): an architecture involving multiple hard drives, while making them accessible either as independent hard drives, or as a combined (spanned) single logical volume with no actual RAID functionality. So JBOD can actually mean two different (albeit related) things. Answer of Guest says 2LUN means no spanning. Does this suggest that 2LUN would simply mean the JBOD-variant with no span?

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• Will Software RAID And iSCSI Work For A SAN

  - by Justin

  I am looking for a SAN solution, but can't afford even entry level solutions. Basically, the SAN is for development and a proof of concept product. The performance doesn't have to be amazing, but needs to be functional. My buddy says we should just setup sotware RAID and software iSCSI in Linux. Essentially I have a spare server with dual Xeon processors, 4GB of memory, and (2) 500GB 7200RPM drives. It's a bit old but working. I am sure there is reason people don't do software RAID and iSCSI, but will performance be usable? Thinking of configuring the drives in RAID 0 (for performance).

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• Removing RAID on a DELL power-edge server

  - by Simon Callan

  We have a Dell Power-edge T110 server, with either a PERC S100 or S300 raid controller (I suspect S100), and 2 x 500GB SATA hard discs. These discs are running in RAID-1 configuration, (either 1 or 2 virtual discs), and on top of this, we have the C and D drives. As we are running low on disc space, we are looking at dropping the RAID to get some disc space back. Is it possible to split the discs back into 2 seperate hards discs that the OS can see, without losing all the data on the drives? Even better, would it be possible to split the D: drive, leaving the OS C: drive in RAID1 configuration?

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• Driver for writing to UDF partitions from Windows XP?

  - by davr

  I'm considering using an UDF partition to share data between Windows XP, 7, and Linux. It's more efficient than FAT32, and avoids the 4GB max file size limit. I've found it will also work with Mac OS X, more details in this questions. However, in Windows XP, it is read-only. I'd like to write to it too. Are there any drivers that will allow this? I've found a few that support writing UDF...but they are designed for writing to CDs or DVDs, not specifically for HDDs or USB Flash drives: DLA, InCD, Drag-To-Disc. Will any of those 3 drivers work for HDDs/USB Flash drives? Or is there another driver that will do what I want? Thanks.

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